The document provides a detailed overview of the respiratory system, highlighting its critical functions in gas exchange and the processes involved in breathing. It describes the anatomy of the respiratory tract, including the upper and lower respiratory components, and outlines respiratory disorders like asthma, pneumonia, and lung cancer. Additionally, it explains the regulation of breathing and the measurements used to assess lung function.

1. Respiratory System
The Breath of Life

2. Close Room

3. Mechanism of A Car

4. Drowning

5. Respiration
- a life process common to
both plants & animals.
is an exchange of Oxygen and Carbon
dioxide between the atmosphere and
the blood and the body’s cells.

6. 4 Respiration Processes
1. Breathing (ventilation)
– air in to and out of the lungs.
2. External respiration
– gas exchange between air and the blood.
3. Internal respiration
– gas exchange between blood and tissues.
4. Cellular respiration
– oxygen used to produce ATP, carbon dioxide
as waste.

7. Breathing vs. Respiration
Breathing = Inspiration + Expiration
– intake of air/inhale to bring fresh
supply of oxygen.
– breathing out of air/exhale to get rid of
CO2
Respiration – process of gas exchange
between various body compartments

8. Process of Breathing: Pressure Gradient

9. Process of Breathing: Pressure Gradient
• Inspiration/Expiration: air in/air out
• Cycle:
 Relaxed State – diaphragm and intercostal muscles
relaxed.
Inspiration – diaphragm contracts, pullling muscle
down, intercostal muscles contract elevating chest wall
and expanding volume of chest lowering pressure in
lungs, pulling in air
Expiration – muscles relax, diaphragm resumes dome
shape, intercostal muscles allow chest to lower resulting
in increase of pressure in chest and expulsion of air.

10. Respiratory Cycle

12. Process of Breathing: Pressure Gradient

13. Gas Exchange & Transport: A Passive Process
Gases diffuse according to their partial pressures.
 External Respiration – gases exchange between
air and blood
 Internal respiration – gases exchanged with
tissue fluids
 Oxygen transport – bound to hemoglobin in red
blood cells or dissolved in blood plasma
 Carbon dioxide transport – dissolved in blood
plasma, bound to hemoglobin

15. Human Respiratory System

16. Components of the Upper Respiratory Tract

17. Upper Respiratory Tract Functions
• Passage way for respiration
• Receptors for smell
• Filters incoming air to filter large foreign
material
• Moistens and warms incoming air
• Resonating chambers for voice

18. Components of the Upper Respiratory Tract

19. Lower Respiratory Tract Functions
Larynx – maintains an open airway, routes
food and air appropriately, assists in
sound production
Trachea – transports air to and from lungs
Bronchi – branch into lungs
Lungs – transport air to alveoli for gas
exchange

20. Respiratory Organs
1. Nose
- main entrance and exit to the respiratory
system.
- connected to winding passages that warm,
moistened and filter the air as it passes through
respiratory tract.
- nostrils lined with hairs that filter out dust
- mucous membrane that sticks or traps
particles

21. 2. Pharynx (FAIR-inks) / Throat
- passageway for both food and air
- assumes an important function in the
formation of sound particularly in the
creation of vowel sounds.
It is lined with cilia – hairlike parts that help
filter air on its way to the lungs.
Respiratory Organs

23. 3. Larynx (LAIR-inks)/ Voicebox
- connects the pharynx with the trachea.
- its opening is at the base of the tongue.
- supported by nine pieces of cartilages; 3
are single and 3 are paired.
Thyroid cartilage – largest single piece
- Adam’s apple
Respiratory Organs

24. Epiglottis (ep-ih-GLOT-iss)
- a large, single leaf-shaped piece of cartilage.
- pulls down over the glottis when we swallow
to keep food or liquids from getting into the
trachea.
Glottis
- opening over the true vocal cords.
Respiratory Organs

