The document presents an in-depth exploration of perception, detailing both subjective and objective factors that influence how sensory information is organized and interpreted by the brain. It discusses various laws of perceptual organization, types of perception including movement and depth perception, and the concept of perceptual constancy. Additionally, it highlights illusions and their causes, illustrating how perception can often be misleading.

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2. Presenter:
Zain-ul-Abideen
PMAS Arid Agriculture University
RWP.

3. Presentation
On
perception.
Topic of presentation: PERCEPTION

4. Sensation
+
Meanings
+
Thinking
+
Memory
= “Perception”
Wundt Regards:

5. The process by which sensory information
is actively organized and interpreted by the
brain
The process of selecting, organizing, and
interpreting raw sensory data into useful
mental representations of the world.
Perception:

6.  Subjective factor
 Objective factor
Factors of perception:

7. Subjective Factors
 Motives or needs
 Interests and values
 Age
 Preparatory set
 Social and cultural factors

8. Motives or Needs
 When people are motivated, they tend to see and hear
what they want to hear.
Interests and Values
 Interest and values have a great deal to do with
perception

9. Age
 Age brings a change in perception as well.
Preparatory set
 This refers to a person’s readiness to respond to one
kind sensory input, but not to other kinds.

10. Social and Cultural Factors
Social Factors
 The normal perceptual experiences of a culture may
lead its members to develop perceptual biases.

11. Cultural Factors:
 Cultural factors have a great impact on the ways people
from different societies view the world.

12.  Intensity
 Size
 Movement
 Novelty
 Repetition
 Abrupt change
Objective factor:

13. The brighter a light, the more likely is to be in focus of
perception.
Intensity

14. Size
 A big size picture is more likely to be noticed than a smaller size.

15. Movement
 Bird sitting quietly on tree are not quickly perceived as
compared to ones about fly.

16. Novelty
 A novel thing is perceived sooner than old and used
things.

17. Duration
 Duration also affects the perception.
Repetition
Repetition causes us to adapt to repeated
stimulus

18. Abrupt Changes
 Any change in stimulus condition attracts
our attention.

19. There are five kinds of perception
These are:
 Form Perception.
 Perception of Movement.
 Depth perception.
 Time Perception.
Kinds of Perception:

20. Perception depends on sensory
information's. On the base of these information,
different forms and patterns are perceived.
According to wood worth, perceptual
organization is based on two thinks:
 Figure
 Ground
Form Perception:

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Figure Ground
Perception:

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25.  Law of Proximity or Nearness.
 Law of Similarity.
 Law of Good from or figure.
Law Of Perceptual Organizations:

26. Proximity means nearness. According to
this law, the things situated nearer to each
other; form a figure or a pattern and are
perceived as a whole figure. This proximity may
be in space and time. If different words are set
nearer to each other, they form an organization.
Consequently, we perceive them in a moment.
As it is evident from the following figure
Laws of Nearness or proximity:

27. Our brain see objects near each other as
groups.
Laws of proximity:

28. Law of similarity or likeness is the perceptual
tendency to group together similar elements. If
different objects are similar in shape, we classify them
in a group; and perceive accordingly as shown in fig:
Law of similarity or Likeness:

29. In the law of good form, the stimuli having
stimuli having similar ship are grouped
together. This group[ may b of five types
 Good Continuation
 Symmetry
 Closure
 Common Direction
 Inclusiveness
Law of Good Form:

30. The perceptual tendency to see all the
parts of a figure in “one whole” is called the
whole good continuation. It make a picture of
the grouping organization.
Good Continuation:

31. A symmetrical figure makes a perceptual
organization and perceived sooner.
In the following figures we perceived
circles, areas and lines as a single unit when
uniformed and linked.
Symmetry:

32. It is our perceptual tendency to fill the
gaps or closure fills the gaps in perceptual
organization to help us to perceive it as a whole
complete form, for example the following
incomplete circle
Closure:

33. When the stimuli are presented in a
straight line or a semi-circle form, their grouping
in the perceptual organization is classified in
two groups because of their common direction,
for example
Common Direction:

