Respiration 4 link and krebs
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The document summarizes the process of glycolysis and its connection to the Krebs cycle through the link reaction in the mitochondria. Glycolysis in the cytoplasm converts glucose into two pyruvate molecules with a net production of 2 ATP and 2 NADH. The pyruvate is actively transported into the mitochondrial matrix. There, the link reaction uses one pyruvate to reduce one NAD+ to NADH while decarboxylating pyruvate to produce acetyl-CoA. The acetyl-CoA then enters the Krebs cycle in the mitochondrial matrix to continue extracting energy through oxidative phosphorylation.
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3. link and krebs cycle
The document summarizes the key steps in the Krebs cycle (also known as the citric acid or tricarboxylic acid cycle). The Krebs cycle is a series of enzyme-controlled reactions where acetyl groups from pyruvate enter the cycle in the form of acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA combines with oxaloacetate to form the six-carbon compound citrate. Citrate then undergoes a series of reactions where it is dehydrogenated and decarboxylated, removing carbons and producing CO2, while also generating reduced NAD, FAD, and one ATP via substrate-level phosphorylation. Two turns of the Krebs cycle are required for each glucose molecule, ultimately producing 4
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About Krebs cycle, which is the most important cycle in cellular respiration which take place in all aerobic organism and also tells about importance of Krebs cycle. As it place a connecting link between Glycolysis and ETS
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The Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondria and involves 8 steps to completely oxidize acetyl groups derived from pyruvate. During each turn of the cycle, acetyl CoA adds to oxaloacetate to form citrate. As citrate is further modified, carbon dioxide is released and NADH, FADH2, and ATP are generated. One turn of the Krebs cycle results in the production of 3 NADH molecules, 1 ATP, and 1 FADH2.
Krebs cycle
The document outlines 8 steps of the citric acid cycle. Step 1 involves acetyl CoA combining with oxaloacetate to form citrate. Step 2 involves citrate being rearranged to form isocitrate. Step 3 involves isocitrate being oxidized to form alpha-ketoglutarate and carbon dioxide. Step 4 involves alpha-ketoglutarate being oxidized to form succinyl-CoA. Steps 5-8 continue converting metabolites and transferring electrons through the cycle culminating in oxaloacetate being regenerated.
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The citric acid cycle occurs in the mitochondrion matrix. A two-carbon acetyl CoA molecule joins with a four-carbon compound to form citric acid, a six-carbon compound. Citric acid is converted back to the four-carbon compound, releasing carbon dioxide and hydrogen, which joins with NAD to form NADH2. NADH2 transfers hydrogen through the electron transport chain, producing ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. The cycle continuously converts nutrients into energy in the form of ATP.
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The document describes the Krebs cycle, which is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA. The cycle involves several steps, including the formation of citric acid, dehydration, decarboxylation, oxidation, and dehydrogenation, that ultimately produce carbon dioxide, NADH, FADH2, and ATP which are used to generate energy for cells.
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3. link and krebs cycle
The document summarizes the key steps in the Krebs cycle (also known as the citric acid or tricarboxylic acid cycle). The Krebs cycle is a series of enzyme-controlled reactions where acetyl groups from pyruvate enter the cycle in the form of acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA combines with oxaloacetate to form the six-carbon compound citrate. Citrate then undergoes a series of reactions where it is dehydrogenated and decarboxylated, removing carbons and producing CO2, while also generating reduced NAD, FAD, and one ATP via substrate-level phosphorylation. Two turns of the Krebs cycle are required for each glucose molecule, ultimately producing 4
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The Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondria and involves 8 steps to completely oxidize acetyl groups derived from pyruvate. During each turn of the cycle, acetyl CoA adds to oxaloacetate to form citrate. As citrate is further modified, carbon dioxide is released and NADH, FADH2, and ATP are generated. One turn of the Krebs cycle results in the production of 3 NADH molecules, 1 ATP, and 1 FADH2.
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The document outlines 8 steps of the citric acid cycle. Step 1 involves acetyl CoA combining with oxaloacetate to form citrate. Step 2 involves citrate being rearranged to form isocitrate. Step 3 involves isocitrate being oxidized to form alpha-ketoglutarate and carbon dioxide. Step 4 involves alpha-ketoglutarate being oxidized to form succinyl-CoA. Steps 5-8 continue converting metabolites and transferring electrons through the cycle culminating in oxaloacetate being regenerated.
