Ribozymes are RNA molecules that act as enzymes and catalyze biochemical reactions. They were first discovered in 1982 by Thomas Czech and Sidney Altman, who later won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their discovery. Ribozymes increase the rate and specificity of reactions like phosphodiester bond cleavage and peptide bond synthesis. Common types of ribozymes include self-splicing introns, RNase P, hammerhead ribozymes, and hairpin ribozymes. Artificial ribozymes can also be synthesized in the laboratory by mutating natural ribozymes.
Alternative splicing is a deviation from the conventional splicing as it removes introns in a different manner. It has a lot of significance in the development of diseases like cancers and in plants adapting to various stress conditions.
Alternative splicing is a deviation from the conventional splicing as it removes introns in a different manner. It has a lot of significance in the development of diseases like cancers and in plants adapting to various stress conditions.
MBB 501 PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY
INFORMATION ABOUT DIFFERENT DNA MODIFYING ENZYMES
WHAT IS AN ENZYME?
Alkaline Phosphatase
Polynucleotide kinase
Terminal deoxyneucleotidyl transferase
Nucleases
Exonuclease
Bal31 Exonuclease III
Endonuclease
S1 endonulease
Deoxyribonuclease 1 (Dnase 1)
RNase A
RNase H
Restriction Endonuclease
PvuI
PvuII
Different types of endonuclease enzymes
The recognition sequences for some of the most frequently used restriction endonucleases.
Categorization of enzymes
Isoschizomers
Neoschizomers
Isocaudomers
This powerpoint explains about the nucleic acid hybridization, its principle, application and the assay methods. Also it gives clear picture about DNA probes, its sysnthesis, mechanism of probes and the detector system in DNA hybridization.
Transfection methods (DNA to host cell) Erin Davis
Transfection of DNA to host cell can be done by various methods in lab scale.Gene gun,electroporation,lipofection .These methods are used to transfer DNA to the host cell.
Translational proofreading and translational inhibitorsShritilekhaDash
Translation proofreading is often the final stage of a translation process.
Transcription creates a complementary RNA copy of a DNA sequence and translation is the subsequent process where RNA is used to synthesize the actual protein from amino acids. Inhibition of this translation step has the effect of blocking protein production and ultimately its function.
MBB 501 PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY
INFORMATION ABOUT DIFFERENT DNA MODIFYING ENZYMES
WHAT IS AN ENZYME?
Alkaline Phosphatase
Polynucleotide kinase
Terminal deoxyneucleotidyl transferase
Nucleases
Exonuclease
Bal31 Exonuclease III
Endonuclease
S1 endonulease
Deoxyribonuclease 1 (Dnase 1)
RNase A
RNase H
Restriction Endonuclease
PvuI
PvuII
Different types of endonuclease enzymes
The recognition sequences for some of the most frequently used restriction endonucleases.
Categorization of enzymes
Isoschizomers
Neoschizomers
Isocaudomers
This powerpoint explains about the nucleic acid hybridization, its principle, application and the assay methods. Also it gives clear picture about DNA probes, its sysnthesis, mechanism of probes and the detector system in DNA hybridization.
Transfection methods (DNA to host cell) Erin Davis
Transfection of DNA to host cell can be done by various methods in lab scale.Gene gun,electroporation,lipofection .These methods are used to transfer DNA to the host cell.
Translational proofreading and translational inhibitorsShritilekhaDash
Translation proofreading is often the final stage of a translation process.
Transcription creates a complementary RNA copy of a DNA sequence and translation is the subsequent process where RNA is used to synthesize the actual protein from amino acids. Inhibition of this translation step has the effect of blocking protein production and ultimately its function.
A ribozyme is a ribonucleic acid (RNA) enzyme that catalyzes a chemical reaction. The ribozyme catalyses specific reactions in a similar way to that of protein enzymes. Also called catalytic RNA, ribozymes are found in the ribosome where they join amino acids together to form protein chains.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
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Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
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This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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2. • Ribozyme are RNA molecule or catalytic enzyme that catalyze
biochemical reactions.
• 1982: Ribozyme were first discovered by Thomas Czech and
Sidney Altman.