25. Components of the Upper Respiratory Tract

26. Larynx is arranged in 2 pairs of folds:
1. Vestibular Folds/ False Vocal Cords
– upper pair, prevent air from exiting the
lungs as when you hold your breath.
2. Vocal folds/ True Vocal Cords
- air coming from lungs cause the vocal cords
to vibrate - sound
Respiratory Organs

28. Pitch - controlled by tension on the true
vocal cords.
Tension = Pitch
True vocal cords are thicker in men; vibrate
more slowly = lower pitch than that in
women
Respiratory Organs

29. 4. Trachea (TRAY-kee-ah) / Windpipe
- cylindrical tube about 4.5 inch passageway for air
- like pharynx, it is lined with cilia
If foreign object gets caught in the trachea, a cough
reflex expels it.
Respiratory Organs

31. 5. Bronchi (BRAHN-kigh)
- divided into 2 primary bronchi; left & right
- passageway going through the lungs
- branch into smaller branches called Bronchioles
Respiratory Organs

32. Lungs
Pleural membrane – encloses and protects each lung
- contains lubricating fluid to prevent friction as
lungs expand and contract during breathing.
Alveoli
Respiratory Organs

36. Measurement of Lung Capacity

37. • Lung Volumes and Vital Capacity
Tidal volume – volume of air inhaled and exhaled
in a single breath
Dead space volume – air that remains in the
airways and does not participate in gas exchange.
Vital Capacity – the maximal volume that can be
exhaled after maximal inhalation
Inspiratory reserve volume – the amount of air
that can be inhaled beyond the tidal volume
Measurement of Lung Function

38. • Lung Volumes and Vital Capacity
Expiratory reserve volume – the amount of air that
can be forcibly exhaled beyond the tidal volume
Residual volume – the amount of air remaining in
the lungs, even after a forceful maximal expiration
Measurement: spirometer
Measurement of Lung Function

39. Regulation of Breathing

40. • Respiratory center in the medulla oblongata
- establishes basic breathing pattern
• Chemical receptors
- monitor carbon dioxide, hydrogen ions, and
oxygen levels
• Medulla
- sensitive to hydrogen ions in cerebrospinal
fluid resulting from carbon dioxide in blood
Regulation of Breathing: Nervous System
Involvement

41. • Carotid and aortic bodies
- sensitive to carbon dioxide, pH, and oxygen
levels
• Conscious control
– resides in higher brain centers; ability to
modify breath is limited
Regulation of Breathing: Nervous System
Involvement

42. 1. Cough – is a mechanism for clearing
obstruction of the air.
2. Sneeze – described as an upper respiratory
cough. More and more air is inspired and the
air is expelled with and explosive force.
3. Hiccup – Spasmodic contraction of the
diaphragm, resulting from stimulation in the
diaphragm itself or in respiratory center of the
brain.
4. Yawn – aids respiratory by more completely
ventilating the lung.
Respiratory Phenomena

43. Disorders of Respiratory System
• Reduced air flow: Asthma, Emphysema,
Bronchitis
• Infections: pneumonia, tuberculosis,
botulism
• Lung Cancer
• Congestive Heart Failure
• Cystic fibrosis

44. • Asthma
– Respiratory pathways become irritated and
bronchioles constricted
• Emphysema
– Alveoli break down, resulting in reduced in
surface area needed for gas exchange with
alveoli’s blood capillaries
• Bronchitis
– Respiratory pathways become infected
resulting in coughing and production of mucus
Disorders of Respiratory System

45. • Tuberculosis
– a specific bacterium infects the lungs – less
elasticity of the capillaries surrounding alveoli
 decreasing effective gas exchange bet. air &
blood
Disorders of Respiratory System

46. Pneumonia
- Infection of the lungs
causes alveoli to
collect mucus material

47. • Lung Cancer
– Uncontrolled cell growth in lung tissue –
persistent cough, shortness of breath,
bronchitis or pneumonia and even death.
Disorders of Respiratory System