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The citric acid cycle occurs in the mitochondrion matrix. A two-carbon acetyl CoA molecule joins with a four-carbon compound to form citric acid, a six-carbon compound. Citric acid is converted back to the four-carbon compound, releasing carbon dioxide and hydrogen, which joins with NAD to form NADH2. NADH2 transfers hydrogen through the electron transport chain, producing ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. The cycle continuously converts nutrients into energy in the form of ATP.
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This document summarizes the citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle or TCA cycle. It outlines the key steps in the cycle, including the enzymes involved in each reaction. These steps ultimately generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation as acetyl-CoA is oxidized, yielding carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions. In total, the oxidation of one acetyl-CoA molecule in the TCA cycle produces 10 ATP molecules. The TCA cycle is also regulated and provides intermediates for other biosynthetic processes.
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The citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs cycle or TCA cycle) is the final common pathway for the complete oxidation of acetyl groups derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins to produce carbon dioxide. The cycle consists of 8 steps that occur in the mitochondrial matrix and produces reduced coenzymes (NADH and FADH2) that fuel the electron transport chain to produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. The cycle also provides precursors for various biosynthetic pathways. Overall, the oxidation of one acetyl group by the citric acid cycle generates 12 ATP, making it an important source of energy production in cells.
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The Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle or TCA cycle, is the final common pathway that generates energy in the form of ATP, NADH, and FADH2 from the oxidation of pyruvate from glycolysis. Pyruvate enters the mitochondria and is converted to acetyl-CoA which condenses with oxaloacetate to form citrate, initiating the Krebs cycle. As the cycle progresses through 10 steps, high-energy electron carriers and GTP are produced to generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. The cycle regenerates oxaloacetate to continue multiple turns, completely oxidizing acetyl-CoA molecules for maximum energy production.
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The citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs cycle or TCA cycle) is a series of chemical reactions in the mitochondria that breaks down acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into carbon dioxide to facilitate the production of ATP. Key steps include the condensation of acetyl-CoA with oxaloacetate to form citrate, oxidative decarboxylation reactions catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, and the regeneration of oxaloacetate from succinate to complete the cycle. The cycle generates NADH and FADH2 that feed into oxidative phosphorylation to produce ATP.
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The TCA cycle is an 8-step catabolic process that takes place in the mitochondrial matrix. It was discovered in 1937 by Sir Hans Adolf Krebs and involves the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins to carbon dioxide, producing reduced cofactors NADH and FADH2 that generate ATP. The cycle is amphibolic, producing important biological compounds like glutamate and heme while also being regulated by oxygen, ATP, and acetyl-CoA levels to adjust metabolic pathways as needed.
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Membrane Dynamics1
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The citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle or TCA cycle) is an important metabolic pathway that generates energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. It occurs in the matrix of mitochondria and involves 8 steps where acetyl-CoA derived from pyruvate combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate. As the citrate undergoes oxidation, NADH, FADH2, and GTP are produced, leading to the generation of 12 ATP per acetyl-CoA molecule. The cycle regenerates oxaloacetate and continues.
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The document summarizes cellular glycolytic pathways and energy production in cells. It discusses four stages: 1) glycolysis and fermentation, which produces 2 ATP per glucose molecule; 2) pyruvate oxidation in the mitochondria, which produces more NADH; 3) the Krebs cycle, which fully breaks down glucose and produces NADH, FADH2, and 1 ATP; 4) electron transport and chemiosmosis, where electrons are transferred to create a proton gradient used by ATP synthase to produce approximately 32 ATP per pair of NADH/FADH2 molecules. In total, the complete breakdown of one glucose molecule typically yields about 36 ATP.
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5. - Reduction - This step is the sequence of reactions using ele- from NADPH and some of the ATP to reduce carbon dioxide.
6. - Regeneration - In the final step, ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate is regenerated. For every three turns of the cycle, five molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate are used to re-form 3 molecules of ribulose 1,5-biphosphate.
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The document summarizes cellular respiration, which occurs in three main stages: glycolysis, the oxidation of pyruvate, and the Krebs cycle. Glycolysis converts glucose to pyruvate, which then enters the mitochondria. In the mitochondria, pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl-CoA and enters the Krebs cycle. The Krebs cycle further oxidizes acetyl-CoA through a series of reactions, producing electron carriers like NADH and FADH2. These electron carriers will be used in the final stage of cellular respiration, the electron transport chain, to power ATP synthesis.