• 1982: The term Ribozyme was introduced by Kelly Krugar et al.
• 1989: T
.Czech and S. Altman shared Noble prize in chemistry
for the discovery of RNA that could act as an enzyme.
S. Altman T. Cech
3. • RNA possessing catalytic activity
• Increases the rate and specificity of:
– phosphodiester bond cleavage
– peptide bond synthesis
Widespread occurrence in nature –
from viruses to humans
4. • Self splicing introns: group I and group II
• Rnase P
• Hammerhead ribozyme
• rRNA peptidyl transferase
• Hairpin ribozyme
• Riboswitches
• Hepatitis delta virus
• Varkud satellite ribozyme
• Mammalian CPEB3 ribozyme
5. • Artificial ribozyme are synthesized in the
laboratory based on the dual nature of RNAs as
catalyst and an informational polymer.
• Synthesis of artificial ribozyme involves the
mutation of natural ribozymes.The ribozymes are
mutated by reverse transcribing them with reverse
transcriptase into various cDNA and amplified with
mutagenic PCR.
• E.g of artificial ribozyme include
Leadzyme,ligase ribozyme and allosteric
ribozyme.
6. 1.Self splicing introns: group I and group II
• Group I introns are abundant in fungal and plant
mitochondria, but they are also found in nuclear
rRNA genes, chloroplast DNA (ctDNA),
bacteriophage, and in the tRNA of ctDNA and
eubacteria. But, they are not found in higher
eukaryotes such as in vertebrates.
• Group II introns found in bacteria and in
organellar genes of eukaryotic cells mainly in
mitochondrial and chloroplast RNAs of plants, fungi
and yeast.
7. This is a transesterification
reaction in which the
guanosine hydroxyl group
attacks the phosphodiester
bond between the 3′ end of
the first exon and the first
nucleotide of the intron.
The guanosine remains
attached to the 5′ end of the
intron. Then, the 3′ end of
the liberated exon attacks
the extremity of base 413
from the intron to bring
together the exon’s two ends
1. Self-splicing introns
9. ro.
2. RNase P
Ribonuclease P- cleaves a piece of RNA off a tRNA molecule
RNase P is able to selectively cut more than 60 tRNA precursors, which then
become mature tRNA molecules capable of carrying amino acids during
the translation of proteins.
RNase P catalyzes specific phosphodiester bond hydrolysis in pre-tRNAs to
produce mature tRNA 5'-ends. Without RNase P this process would not
be possible.
The enzyme is a ribonucleoprotein, although the RNA segment of the
molecule has been shown to independently recognize and cleave the
appropriate
substrate both in vivo and in vit
The protein segment of the Rnase P
appears to allow the ribozymal
segment to work at a faster
hydrolytic rate and with less
Mg2+ present.
10. 3. Hammerhead ribozyme
• Hammerhead RNAs are RNAs that self-cleave via a small conserved
secondary structural motif termed a hammerhead because of its shape.
• Most hammerhead RNAs are subsets of two classes of plant pathogenic RNAs:
the satellite RNAs of RNA viruses and the viroids.
• Rolling circle replication initially produces a long strand of multiple copies of of
the virusoid RNA or plant RNA.Each copy contain a hammerhead motif that
catalyze strand breakage between itself and the next copy in transcript.Thus by
virtue of HHRZ motifs,the long strand breaks itself into many individual
molecules.
• Two property of hammerhead ribozyme make them
especially useful in gene therapy:
i. cleavage site specificity
ii. Catalytic activity
11.
12. APPLICATIONS
Therapeutic applications
– Treatment of cancer, infectious diseases and genetic disorders.
Ribozymes as a cofactors
– RNA can act as a cofactor for amino acid residues.
– Amino acid complexes with RNA molecules during which the later
functions as a cofactor, enhancing or diversifying the enzymatic
capabilities of proteins.
– mRNAs have evolved from RNA molecules which catalyzes amino acid
transfer to them
Chaperon like ribozymes
– Like chaperon, RNA catalyzes protein folding. Such RNAs are called
chaperon like ribozymes
Ribozymes as tools to study gene function and in target
validation
-Used to study the function, regulation and expression of genes