This document discusses methods for measuring various elements of screw threads, including major diameter, minor diameter, effective diameter or pitch diameter, pitch, flank angle, and thread form. Common measurement tools mentioned include micrometers, thread comparators, thread micrometers, tool makers microscopes, and optical projection. Methods like using setting gauges, V-pieces, taper parallels, rollers and slip gauges, and one-, two-, or three-wire techniques are described for different thread measurements.
This presentation gives the information about Screw thread measurements and Gear measurement of the subject: Mechanical measurement and Metrology (10ME32/42) of VTU Syllabus covering unit-4.
Surface roughness metrology deals with basic terminology of surface,surface roughness indication methods,analysis of surface traces, measurement methods,surface roughness measuring instruments such as Stylus Probe Instrument, Profilometer, Tomlinson Surface Meter ,The Taylor-Hobson Talysurf etc.This is very useful for diploma,degree engineering students of mechanical,production,automobile branch
This presentation gives the information about Screw thread measurements and Gear measurement of the subject: Mechanical measurement and Metrology (10ME32/42) of VTU Syllabus covering unit-4.
Surface roughness metrology deals with basic terminology of surface,surface roughness indication methods,analysis of surface traces, measurement methods,surface roughness measuring instruments such as Stylus Probe Instrument, Profilometer, Tomlinson Surface Meter ,The Taylor-Hobson Talysurf etc.This is very useful for diploma,degree engineering students of mechanical,production,automobile branch
Introduction to Mechanical Measurements and Metrology taruian
Introduction to Metrology: Definition, objectives of metrology, Material Standards, Wavelength Standards, Classification of standards, Line and End standards, Calibration of End bars. Numerical examples.
Introduction to Mechanical Measurements and Metrology taruian
Introduction to Metrology: Definition, objectives of metrology, Material Standards, Wavelength Standards, Classification of standards, Line and End standards, Calibration of End bars. Numerical examples.
Test for straightness by using spirit level and Autocollimator
The straightness of any surface could be determined by either of these instruments by measuring the relative angular positions of number of adjacent sections of the surface to be tested. First straight line is drawn on the surface then it is divided into a number of sections the length of each section being equal to the length of sprit level base or the plane reflector’ s base in case of auto collimator. The bases of the spirit level block or reflector are fitted with two feet so that only feet have line contact with the surface and the surface of base does not touch the surface to he tested. The angular division obtained is between the specified two points. Length of each section must be equal to distance between the centerlines of two feet. The special level can be used only for the measurement of straightness of horizontal surfaces while auto-collimator can be used on surfaces are any plane. In case of spirit level, the block is moved along the line equal to the pitch distance between the centerline of the feet and the angular variation of the direction of block. Angular variation can be determined in terms of the difference of height between two points by knowing the least count of level and length of the base.
This presentation by Hooria Shahzad is about measuring instruments in which we study metre rule, measuring tape, vernier callipers and screw gauge ; construction of vernier callipers and screw gauge.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
2. Measuring elements of screw thread
• Elements that is to be measured to determine the accuracy of a screw
thread is as follows:
1. Major diameter
2. Minor diameter
3. Effective diameter or pitch diameter
4. Pitch
5. Flank angle
6. Thread form
3. Measurement of major diameter
• Major diameter is the imaginary diameter of thread
which would touch the crests of an internal and root
of external thread.
• For measuring the major diameter of external
threads following methods are to be used:
1. By using the ordinary micrometer
2. By using the bench micrometer
• For measuring the major diameter of internal
threads is usually done by the thread comparator
fitted with ball ended styli.
4. Using ordinary micrometer
• In this the micrometer is used as a comparator.
• This micrometer is first set over the cylinder standard having approx. same
dimension.
• This standard is called setting gauge.
• After taking reading 𝑑1 the micrometer is set on the major diameter and reading
𝑑2 is taken and then the diameter is measured by following equation:
• This micrometer is used gently during reading because their might come error by
applying extra force which will form deformation of crest of the thread.
