The document discusses blood typing and disorders of the circulatory system. It covers topics like bacterial endocarditis, hypertension, hypotension, arteriosclerosis, stroke, and sickle cell anemia. It then explains ABO blood groups and the antigens and antibodies involved in blood typing. The different blood types (A, B, AB, and O) and their respective antigens and antibodies are defined. The document also discusses blood transfusions and the importance of compatibility between donor and recipient blood types to avoid agglutination.

1. Blood Typing
Disorders of the Circulatory System

2. Disorders and Diseases
1. Bacterial endocarditis
- inflammation of the inner lining of the heart
due to bacterial infection
- flaps of certain valves become swollen,
when healed the flaps become distorted
resulting to a noisy, abnormal heart sounds
called heart murmur

3. 2. Hypertension vs. Hypotension
Normotension
- a state relative constancy or homeostasis
of blood pressure within its normal range

4. Hypertension vs. Hypotension
hypotension
- a condition of below normal or deficient
blood pressure
- blood pressure significantly less than
100/60 mmHg
- the person may easily faint, if severe it
may be a circulatory shock/ coma

5. Hypertension vs. Hypotension
hypertension
- an excessive or above normal blood
pressure
- blood pressure significantly above the
upper normal limit of 140/90 mmHg
- causes heart to overwork
- may overstretch and thin out the walls of
arteries creating aneurysms

6. Arteriosclerosis
- is an abnormal condition of hardening of
the walls of an artery
- a condition in which fatty deposits called
plaques build up in the artery walls and
eventually cause the arteries to stiffen.
- plaques bulge into the center of a vessel
and restricting blood flow to heart muscle

7. Stroke
- sudden death of brain cells when their
blood supply is interrupted
- some are caused by a blood clot that
blocks a blood vessel in the brain
- can also occur if a weak blood vessel
breaks and causes bleeding in the brain

8. Sickle Cell Anemia
Anemia
- is a disease of the blood
- red blood cells are sickle shaped
- cause them to clog blood vessels
- break a part easily
- do not have as much hemoglobin
- a disease that you are born with

9. Blood Typing

10. ABO BLOOD GROUPS
• Our blood types
are determined by
heredity. People
belong to either of
eight different
blood types:

11. ABO BLOOD GROUPS
• The ABO blood type classification system
uses the presence or absence of these
molecules (A and B) to categorize blood
types.
• Presence or absence of the Rh protein.
Each blood type is either positive "+" (has
the Rh protein) or negative "-" (no Rh
protein)

12. • Antigens on the surface of the red blood cells
Antigen - any substance that can stimulate the
production of antibodies and combine specifically with
them.
• The A and B antigens are sugars and the Rh
antigens are proteins.
• The antigens expressed in the red blood cells
determine an individual's blood type.
ABO BLOOD GROUPS

13. ABO BLOOD GROUPS
• combination of some other molecules
floating around in the blood plasma called
as antibodies.
• You can have A or/and B or/and Rh antigens or
none of them.
• You can have A or/and B or/and Rh antibodies or
none of them.

14. ABO BLOOD GROUPS

15. ABO BLOOD GROUPS

16. Blood type A Rh-
Antigens (on the surface of the red blood cells):
A antigens.
no Rh antigens
Antibodies (in the blood plasma):
B antibodies.
Rh antibodies.
If there are A antigens but no B
nor Rh antigens, the antibodies
in the blood plasma are B and
Rh antibodies

17. Blood type A Rh+
Antigens :
A antigens
Rh antigens
Antibodies:
B antibodies.
If there are A and Rh
antigens but no B antigens,
the antibodies in the blood
plasma are B antibodies.

18. Blood type B Rh-
Antigens :
B antigens
Antibodies:
A antibodies
Rh antibodies
If there are B antigens but
no A nor Rh antigens, the
antibodies in the blood
plasma are A and Rh
antibodies.

19. Blood type B Rh+
Antigens :
B antigens
Rh antigens
Antibodies:
A antibodies.
If there are B and Rh
antigens but no A antigens,
the antibodies in the blood
plasma are A antibodies.

20. Blood type AB Rh-
Antigens :
A antigens
B antigens
Antibodies:
Rh antibodies.
If there are A and B
antigens but no Rh
antigens, the antibodies in
the blood plasma are Rh
antibodies

21. Blood type AB Rh+
Antigens :
A antigens
B antigens
Rh anyigens
Antibodies:
No antibodies.
If all possible antigens are
present, A, B and Rh
antigens, there are no
antibodies in the blood
plasma

22. Blood type O Rh-
Antigens :
No antigens
Antibodies:
A antibodies.
B antibodies
Rh antibodies
If there are no antigens at
all on the surface of the red
blood cells, all three
possible antibodies are
present in the blood
plasma: A, B and Rh
antibodies

23. Blood type O Rh+
Antigens :
Rh antigens
Antibodies:
A antibodies.
B antibodies
If there are Rh antigens but
no A nor B antigens, the
antibodies present in the
blood plasma are A and B
antibodies

26. - indicates that the blood has reacted with a
certain antibody and is therefore not
compatible with blood containing that
kind of antibody.
- If the blood does not agglutinate, it
indicates that the blood does not have the
antigens binding the special antibody in
the reagent.
Agglutination or Clumping

27. Agglutination

28. What has happened when the blood agglutinates?
• The blood will agglutinate if the antigens
in the patient's blood match the antibodies
• A antibodies attach to A antigens - they
match like a lock and key - and thus form
a clump of red blood cells. In the same
way B antibodies attach to B antigens and
Rh antibodies to Rh antigens
• Red blood cells have been linked together,
like bunches of grapes, instead of floating
around one by one

29. Look for agglutination

30. Figure out the ABO blood Group

31. Figure out the Rh Group

32. Blood Type

33. Can youdetermine the blood type?

34. Can youdetermine the blood type?

35. Can youdetermine the blood type?

36. Can youdetermine the blood type?

37. Can youdetermine the blood type?

38. Can youdetermine the blood type?

39. Can youdetermine the blood type?

40. Can youdetermine the blood type?

41. - involves taking blood from one person (a
donor) and giving it to another (receiver)
to replace blood lost in major accidents, or
during life-saving operations, for instance.
- is the process of receiving blood products
into one's circulation
- are usually given through a tiny tube that
is inserted into a vein with a small needle
Blood transfusion

42. - If the blood is not compatible in a blood
transfusion, then the red blood cells from the
donated blood will clump or agglutinate.
- The agglutinated red cells can clog blood vessels
and stop the circulation of the blood to various
parts of the body.
- The agglutinated red blood cells may also crack
and their contents leak out in the body.
- The red blood cells contain hemoglobin which
becomes toxic when outside the cell. This can
have fatal consequences for the patient.
What happens if you get the wrong bloodin a transfusion?

43. Who can receive blood from whom?
• ABO blood system
O can only receive blood from: O
A can receive blood from: A and O
B can receive blood from: B and O
AB can receive blood from: AB, A, B and
O
• Rh blood system
Rh+ can receive blood from: Rh+ and Rh-
Rh- can receive blood from: Rh-