This document provides an overview of Spanish grammar topics including nationalities, stem changers, para, indirect object pronouns, pronoun placement, gustar, superlatives, reflexives, commands, sequencing events, preterite, trigger words, car/gar/zar verbs, deber + infinitive, modal verbs, present progressive, and adverbs. It includes definitions, examples, and conjugations for each topic. The table of contents outlines 18 different grammar points that are explained in the document.

1. Grammar Book
Brooke Miller

2. Table of Contents
• 1. Nationalities
• 2. Stem Changers
• 3. Para
• 4. Indirect Object Pronouns
• 5. Pronoun Placement
• 6. Gustar
• 7. Affirmative & Negative Words
• 8. Superlatives
• 9. Reflexives
• 10. Affirmative tú commands/irregulars/pronoun placement
• 11. Negative tú commands/irregulars/pronoun placement
• 12. Sequencing events
• 13. Preterite
• 14. Trigger Words
• 15. Car, Gar, Zar
• 16. Deber + Infinitive
• 17. Modal Verbs
• 18. Present Progressive
• 19. Adverbs

3. Nationalities

4. Yo Nosotras
Stem Changers Tu
El/ellas/Ud.
Vosotras
Ellos/Ellas/Uds.
o>ue Contar-to count
cuento contamos
u>ue Jugar-to play
cuentas contais juego jugamos
cuenta cuentan juegas jugais
e>ie Pedir-to ask juega juegan
pido pedemos
pides pedeis
pide piden
e>ie Pensar-to think
pienso pensamos
piensas pensais
piensa pienen

5. Para
*You use para to indicate the recipient of items.
(for, in order to)
El regalo para tu mama. -purpose
Vamos al restaurante para comer. –implied purpose
Tengo dinero para [compra] algo.

6. Indirect Object Pronouns
Me Les
Te
Le Les
-Indirect object pronouns are nouns that tell to whom/what or for
whom/what .
-They replace or accompany indirect objects.
↙ Accompanies ↘
↙ Replaces ↘
Rosa le compra una olla a su madre. Rosa le compra una olla.

7. Object Pronoun Placement
• 1. attach the pronoun to the infinitive
• 2. attach the pronoun to a progressive tense
• 3. attach the pronoun to an affirmative
command
• 4. place the pronoun before a conjugated verb
Before
↙
Rosa le compra una olla a su
madre.

8. A mi= me gusta
A ti= te gusta Gustar Singular- gusta
Plural- gustan
A usted/a él/a ella= le gusta
A nosotras=nos gusta
A ustedes/aellas/a ellos= les Me
gusta
Les Te
Gustar
Nos Le

9. Affirmative & Negative Words
*When you want to talk about and indefinite or negative situation,
you use and affirmative or negative word.
Algo: Something Nada: Nothing
Alguien: Someone Nadie: No one
Algún/alguno: Same Ningún/ninguno: none; not any
Siempre: Always Nunca: Never
También: Also Tampoco: Neither; either
The waiter asks:
-¿Algo de tomar?
Something to drink?
Sofia says:
-Por ahora, nada más.
For now, nothing more.

10. Los Superlatives
-Ísimo is added to the end
Malo -ísimas malísimo of adjectives or adverbs. It
means very or extremely.
-adjectives ending in c,g, or
Rico -quísimo riquísimo z change spelling to qu, gu,
and c respectively.
-adjectives that end
in n or r form by
Trabajador -císimo Trabajadorcísimo
adding –císimo/a

11. Reflexives
Me Nos
Te Os
Se Se
-The subject is also the object. The subject pronoun and verb are all in the same form.
-Yo me levanto a las ocho de la mañana.
I get up.

12. Affirmative tú
Commands/Irregulars/Pronoun
Placement
Affirmative Commands Pronoun Placement
Di, haz, ve, pon, sal, sé, ten ven 1) Infinitive
2) Gerund
3) Before conjugated verb
4) Affirmative Command
1. Drop “s”
-¡Cómelo! -¡Córrela!

13. Negative tú
Commands/Irregulars/Pronoun
Placement
Negative Commands
1. Tener No tengas
2. Venir No vengas
3. Dar/Decir No dí/digas 1. Put in yo form.
4. Ir No vayas 2. Change the vowel
Ar→ e 3. Add affirmative “s”
5. Ser No seas
Er, Ir→a
6. Hacer No hagos
7. Estar No estés
8. Saber No sepas
Example:
-¡No la comas!

14. Sequencing Events
Primero: Entonces: Luego/Despúes: Por fin:
-first -then -then/after finally
Antes de/despúes de por la mañana/tarde/noche los lunes
-before/after -in/during the.. -Monday
(no specific time)

15. Preterite
-It is in the past tense.
E I
Aste Iste
O Io
Amos Imos
Aron ieron
Esto es el preteditio!

16. Trigger Words
una dia One day El mes pasando Last month
Una vez Once Anteayer Day before
yesterday
Ayer Yestarday Por una hora For one hour
A noche At night For fin Finally
Hace un año A year ago A las ocho At eight
El cinco de On February
Ya already
febrero 8th

17. Car, Gar, Zar
Tocar Jugar Comenzar
Toqué Juqué Comencé
Tocaste Jugaste Comenzaste
Tocó Jugó Comenzó
Tocamos Jugamos Comenzamos
Tocaron Jugaron Comenzaron
Car qu
Gar  qu
Zar z or c

18. Deber + Infinitive
Deber= Should; Ought to Remember you
can put a pronoun in
front of a
Debo Debemos conjugated verb or
attach it to an
Debes Debeís infinitive.
Debe Deben
Debo barrer el suelo.
-I should sweep the floor.
Debes limpiar la cocina.
-You should clean the kitchen.
Debe sacar la basura.
-He should take out the trash.

19. Modal Verbs
• When verbs are used in modal verb combinations:
• -the 2nd verb is not conjugated, but rather just left in the infinitive
form.
• *you would never say “no puedo nado”
Deber-should, ought to, must
Desear-to desire
Necesitar- to need
Poder-can , could, might, be able to
Querer- want, would like to
Saber-know, know how to
Soler- usually, used to

20. Present Progressive
ING
Ar  ando Example:
Er/Ir iendo -Leer
3 Vowels  yendo
Leiendo
Leyendo

21. Adverbs
When the adjective ends in E, I, or Z you simply
add mente to the end.
For adjectives Ending in an A or O, add mente
to the feminine form.
When you use two adverbs, drop the mente
from the first one
1)Cuidadoso+mente= Cuidadosamente
*you added the “a”
2)Fácil+mente=Fácilmente
3)Reciente+mente=Recientemente
*you added an “e”