𝑫 = 𝑺 ± (𝒅 𝟏 − 𝒅 𝟐)
6. Using bench Micrometer
• Bench micrometer is designed by the NPL to remove deficiencies inherent
in the hand micrometer.
• In this the fiducial micrometer is used to ensure that all the readings are
taken at the same pressure.
• The instrument has a micrometer head havingVernier scale to read to the
accuracy of 0.002mm.
• This instrument is also used as the comparator to avoid the pitch errors of
micrometer threads, zero error setting etc.
• Then the process is same as of the ordinary micrometer.
8. Measurement of minor diameter
• Minor diameter is the imaginary diameter of thread
which would touch the roots of the external and crest of
the internal threads.
• For measuring minor diameter of external threads
following methods are used:
1. TwoV pieces method
2. By projecting the thread on the screen
• For measuring minor diameter of internal thread
following methods are used:
1. Using taper parallels
2. By using rollers and slip gauges
9. TwoV pieces method
• Minor diameter of aV-screw thread is
measured by a comparative method using
floating carriage diameter measuring and
two smallV-pieces.
• This will make contact with the root of the
thread.
• The threaded workpiece is mounted
between the centre of the instrument.
• Then the reading of the micrometer is taken
after this threaded workpiece is replaced by
the standard cylinder setting gauge of
diameter approx. equal to the core diameter
of screw.Then the diameter is calculated
from the following:
Minor diameter of the thread= 𝐷 ± (𝑅1 − 𝑅2)
10. By projecting thread on screen
• If the threads are very sharp or have
no radius at the root.
• The measurement of minor diameter
is done by projecting the thread form
on a screen.
• This projected form is compared with
the use of theTool Makers
Microscope.
11. Using taper parallels
• For the internal thread of the minor
diameter of diameter less than 200mm is
measured using the taper parallels.
• The taper parallels are the pairs of the
wedges having parallel outer edges.
• The taper parallels are inserted inside the
thread and adjusted until firm contact is
not established with the minor diameter.
• Then the diameter of the outer edges of
the taper parallels is measured using the
micrometer.
12. By using rollers and slip gauges
• This method is used for the diameter having
more than 20mm diameter.
• The precision rollers are inserted inside
thread and proper slip gauges inserted
between the rollers so that firm contact is
established.
• Then the length of the slip gauges plus twice
the diameter of the rollers is the minor
diameter.
13. Measurement of effective diameter
• Effective diameter is the imaginary diameter in
between major and minor diameter.
• It is also known as Pitch Diameter.
• For measuring effective diameter of external threads
following methods are to be used:
1. Thread micrometer
2. Wire methods
• For measuring effective diameter of internal thread
is usually measured on a horizontal comparator
fitted with detachable small ball ended styli.
14. Thread micrometer
• This method is simple and rapid.
• The thread micrometer is same as
ordinary micrometer except that it has
special contact points to suit the end
screw threads form that is to be checked.
• The contact points are selected on the
basis of the types of the thread and the
pitch of the thread to be measured.
• The male contact point is fixed at the anvil
and the corresponding female contact
point is fitted in to the spindle of the
thread micrometer.
15. Thread Micrometer
• Then the anvils are then made to contact
the thread to be checked and the reading is
taken, which will give the pitch diameter or
effective diameter.
• In this the actual reading is the
measurement of the major diameter on
one side and minor diameter of the other
side which gives us the effective diameter.
• If the thread is of the whithworth thread
the relation between the outer diameter
and the pitch is as follow:
= 𝐷 − 0.6403𝑝
16. Wire methods
• There are mainly three types of wire methods.They are
as follows:
1. One wire method
2. Two wire method
3. Three wire method
• This methods are based on the size of the wire.
• The size of the wire whose diameter makes the contact
with the flank of the thread on the effective diameter
this size of wire is known as Best Size of Wire.
• This size is decided by the following equation:
𝑑 =
𝑝
2
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃
• Where p= pitch and θ= thread angle
17. One wire method
• In this only one wire is used.