34. Sometimes all the stimuli are include to
form a pattern.
Due to this inclusiveness in the following lines
of similar pattern.
Inclusiveness:

35. Movement or Motion is perceived by following
the progressive change of an object’s position in
space with time.
It has two types
 Real Movement:
 Apparent Movement:
Perception of Movement:

36. Real Movement:
The perception of the actual movement of
objects in the world is termed as “real
motion/movement “perception”.
Apparent Movement:
It is movement perceived in the absence of
physical movement of an image across the
retina. This can be produced by a rapid
succession of motionless stimuli that minimize
the changes that occur in real movement.

37. Apparent Movement:

38. The ability to view the world in three
dimensions and to perceive distance is known as
depth perception.
“This ability helps to perceive three
dimensional space and to accurately judge
distance”
Depth Perception:

40. We perceive time in, seconds, minutes, and
hours which pass into days weeks months and
in years and even in centuries. Time is perceived
in terms of Past, Present, and Future Perception
of time is less in children than elders Several
factors influence time perception: Subjective (age,
activity, motivation, intelligence) Objective:
Time Perception:

41. Three types of constancy are explained
briefly here:
 Size Constancy
 Shape Constancy
 Color Constancy
Type of Perceptual Constancy:

42. Size constancy is the tendency to perceive
objects in a consistent manner despite the
changing sensations that are received by our
senses. visual constancy plays an important
role in helping us adapt to our environment
successfully.
Size Constancy:

43. Size Constancy:

44. When we know that the object is a
certain shape ,we tend to perceive it as the
same shape, regardless of the viewing
angle. We have learned to make
corrections in our perception dependent on
the angle from which we observe
Shape Constancy:

45. Shape Constancy:

47. Colors of objects tend to remain constant
in perception when we know their true color.
Visual objects also appear constant in their
degree of whiteness, grayness and blackness.
Color Constancy:

48. Something that looks or seems different
from what it is something that is false or not
real but that seems to be true or real.
Illusion:

49.  Physical causes.
 Habit & Familiarity.
 Expectancy & Mental Set.
 Momentary State of Mind or Mood.
 Incomplete analysis of the collective
impression.
 Apperception.
 Suggestion.
 Arrangement of stimuli.
Causes of Illusion:

50. There are two type of illusion:
 Illusion Of motion.
 The Illusion Of forms.
Type of Illusion:

51. When a stationary stimulus is perceive as
moving, it is named as illusion of motion or
movement.
Illusion Of motion.

52.  The Illusion of Phi-phenomenon.
 The Illusion of Stroboscope.
 The Illusion of Gama phenomenon.
 The Illusion of Delta motion.
 The Illusion of Auto-Kinetic.
 The Illusion of Induced movement.
 The Illusion of negative after image of
movement.
Types of Illusion of motion:

53. Form perception is attained in relation to
the figure and ground according to the law of
perception Organization. As the figure is
smaller then the ground according to
perceptual.
The Illusion of form:

54. The illusion of distance occurs when the
parallel lines seem to bend in different
directions.
The Illusion of distance:

55. Psychologists have fail to understand this
illusion. It seem that the curving line behind the spiral
have become the cause of this illusion. The illusion is
also known as the false spiral, or by its original name,
the twisted cord illusion.
Spiral circle illusion:

56. The parallel lines seem to bend to each
other instead of looking straight. The reason of
this Illusion is the smaller diagonal lines cutting
the parallel line.
The Zollner Illusion:

57. If two parallel line are dissected by
another straight line separately, a large straight
line seem cutting the parallel line instead of two
partial line.
The Poggindorf’s Illusion:

58. The Herring illusion can also be induced
by a background of optic flow. It is two
horizontal line are cure by the line of different
direction, will not look parallel. The distance
between the two lines looks greater where the
lines assemble from different direction as is
found in fig
Herring’s Illusion:

59. A near object is near usually perceived
larger and farther object is perceived smaller
but in the moon illusion, moon is perceived
larger on horizon where the earth and sky seem
to meet.
The Illusion of size:

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