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The Krebs Cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix and is a series of chemical reactions that generates energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into carbon dioxide. It was discovered by Hans Adolf Krebs in 1937 and is also known as the citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid cycle. Each turn of the cycle produces one GTP or ATP, three NADH molecules, and one FADH2 molecule which will be used in cellular respiration to produce ATP.
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This document summarizes the citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle or TCA cycle. It outlines the key steps in the cycle, including the enzymes involved in each reaction. These steps ultimately generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation as acetyl-CoA is oxidized, yielding carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions. In total, the oxidation of one acetyl-CoA molecule in the TCA cycle produces 10 ATP molecules. The TCA cycle is also regulated and provides intermediates for other biosynthetic processes.
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The Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle or TCA cycle, is the final common pathway that generates energy in the form of ATP, NADH, and FADH2 from the oxidation of pyruvate from glycolysis. Pyruvate enters the mitochondria and is converted to acetyl-CoA which condenses with oxaloacetate to form citrate, initiating the Krebs cycle. As the cycle progresses through 10 steps, high-energy electron carriers and GTP are produced to generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. The cycle regenerates oxaloacetate to continue multiple turns, completely oxidizing acetyl-CoA molecules for maximum energy production.
Krebs cycle
The citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs cycle or TCA cycle) is a series of chemical reactions in the mitochondria that breaks down acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into carbon dioxide to facilitate the production of ATP. Key steps include the condensation of acetyl-CoA with oxaloacetate to form citrate, oxidative decarboxylation reactions catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, and the regeneration of oxaloacetate from succinate to complete the cycle. The cycle generates NADH and FADH2 that feed into oxidative phosphorylation to produce ATP.
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The TCA cycle was discovered by Hans Krebs in 1937. He received the Nobel Prize for this discovery in 1953. The TCA cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix and is key to cellular respiration. Acetyl-CoA from glycolysis and other metabolic pathways feeds into the TCA cycle where it is oxidized, producing NADH, FADH2, and GTP. These carry energy to the electron transport chain to drive ATP synthesis through oxidative phosphorylation. The TCA cycle is regulated by feedback inhibition based on energy charge within the cell.
Kreb's cycle
The Krebs cycle is a series of 8 reactions that occurs in the mitochondria of cells. It involves the oxidation of acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA) along with the reduction of coenzymes. The cycle begins with the combination of acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate and results in the net production of carbon dioxide, NADH, FADH2, and ATP or GTP. Energy is generated as the NADH and FADH2 donate electrons to the electron transport chain, ultimately producing approximately 10 moles of ATP per cycle.
Kr ebs cycle and anaerobic respiration
The Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) is the second step in cellular respiration after glycolysis. During the Krebs cycle, pyruvate from glycolysis enters the mitochondria and is broken down, producing carbon dioxide, NADH, FADH2, and ATP. For each glucose molecule, the Krebs cycle occurs twice, producing a total of 6 carbon dioxide molecules, 2 ATP, 8 NADH, and 2 FADH2 to be used in the electron transport chain to power aerobic respiration. The Krebs cycle is critical for producing electron carriers that generate most of the ATP from cellular respiration.
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The TCA cycle is an 8-step catabolic process that takes place in the mitochondrial matrix. It was discovered in 1937 by Sir Hans Adolf Krebs and involves the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins to carbon dioxide, producing reduced cofactors NADH and FADH2 that generate ATP. The cycle is amphibolic, producing important biological compounds like glutamate and heme while also being regulated by oxygen, ATP, and acetyl-CoA levels to adjust metabolic pathways as needed.
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Hans Adolf Krebs was a German-British biochemist who discovered the citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs cycle) in 1937 while working in Britain. The Krebs cycle is a series of chemical reactions that is critical for cell metabolism and the production of energy in cells. It involves the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins to produce carbon dioxide, water, and energy in the form of ATP. Krebs' discovery of this cycle was pivotal to understanding how cells generate energy and earned him the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
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The citric acid cycle (TCA cycle) is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. The cycle consists of 8 steps: 1) conversion of pyruvic acid to acetyl-CoA, 2) citrate synthase catalyzes the formation of citric acid, 3) isocitrate dehydrogenase and other enzymes catalyze additional reactions, generating NADH, FADH2, and GTP to fuel ATP synthesis. The net result is the oxidation of acetyl-CoA to carbon dioxide to generate between 36-38 ATP.