• It is placed between two threads at one side and
the anvil contacts the crest on the other side.
• First the reading 𝑑1 is noted on a standard gauge
whose dimension is approx. same as that we are
going to be obtained.
• Then the setting gauge is replaced by the thread
that is to be measured and the reading 𝑑2 is
taken.
The effective diameter = 𝐷 ± (𝑑1~𝑑2)
If 𝑑1<𝑑2 then use +ve sign
𝑑1 > 𝑑2 then use –ve sign
18. Two wire method
• In this method the two wires of identical
diameter is placed between the flanks of
the thread.
• In this method also first of all the reading of
the standard cylinder is taken and then the
actual thread that is to be measured is kept.
• The diameter of the standard = S
The diameter under the wires =T
The effective dimeter of screw = E
• Then E=S+P
whereT= S-(𝑅1-𝑅2).
• Where P is depended upon the diameter of
wire and pitch of the thread.
19. Three wire method
• In this method three wires of equal and precise diameter are placed in the
thread grooves at opposite sides of the screw and measuring the distance
M over outer surfaces of wires with the micrometer.
• Out of the three wires the set of two wires is placed at one side and the one
wire is placed on the other side.
• This three wires are either held in hand or secured in the grooves by
applying grease in the thread.
• This method ensures the alignment of micrometer anvil faces parallel to the
thread axis.
• This method is more accurate then other methods.
21. Three wire method
• The effective diameter can be calculated with
the following relations:
1. The reading of micrometer M=E+Q
2. The wire diameter
3. The thread angle 𝜃, and 𝑄 = 𝑊(1 +
22. Measurement of pitch
• Pitch is the axial distance between the two
corresponding crests or roots.
• The methods used to measure pitch is as follows:
1. Pitch measuring machine
2. Tool makers microscope
3. Screw pitch gauge
23. Pitch measuring machine
• A pitch measuring machine provides a relatively simple and accurate
method of measuring he pitch of the screw thread.
• The threaded component whose pitch is to be measured is mounted
between the centers on the pitch measuring machine.
24. Tool makers microscope
• Work piece is mounted on a glass plate.
• A light source provides horizontal beam
of light which is reflected from a mirror by
900 upwards towards the table.
• Image of the outline contour of the work
piece passes through the objective of the
optical head.
• The image is projected by a system of
three prisms to a ground glass screen.
• The measurements are made by means of
cross lines engraved on the ground glass
screen.
25. Measurement of flank Angle
• Flank Angle is the angle formed by a flank and a
perpendicular to the thread axis in an axial
plane.
• It is also called the half thread angle.
• For this measurement we have to measure the
thread angle.
• To measure the thread angle the following
methods is used:
1. Optical Projection
26. Optical Projection
• The modern projectors are equipped with the work holding fixtures, the
projection lamp and the lenses situated on the top of the cabinet, and the
screen at the front.
• Most of the projectors are fitted with theVernier protectors, which gives the
reading to one minute of arc.
• The thread is viewed at a screen then the angle is measured by means of the
protractor.
27. Measurement ofThread Form
• Thread Form is the shape of the contour of one
complete thread as seen in axial section.
• It may be in a shape of square, triangle, trapezoidal
or other shapes.
• The thread form is also measured or identified by the
Optical projection method.
28. Optical projection
• The modern projectors are equipped with the work holding fixtures, the
projection lamp and the lenses situated on the top of the cabinet, and the
screen at the front.
• The projected image of the thread form is enlarged on the ground glass over
which the drawing or the template of the form is made.
• Then this two forms are compared with each other.
29. Reference
• The textbook of metrology by M. Mahajan( Dhanpat rai co.)
• Mechanical measurement and instrumentation by Er. R. K. Rajput
• Mechanical Measurement and Metrology by (Books India Publication)
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screw_thread
• https://law.resource.org/pub/in/bis/S01/is.10587.1983.pdf
• https://me-mechanicalengineering.com/screw-threads-terminology/