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Architectural features of composite climate in India

The document discusses the composite climate of central India, highlighting cities such as New Delhi and Kanpur. It details climatic characteristics including temperature ranges, precipitation, and humidity, as well as architectural considerations for buildings to maximize natural ventilation and thermal comfort. Recommendations for building design include optimizing window placements, incorporating water bodies, and utilizing vegetation for effective shading.

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COMPOSITE CLIMATE PRESENTED TO: AR. HARSHVARDHAN SHUKLA AR. MALVIKA SRIVASTAVA PRESENTED BY: ROHIT BHATT SUKHLEEN KAUR B.ARCH IVth SEM K.C.A.D. BLY.
LOCATION AND MAIN CITIES • The composite zone covers the central part of India. Some cities that experience this type of climate are New Delhi, Kanpur and Allahabad. COMPOSITE CLIMATE ZONE
CLIMATE DETAILS • Summer temperature : 32-45 ºC (daytime), 27-32 ºC (night time) • Winter temperature : 10-25 ºC (daytime), 4-10 ºC (night time) • Precipitation : varies b/w 500–1300mm/year • Relative humidity : 20–25% in dry periods 55–95% in wet periods.
CLIMATE DETAILS • Cloudy days:8-10 days in a month • Clear skies:20-22 days in a month • Average wind speed: 3-5 km/h • The intensity of solar radiation is very high in summer with diffuse radiation amounting to a small fraction of the total. • In monsoons, the intensity is low with predominantly diffuse radiation.
CLIMATE DETAILS • This region receives strong winds during monsoons from the south-east and dry cold winds from the north-east. • In summer, the winds are hot and dusty • The sky is overcast and dull in the monsoon, clear in winter and frequently hazy in summer. • The presence of high humidity during monsoon months is one of the reasons why places like New Delhi and Nagpur are grouped under the composite and not hot and dry climate.
CLIMATIC CONSIDERATIONS • ORIENTATION: The orientation of the houses should be such that, penetration of the sun rays maximum in winter and minimum in summer. Proper orientation also helps in receiving natural light and ventilation.
CLIMATIC CONSIDERATIONS • WATER BODIES: Water absorbs relatively large amounts of radiation. It also allow evaporative cooling. As a result, during the daytime areas around water bodies are generally cooler. At night, however, water bodies release relatively large amounts of heat to the surroundings and used for
CLIMATIC CONSIDERATIONS • WINDOW SHADES: Window shades should cut off sun in the summer but allow the sun in the underheated period. Further, the window section should enhance air velocity while still acting as shade. This could be achieved either by introducing a planter at the window sill or else by adding smaller shades at the glazing.
CLIMATIC CONSIDERATIONS • PROJECTIONS: Large projecting eaves and wide verandahs are needed in composite climate as out-door living areas, to reduce sky glare, keep out the rain and provide shades.
CLIMATIC CONSIDERATIONS • JALIS: Jalis on the outer facade of the building helps in cooling, shading and ventialtion.
CLIMATIC CONSIDERATIONS • WALL THICKNESS: Walls work as an insulator of heat so that they don't allow heat to attack inside the building in summers and to spread outside from the inside in winters. That is why thickness of walls are provided more than usual at some places.
CLIMATIC CONSIDERATIONS • PLINTH: High plinth is provided to prevent the rainwater for coming inside the building.
CLIMATIC CONSIDERATIONS • OPENINGS: To reduce the humidity and for ventilation openings (i.e. doors, windows, ventilators and corridoors) are provided large in numbers.
CLIMATIC CONSIDERATIONS • SIZE OF OPENINGS: A small inlet opening with a large outlet provides the largest air velocity. The best arrangement is full wall openings on both the sides, with adjustable sashes or closing devices which can assist in channeling the air flow in the required direction, following the change of wind.
CLIMATIC CONSIDERATIONS • POSITION OF OPENINGS: In buildings air movement must be ensured through the space mostly used by occupants; through the living zone (up to 2m heigh).
CLIMATIC CONSIDERATIONS • CONTROL OF OPENINGS: A gap between the building face and canopy would ensure a downward pressure,thus a flow is directed into the living zones.
CLIMATIC CONSIDERATIONS • VEGITATION: Deciduous trees,creepers and vines provide shade when needed and also allow the sun rays to penetrate inside in the cool season when they loose their foliage.
CLIMATIC CONSIDERATIONS • COURTYARD: Courtyard should be deisgned in such a way so as to allow sun penetration during the winter months, but provides shading in the hot season.
CLIMATIC CONSIDERATIONS • ROOF AND WALL INSULATION: Placed at the outer surface of walls and roofs and helps retain cool in summer heat in winter. This can create a major impact on indoor thermal comfort of the building.
CLIMATIC CONSIDERATIONS • ROOF POND:
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