The document is a Spanish grammar book that covers: 1) The present tense, including regular verb conjugations and stem-changing verbs. 2) The differences between ser and estar when translating to "to be" in English. 3) Verbs like gustar where the subject and object are reversed from English. 4) The preterit and imperfect tenses, including irregular conjugations and uses.

1. Libro de Gramática
{
Hermosa Hammond
1st Periodo
Español IV Honores

2. El Presente
{ What’s happening AHORA!

3.  Actions in the present time
 General Truths
 Near Future
 Literature
 Habitual Actions
El Presente: Usar

4. { -AR
{ -ER and IR
- O - O
- As - Es
- A - E
- Amos - Emos
- Aís - Eís
- An - En
El Presente: Regulares

5.  Nosotros and Vosotros NEVER have stem
changes in the present tense!
 Construir, destruir, incluir have a y before the
personal endings.
 -AR & -ER stem changes:
 e to ie, o to i, u to ue.
Stem Changing Verbos!

6.  Yo:
 Some of the –er/-ir verbos apply.
 A common verb with an irregular yo is Saber,
meaning to know, which is Yo Sé.
 -cer to –zco; -gir to –jo
 Prefixes attached to verbs follow the same rules
as their root, even in the irregular yo form, such
as conozco and reconozco.
Irregular Formas

7. To be or not to be
That is the question!
They both
mean to be!
Ser and Estar

8.  Los dos palabras se significan
“to be” in Ingles.
 Ser means “to be” and it is
estar
permanent.
 Estar es “to be” but it is not
permanent.
Para Usar….
ser

9. { Ser
 Place of origin
{ Estar
 Condition
 Personality  Temporality
 Possession  Location or spatial relationshio
 Material  Health and states
 Animals  Emotions
 Profession or occupation  Certain weather expressions
 Relationship (esta nublado)
 Date  Expressing death
 Season  Variability
 Used to express the permanence  Used to express impermanence
of an object of an object.
A Comparison

10. { SER
Yo { Estar
Soy Tu Estoy
Eres Ella Estás
Es Nosotros Está
Somos Estamos
Vosotros
Sois Estaís
Ellas
Son Están
Personal Forms

11. Verbos Como
Gustar
Gustar means to please. Rather than “I like
apples” as English says, Spanish says “Apples
are pleasing to me.” Objects are attached to
make a the “to me” part. So if the verb is gustar,
{ apples is the subject, and “me” is what apples
are pleasing to, you would read “Me gustan
manzanas.”
Gustar = Verbs
Me = I Object Pronoun
Manzanas = Subject
N is added to the verb when the subject is
plural, one apple = “Me gusta la manzana.”
More than one? “Me gustan manzanas.”

12.  Abburir
 Caer bien
 Caer mal Extra Points
 Doler adding a + mi/ti, for example adds emphasis
 Faltar to the thing or person or self that is being “gusta-ed”
 Encantar (pleased)
 Disgustar Verbs like gustar have plural and singular forms,
adding an n makes it plural, but it refers to the
 Fascinar
subject, not IO pronoun.
 Importar
 Interesar
 Sorprender
 Importar
More verbos como Gustar

13. Preterit vs.
Imperfect
{Continuing?
Done?
The important questions!

14. { Preterit
{ Imperfect
Not seen as a completed
 Seen as completed action 
action
 Definite beginning and  Indefinite ending or
ending beginning
 Does not lack specificity.  Vague or general
 Things you “used to do.”
 Trigger words: ayer,  Trigger words: cuando era
anoche, desde el primer un niño, con frecuencia,
momento, la semana mucho, nunca, muchas
pasada, entonces, ayer veces, siempre, todas las
semanas, todos los dias
por la tarde
Both are past actions,
but…

15. { AR
{ ER/IR
íste
Ió
Imos
Isteis
Ieron
Regular Preterit

16. { AR
{ ER/IR
Aba Ía
Abas Ías
Aba Ía
Ábamos Íamos
Abais Íais
aban Ían
Regular Impefect

17. Ser and Ir are the twins, conjugated
the same:
Fui
Fuiste
Fue
Fuemos
Fuisteis
Fueron
Irregular Preterit

18. Dar Hacer Decir Traer Ver
Di Hice Dije Traje Vi
Diste Hiciste Dijiste Trajiste Viste
Dio Hizo Dijo Trajo Vio
Dimos Hicimos Dhimos Trajimos Vimos
Disteis Hicisteis Dijisteis Trajisteis Visteis
Dieron Hicieron Dijeron Trajieron Vieron
Car, gar, zar
Qu Gu C
Irregular Preterit

19. Verbo Change
Irregular Preterit
Andar
Estar
Anduv
Estuv
-e:
Tener
Caber
Tuv
Cup
-iste
Haber
Poder
Hub
Pud
-o
Poner Pus
Verbo Change
Saber Sup
Hacer
Querer
Hic
Quis
-imos:
Venir vin -isteis
-ieron

20. Ir Ser Ver
Iba Era Veía
Ibas Eras Veías
Iba Era Veía
Ibamos Eramos Veíamos
Ibais Erais Veíais
Ibas Eran Veían
Irregular Imperfect

21.  Transitive has object
 Intransitive does not.
 Can sometimes be used with prepositions a, de, and en.
 Object is also subject in many cases.
 Examples of reflexive verbs:
 Abburirse – to become bored
 Ponerse – to get or to become
 Acordarse –to remember
 Comerse– to eat up
 Dormirse – to fall asleep
 Mudarse – to move
 Ponerse – to put on clothing
 quitarse – to take off clothing.
Reflexive Verbs

22.  What will happen?
 Expresses wonder or probability in current state.
 Can be expressed by conjugated ir + infinitive.
 Some irregulares:
 Tener – tedr
 Salir – saldr
 Haber – habr
 Decir – dir
 Caber – cabr
 Hacer – har
 Regular verbs end in
 É
 Ás
 Á
 Emos
 Éis
 Án
Future.