Membrane Dynamics1
The Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, is a series of chemical reactions that takes place in the mitochondrial matrix. The overall goals of the Krebs cycle are to generate ATP, NADH, and FADH2 from carbohydrates through oxidative processes. During the Krebs cycle, acetyl-CoA derived from pyruvate is oxidized, releasing carbon dioxide and generating electron carriers to fuel the electron transport chain and produce more ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. The Krebs cycle occurs in two turns per glucose molecule and generates six NADH, two FADH2, and two GTP, which can ultimately produce between 25-32 ATP
Krebs cycle or tricarboxylic cycle or citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle is the final common pathway for the oxidation of fuel molecules — amino acids, fatty acids, and carbohydrates.
Hans Adolf Krebs. Biochemist; born in Germany. Worked in Britain. His discovery in 1937 of the ‘Krebs cycle’ of chemical reactions was critical to the understanding of cell metabolism and earned him the 1953 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine.
Glycolysis
Glycolysis is the process by which glucose is broken down to pyruvate through a series of enzymatic reactions, producing a small amount of ATP. It occurs in the cytoplasm of cells and is the first step in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. There are three phases - the energy investment phase requires energy to phosphorylate glucose, the splitting phase breaks the six-carbon glucose into two three-carbon molecules, and the energy payoff phase generates ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation. Glycolysis is regulated by enzymes and produces pyruvate or lactate depending on whether it occurs with or without oxygen.
Kreb's cycle (Citric acid cycle, TCA cycle)
The citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle or TCA cycle) is an important metabolic pathway that generates energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. It occurs in the matrix of mitochondria and involves 8 steps where acetyl-CoA derived from pyruvate combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate. As the citrate undergoes oxidation, NADH, FADH2, and GTP are produced, leading to the generation of 12 ATP per acetyl-CoA molecule. The cycle regenerates oxaloacetate and continues.
A Classroom Lecture on Cell Metabolism. By: Dr. Ozair Chaudhry
The document summarizes cellular glycolytic pathways and energy production in cells. It discusses four stages: 1) glycolysis and fermentation, which produces 2 ATP per glucose molecule; 2) pyruvate oxidation in the mitochondria, which produces more NADH; 3) the Krebs cycle, which fully breaks down glucose and produces NADH, FADH2, and 1 ATP; 4) electron transport and chemiosmosis, where electrons are transferred to create a proton gradient used by ATP synthase to produce approximately 32 ATP per pair of NADH/FADH2 molecules. In total, the complete breakdown of one glucose molecule typically yields about 36 ATP.
C3 pathway
I am a Rohit MSc student in microbiology. I will send a Calvin cycle C3.1. C3 Pathway (Calvin Cycle)
2. The Calvin Cycle (C3) - It occurs in the stroma - NADPH and ATP molecules are rapidly being provided to the metabolic pathways in the stroma. - Therefore, ATP and NADPH formed during the Light Dependent reaction are used in the stroma to fuel the Calvin Cycle reactions.
3. - The Calvin Cycle consists of a series of reactions that reduce carbon dioxide to produce the carbohydrate glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. • Carbon Fixation • Reduction • Regeneration
4. - Carbon Fixation - In this step, carbon dioxide is attached to Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate resulting in six-carbon molecule that splits into two three carbon molecules.
5. - Reduction - This step is the sequence of reactions using ele- from NADPH and some of the ATP to reduce carbon dioxide.
6. - Regeneration - In the final step, ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate is regenerated. For every three turns of the cycle, five molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate are used to re-form 3 molecules of ribulose 1,5-biphosphate.
7. RuBisco
8. THANK YOU
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The document defines and explains the stages of aerobic respiration including glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose to produce pyruvate and ATP. The Krebs cycle further breaks down pyruvate to produce NADH, FADH2, ATP, and carbon dioxide. The electron transport chain uses NADH and FADH2 to produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. In total, the complete aerobic respiration of one glucose molecule produces approximately 30-32 molecules of ATP.
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The respiratory system
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This document discusses mixtures and their properties. It defines a mixture as a combination of two or more substances that retain their individual properties. Mixtures like air, water, and soil are made up of elements. Mixtures can be either homogeneous, where the components cannot be easily distinguished, like sugar water or milk, or heterogeneous, where the components are visible to the eye, such as a fruit salad. Mixtures can be separated into their individual components using mechanical and physical processes like sedimentation, filtration, sifting, centrifugation, magnetism, evaporation, and crystallization.
11.3 kidneys and osmoregulation
The document discusses the kidney and its role in osmoregulation. It describes how the kidney filters blood via nephrons, which contain a glomerulus and Bowman's capsule that allow for ultrafiltration. As fluid passes through the nephron, useful substances like water and ions are reabsorbed while waste like urea and salts are removed. The loop of Henle helps concentrate the medulla to promote water reabsorption. ADH controls water reabsorption in the collecting duct. Kidney functions can be replaced by hemodialysis or transplant if failure occurs. Urine tests provide information on health conditions.
The Respiratory System
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Preparing a cheek cell slide
The document provides instructions for preparing onion cell and cheek cell slides under a microscope. To prepare an onion cell slide, a thin layer of onion is placed on a microscope slide and stained with iodine solution before adding a coverslip. For a cheek cell slide, cells are collected from the inside of the mouth using a cotton swab, smeared onto a slide, and stained with methylene blue solution before viewing. Both staining methods make cell features more visible under the microscope.
Microscopy
Microscopy uses lenses to magnify objects too small to see with the naked eye. A microscope contains objective lenses close to the sample that collect light and project an enlarged virtual image, and eyepiece lenses that further magnify the image for viewing. Key components include the condenser, which directs light up through the sample, and various types of objectives and eyepieces optimized for tasks like brightfield, darkfield, phase contrast, or fluorescence microscopy. Objectives are classified by their magnification and degree of correction for chromatic and spherical aberration, from simple achromats to highly-corrected apochromats. Different microscopy techniques employ specific lighting and optics to reveal features of transparent and unstained samples.
Cell Organelles & their Functions
The document compares the structures and organelles of the cell to components of a city. It describes the nucleus as the "mayor" that directs cell activities using DNA as a blueprint. Ribosomes act as the "lumber yard" that builds proteins using RNA and amino acids. The endoplasmic reticulum acts as a "highway system" to transport proteins. The cell membrane and wall form the "city border and wall." The cytoskeleton is like the "steel girders" that form the cell's framework. The cytoplasm is the "lawns and parks." The Golgi apparatus functions as the "post office" shipping proteins. Mitochondria and chloroplasts produce energy, with mitochondria acting as an
AS Biology Lesson 2 - Measuring Cells
1) The document describes how to use an eyepiece graticule and stage micrometer to accurately measure the size of cellular structures under a microscope.
2) The stage graticule shows the true lengths, while the eyepiece graticule needs to be calibrated for each magnification using the stage graticule.
3) Measurements of onion epidermal cells at 100x and 400x magnification using the calibrated eyepiece graticule found average cell lengths of 212 μm and widths of 81.5 μm.
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This document provides information about cell structure and organization. It defines cells and their basic components, including the cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, chloroplasts and mitochondria. Specific cell structures in plant and animal cells are described along with organelles and their functions. The structures of typical plant and animal cells are compared. Examples of specialized cell types and how their structures relate to their functions are provided. It explains how cells differentiate and work together to form tissues, organs and organ systems. Microscopes and their uses in studying cell structure are also outlined.
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Grade 9 INTRA - Difusion, Osmosis, and Active Transport
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Similar to Respiration 4 link and krebs
Demo
1) The Krebs cycle (KC) is an important metabolic pathway that generates energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
2) The KC contains 8 sequential reaction steps that generate carbon dioxide, reduced cofactors NADH and FADH2, and one molecule of ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation.
3) In addition to being a catabolic pathway, the KC has an anaplerotic role through various reactions that replenish key intermediates used in other biosynthetic pathways like gluconeogenesis, fatty acid synthesis, and amino acid synthesis.
Cycle de Krebs
1) The Krebs cycle (KC) is an important metabolic pathway that generates energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
2) The KC contains 8 sequential reaction steps that generate carbon dioxide, reduced cofactors NADH and FADH2, and one molecule of ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation.
3) In addition to being a catabolic pathway, the KC has an anaplerotic role through various reactions that replenish key intermediates used in other biosynthetic pathways like gluconeogenesis, fatty acid synthesis, and amino acid synthesis.
Kreb s cycle l 4
The Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, is the second step of cellular respiration after glycolysis. In the Krebs cycle, acetyl groups from pyruvate are oxidized and carbon dioxide is released, producing NADH and FADH2 to fuel the electron transport chain. Each turn of the cycle generates three NADH, one FADH2, and one ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation by succinyl-CoA synthetase. The Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix and is crucial for producing the reduced coenzymes NADH and FADH2 that drive oxidative phosphorylation to produce large amounts of
Krebs cycle
The document discusses the citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle or TCA cycle. It provides information on:
1) The cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix and involves a series of chemical reactions that oxidize acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins to produce carbon dioxide, NADH, and FADH2 to generate energy.
2) Pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in the mitochondria, providing the two-carbon unit that enters the Krebs cycle.
3) The cycle is amphibolic, meaning it is both catabolic, breaking down molecules, and anabolic,
8.2 cell respiration
The document summarizes cellular respiration. It describes that glycolysis converts glucose to pyruvate and yields a small amount of ATP without oxygen. In aerobic respiration, pyruvate enters the mitochondria and is oxidized to acetyl-CoA. The Krebs cycle further oxidizes acetyl-CoA, producing electron carriers and CO2. The electron transport chain uses protons to power ATP synthase to generate more ATP through chemiosmosis. The structure of the mitochondria is adapted for these functions through cristae that provide surface area for electron transport and an intermembrane space to accumulate protons.
Lesson 3 glycolysis and atp synthesis
Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm and begins with glucose being phosphorylated to hexose bisphosphate. This is then split into two triose phosphate molecules, which are further oxidized to produce pyruvate. Pyruvate is actively transported into the mitochondria during aerobic respiration in animals. During oxidative phosphorylation, a proton gradient is generated across the inner mitochondrial membrane, which is used by ATP synthase to produce ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.
Krebs
After glycolysis, pyruvate undergoes anaerobic or aerobic breakdown. Aerobically, pyruvate is oxidized in the mitochondrion to form acetyl-CoA which enters the Krebs cycle. The Krebs cycle is a series of redox reactions that occurs in the mitochondrial matrix and fully breaks down glucose, producing CO2, NADH, FADH2, and GTP which can be converted to ATP. Oxygen is not required for glycolysis or the Krebs cycle reactions themselves but is needed to oxidize the NADH and FADH2 produced to generate the most ATP.
Krebs cycle and fate of Acetyl CoA carbon, Cellular Respiration, Metabolism, ...
The Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, is a series of chemical reactions that generates energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. It is an amphibolic pathway that occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. The cycle produces carbon dioxide and electron carriers NADH and FADH2 that drive oxidative phosphorylation to produce ATP. Tracing the fate of acetyl-CoA carbon atoms through the cycle revealed that the two carbons are not immediately released as CO2 but are instead incorporated into oxaloacetate and later released, demonstrating the reactivity and roles of cycle intermediates.
Cell biology& biochemistry for Zoology students. (CSS & PCS Zoology)
This document provides information about Tahir Habib, who teaches Zoology with a focus on Biochemistry and Cell Biology. It includes a table of contents for topics covered, which are explained in further detail throughout the document. Some of the key topics covered include glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, the electron transport chain, fatty acid synthesis, DNA structure and replication, translation, cell biology, and biological molecules like carbohydrates, proteins and lipids. The document provides detailed multi-step explanations and diagrams of important metabolic pathways like glycolysis and the Krebs cycle.
Energy-ATP-and-Respiratoin.pptx
The document discusses cellular respiration and how energy is obtained from glucose to produce ATP through a series of metabolic pathways, including glycolysis, the link reaction, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain, where oxygen is the final electron acceptor and ATP is produced through oxidative phosphorylation using the proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane. ATP is then used as the "energy currency" of cells to power various metabolic reactions and cellular work including muscle contraction, active transport, and biosynthesis.
Chapter 15 lecture 3
The document summarizes cellular respiration and the roles of glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain in producing ATP from glucose. It explains that:
1) Glycolysis partially oxidizes glucose to produce pyruvate and generate 2 ATP and 2 NADH.
2) Pyruvate then enters the mitochondria and is further oxidized through a series of reactions to produce acetyl-CoA, CO2 and more NADH.
3) The Krebs cycle fully oxidizes acetyl-CoA in 8 steps to produce more electron carriers like NADH and FADH2, along with only 2 ATP.
4) These electron carriers are then used
Respiration Part3
The document summarizes the process of cellular respiration, which occurs in three main stages. In glycolysis, glucose is broken down to produce pyruvate along with a small amount of ATP. Pyruvate then enters the mitochondria where it is further oxidized through a series of reactions to produce acetyl-CoA. This is fed into the Krebs cycle where it undergoes additional reactions to yield more electron carriers like NADH and FADH2. While the Krebs cycle directly produces only 2 ATP, it generates the electron carriers that will ultimately be used by the electron transport chain to produce the majority of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
Respiration
1) Aerobic respiration has four stages: glycolysis, the link reaction, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
2) Glycolysis breaks down glucose and produces pyruvate and a small amount of ATP. The link reaction converts pyruvate into acetyl-CoA.
3) The Krebs cycle uses acetyl-CoA to generate ATP, reduced NADH, and reduced FADH2.
4) During oxidative phosphorylation, the electron transport chain uses the energy from NADH and FADH2 to pump protons across the mitochondrial membrane, creating a proton gradient. ATP synthase uses this gradient to produce large amounts of ATP through chemiosmosis.
citric acid cycle -overview and process to know about
The citric acid cycle (TCA cycle or Krebs cycle) is a series of chemical reactions that release stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. The cycle produces carbon dioxide, NADH, FADH2, and GTP that drive ATP production. Intermediates of the cycle are also precursors for amino acid, fatty acid, and nucleotide biosynthesis. Regulation occurs through substrate availability and product inhibition to control metabolic energy production and anabolic processes.
lecture_23a.ppt
The citric acid cycle (TCA cycle) is a central metabolic pathway that catalyzes the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, producing carbon dioxide and reducing equivalents in the form of NADH and FADH2 that are used in oxidative phosphorylation. It was established in the 1930s that TCA cycle intermediates stimulated oxygen consumption and CO2 release. Key discoveries in the 1940s-1950s showed that acetyl-CoA is the intermediate connecting pyruvate to the TCA cycle, and that the TCA cycle enzymes are organized in the mitochondrial matrix.
8.1 cell respiration
Glycolysis converts glucose to pyruvate with a net production of 2 ATP and 2 NADH. Aerobic respiration includes the link reaction, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain, and oxidative phosphorylation. The link reaction forms acetyl-CoA from pyruvate. The Krebs cycle further oxidizes acetyl-CoA to produce NADH, FADH2, and ATP. The electron transport chain uses NADH and FADH2 to pump protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane. ATP synthase uses this proton gradient to phosphorylate ADP during oxidative phosphorylation. The structure of the mitochondrion supports these functions through cristae that increase surface area for the electron transport chain and an intermembrane space
Metabolism And Nutrition
The document provides information about metabolism and various metabolic pathways. It defines metabolism, catabolism, and anabolism. It then describes the three main pathways of cellular respiration - glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport system. It explains the catabolism of glucose to pyruvic acid in glycolysis, the conversion of pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA and its entry into the Krebs cycle, and how ATP is generated in the electron transport system through oxidative phosphorylation. Finally, it summarizes how lipids and proteins are broken down into acetyl CoA and fed into the Krebs cycle.
Metabolism And Nutrition
This document provides information about metabolism and various metabolic pathways. It defines metabolism, catabolism, and anabolism. It then describes the catabolism of glucose through glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport system. These pathways break down glucose to produce carbon dioxide, water, and ATP. Lipids and proteins are also catabolized through beta oxidation and deamination to feed into the Krebs cycle. Key terms related to metabolic pathways are defined.
Metabolism And Nutrition
The document provides information about metabolism and various metabolic pathways. It defines metabolism, catabolism, and anabolism. It then describes the three main pathways of cellular respiration - glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport system. It explains the events that occur in each pathway, such as how glucose is broken down in glycolysis to form pyruvic acid. The Krebs cycle further breaks down pyruvic acid, producing ATP and reduced NADH and FADH2. These reduced molecules are used in the electron transport system to power ATP synthesis through oxidative phosphorylation.
Cellular respiration
1) Cellular respiration involves the breakdown of glucose to extract energy in the form of ATP.
2) Glucose undergoes glycolysis, producing pyruvate, NADH, and a small amount of ATP.
3) