Definition, Determinants of Perception, Organizing factors in Perception, Nature of Perception, Relation between Illusion and Hallucination, Problem of uniformity in perception.

1. Business Psychology
Perception
Topics: Definition, Determinants of Perception, Organizing factors in Perception, Nature of
Perception, Relation between Illusion and Hallucination, Problem of uniformity in perception.SMS Kabir, smskabir@psy.jnu.ac.bd;SMS Kabir, smskabir@psy.jnu.ac.bd;
smskabir218@gmail.comsmskabir218@gmail.com
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2. □ Perception
Process of acquiring, organizing and interpreting sensory
information.
Human perception depends on Sight, Hearing, Smell, Taste
and Touch. “Sixth" sense variously described as precognition
(or foretelling) or sometimes telepathy.
Behavior is the product of an interaction between the stimulus
and the organism rather than a reaction of the organism to the
stimulus.
Figure: This figure may be seen as two X’s or as an upright V superimposed
on an inverted V. If it is suggested that a W can be seen on top of an M, these
will appear. Mention of a diamond will again change the perception. What
really is pictured depends upon a person’s point of view.
SMS Kabir, smskabir@psy.jnu.ac.bd;SMS Kabir, smskabir@psy.jnu.ac.bd;
smskabir218@gmail.comsmskabir218@gmail.com
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3. □ Determinants of Perception
○ Outer determinants of Perception
Loud noises, bright lights, intense odors, and the like. Other
characteristics of the stimulus that direct and control the flow of
attentions are as follows:
1. Intensity and Contrast
2. Change and Movement
3. Number and Arrangement
4. Structures and Patterns
○ Inner determinants of Perception
Factors within the observer which govern what s/he attends to
and hence perceives include:
1. Set and Expectation
2. Interests and Attitudes
3. Suggestion
4. Needs and Values.SMS Kabir, smskabir@psy.jnu.ac.bd;SMS Kabir, smskabir@psy.jnu.ac.bd;
smskabir218@gmail.comsmskabir218@gmail.com
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4. □ Organizing Factors in Perception
Various factors in the environment: ○intensity and contrast ○change and
arrangement ○structures and patterns ○set and expectation ○interests and
attitudes ○suggestion ○needs and values ○as well as in the experiencing
persons give organization and meaning to perception. In many instances these
‘organizing factors’ are crucial in determining the kind of world we live in.
►From Color and Shape Constancy: Objects retain their shape, size and
color when the physical impressions which we receive from them change
markedly.
►Figure and Ground relationship: Objects are perceived against some
background: mountains stand out against the sky, apple blossoms against
the green leaves of the tree, actors against the background of the chorus
or the stage properties. When figure and ground are not clearly defined,
shifts in perception may result, because of a lack of reference or
anchorage.
►Context and Experience: The setting of context serves to give form and
meaning to perceptions. In moving pictures a series of still shots are thrown in
rapid succession upon a screen. Illusion arises from set and expectation.SMS Kabir, smskabir@psy.jnu.ac.bd;SMS Kabir, smskabir@psy.jnu.ac.bd;
smskabir218@gmail.comsmskabir218@gmail.com
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5. 1.Perception is a kind of action: Behavior is the product of an interaction
between the stimulus and the organism rather than a reaction of the
organism to the stimulus. The product of this interaction in psychology is
called perception. So, perception is a kind of action.
2.Perception is selective: We do not observe everything. We select only
two or three objects of stimulus external environment and we perceive
that.
When a person passing the road, he can see many things or hear many
things. But he does not observe every thing. This selection of perception
depends on the characteristics of that object and emotion, attention,
motivation etc. of that person.
3.Perception is a pattern of structuring process: We do not receive
information haphazardly rather through our eyes, ears, and other
sensible human elements and experiences assist our brain to receive
information, or any objects from the external environment and these
objects get shape according to the arrangement (perception) of the
observer.
□ Nature of Perception
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6. Nature of Perception
4. Perception is learned: Perception is a learning process. It
depend mainly his experience and learning. Learning,
experience, environment, attitude and social culture
influence the perception. These objects will determine how
person describes about the stimulus by the organism.
5. Perception contains meaning: Perception is a meaningful
process of sensation. For example, passing through the way
we can hear a voice but after a little moment we can
recognize the familiar voice.
6. Perception adaptive: Perception reflects the person’s
expectation. A person’s adapt his perception from his
expectation, and status.
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smskabir218@gmail.comsmskabir218@gmail.com
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7. □ Relation between Illusion and Hallucination
 Illusion and hallucination both are arise from
imagination.
 Illusion has a specific object where hallucination has not
any object.
 Illusion creates by the stimulus but in hallucination has
not any kind of stimulus.
 Stimulus is present in illusion, but there is no stimulus
present in hallucination.
 Illusion happens in all persons, hallucination happens on
the psychic patient.
 Illusion can be examined scientifically, hallucination is
not.
 Illusion is a permanent incident but hallucination is a
temporary incident.
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8. □ Problem of Uniformity in Perception
The area where problem arises in uniformity of perception:
Cultural Area: It is common knowledge that different cultural areas
within the Bangladesh do have differences in uniformity of
perception.
Economic Status: We must expect the same social stimuli to be
perceived in radically different ways by people of varying
economic levels.
Educational Level: The higher educational institutions which
probably goes with higher intelligence. Intelligence is not
perfectly correlated with education but there is a significant
tendency for them to vary together.
Group Identification: Membership in religious organizations,
political parties, labor unions, and other voluntary associations
brings with it some degree of uniformity in social perception.
There is a higher degree of agreement within the group and a
higher degree of divergence in comparisons made of cross-
groups.
SMS Kabir, smskabir@psy.jnu.ac.bd;SMS Kabir, smskabir@psy.jnu.ac.bd;
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