23.  Would / should / could
 Regulars end in: ía, ías, ía, íamos, íais, ían.
 Irregulars mainly the same as future.
 Use for speculation about the past or future,
reported speech, advice, polite requests, etc.
Conditional expresses

what might happen by

probability, wonder, or
conjecture.

24.  Combine two sentences that share a common
noun.
 Related to a noun that has previously been
stated already.
 Introduction to a clause that modifies a noun.
 Que vs Cual
 Q- what C- which
 Q – definitions C- used before es, not in
definitions
 Q- before nouns C- suggests from a group,
suggestions, clauses
Relative Pronouns

25.  Just like in english, adverbs modify verbs,
adjectives, and other adverbs.
 In english we often add –ly to adjectives to
make adverbs, the spanish equivalent is –
mente.
 Carinoso = carinosamente
 Kindly
Adverbs

26.  Indicate smallness (diminutive)
 Indicates affection
 You can drop o or a from almost any noun and
ad ito or ita
 Cito or cita can be added to words not ending
in o or a
 Nino  ninito
Diminutives

27.  Indicates largeness
 Opposite of diminutive
 Can end in anzo/a, on/a, ucho/a, acho/a, or
udo/a.
 NOT affectionate.
Augmentatives

28.  What had happened in the past
 Formed using Haber + past participle verb… which are formed by adding
ado to –ar verbs and ido to –er/ir verbs.
 He
 Has
 Han
 Hemos
 Hebais
 Han
Subjunctive:
Haya
Hayas
Haya
Hayamos
Hayais
+ Past Participle
Hayan
Present Perfect

29.  Reflexive pronouns when subject is also object.
 Equivalent of the passive voice in english
 Can replace le or les to avoid two l pronouns!
SE

30.  Agree with noun in gender and number
 Follow same rules regarding er/ir and then ar
verbs.
Past Participles as
Adjectives

31.  Hace + time + que
 Hace tres anos que voy a mexico.
 It has been two years since I have been to mexico.
 Negatives can be formed by adding “no” simply.
 Present tense uses desde.
 Verb + desde hace + time
 Yo voy a mexico desde hace dos anos.
 I have been going to mexico for two years.
Expressing time using
hacer.

32.  Event hasn’t happened, but is expected to happen.
 Equivalent of english “will” or “shall” happen.
 Formed by the future indicative of haber and the
participle form.
 Habré
 Habrás
 Habrá
 Habremos
 Habréis
 habrán
Future perfect

33.  Something that would have happened
 If
 In the past
 Superstition/probability
 Haber + past participle
 Habría
 Habrías
 Habrían
 Habríamos
 Habrías
 Habrían
Conditional Perfect Tense

34.  If liklihood is expressed, si can be used. With
present indicative.
 If condition is contrary or unlikely, si can be
used with past subjunctive verbs.
 It may precede the sentence, or not.
Si

35.  Cause and effect: ya que, como, porque
 Clarification: en otras palabras
 Explanation: ademas
 Contrast and similarity: sin embargo,
igualmente
 General and specific: espesificamente
 Intro and conclusion: el primero lugar – para
concluir.
Transitional Expressions

36.  Coordinating conjunctions
 Equivalent of english “but”
 Pero indicates contrast of things or ideas
 Sino is used when the part of the sentence
following the conjunction is negative, meaning
something closer to “rather.”
Pero and Sino

37.  Used with a generalized subject, subject that
refers to something else, or a peripheral subject.
 Whatever receives the action of the verb comes
first.
 Followed by verb “to be”
 Followed by participle
 Ser is usd
 Subject would be a DO if written actively.
El coche fue rompido por la arbol.
Passive voice. Shhhh….

38.  Negative: nobody or nothing
 Nada: nothing
 Nadie: nobody
 Ningun: not any
 Ni: neither
 Tampoco: neither
 Indefinite: ambiguous
 Algo: something
 Alguien: someone
 Alguna vez: some time
 Alguno: some
 Cualquier: which
 Algo pasó.
Negative and Indefinite
Expressions

39.  Formed by adding auxiliary verb of had with a
participle.
 Negatives formed by adding no prior to haber.
 Había
 Habías
 Había
 Habíamos +participle
 Habías
 Habían
Past Perfecto

40.  Completed actions
 Actions that happened before another action.
 Conditional constructions
 hypothetical
 Imperfect sub. Of haber is used alongside a
past participle.
Past Perfecto Subjunctivo

41.  -ar
 -er
 -ir
 Subject (gerund) english equivalent of –ing
 Predicate nominative
 Objects
 Verb
 preposition
Infinitives

42.  Form a phrase! Tell location, approximation, etc.
 Almost always followed by adjective.
 A
 Con
 Contra
 Antes de
 Durante
 En
 Entre
 Hasta
 Para
 Por
 Sin
 sobre
Prepositions