This document summarizes three transducers: a potentiometer, LVDT, and resolver. A potentiometer converts rotational or linear displacement into a potential difference based on the position of a wiper along a resistor. An LVDT translates linear motion into electrical signals using a movable core within primary and secondary coils. It determines displacement by measuring the induced voltage. A resolver measures rotational degrees using a rotating shaft to induce voltages on stationary coils, producing sine and cosine feedback currents whose magnitudes indicate the shaft angle.

1. OVERVIEW
• Potentiometer
• LVDT
• Resolver

2. Potentiometer
• Potentiometer is a transducer in which rotation or linear displacement is converted into potential
difference.
• The displacement of the wiper causes the output potential difference obtained between one end of
the resistance and the slider.
Output of Transducer ∝ Displacement
Potentiometric Equation: 𝑽 = 𝑬. (
𝒅
𝑳
)
Where V = Voltage across wiper, E = Voltage across potentiometer, L=full scale displacement of
potentiometer, d = displacement across the resistor.
Rotational Potentiometer Linear Potentiometer

4. LVDT (Linear Variable Differential Transducer or Transformer)
• They are used to translate linear motion into electric signals.
• They have high resolution, high accuracy and good stability to make them ideal device for
short displacement measurements.
Movable core
Movable core
Primary coil
Secondary coil
P – Primary winding S – Secondary winding

5. P₁S₁ S₂
P₁ - Primary Coil
S₁ , S₂ - Secondary Coils
AC Source
• The two secondary coils are placed equal distance from primary coil.
• Two secondary coils are connected in series opposition i.e. Net Emf = 0.

6. Working of LVDT
• There are three positions of core based on which the LVDT works.
• This also determines the magnitude and direction of emf induced.
i. Core at center
ii. Core at right corner
iii. Core at left corner

9. Magnitude of E₀ indicates the distance moved while polarity or phase indicates the
direction.

11. Resolver
• A resolver is used for measuring degrees of rotation.
• Operating principle is that a charged rotating shaft will induce voltage on stationary coils.

12. Description
• A resolver is a rotary transformer where the magnitude of the energy through the resolver
windings varies sinusoidal as the shaft rotates.
• A resolver control transmitter has one primary winding i.e. the reference winding (rotor),
and two secondary windings, the SIN and COS windings (stator).
• Since the rotary transformer then passes the voltage off to the secondary side of the
transformer, no brushes or rings are needed.
• The SIN and COS windings are mounted 90° from each other in relation to the shaft.

13. Working of a Resolver
• The primary winding of the transformer, fixed to the stator, is excited by a sinusoidal
electric current, which by electromagnetic induction induces current in the rotor.
• This current then flows through the other winding on the rotor, in turn inducing current in
its secondary windings, the two-phase windings back on the stator.
• The two two-phase windings, fixed at right (90°) angles to each other on the stator, produce
a sine and cosine feedback current.
• The relative magnitudes of the two-phase voltages are measured and used to determine the
angle of the rotor relative to the stator.
• Upon one full revolution, the feedback signals repeat their waveforms.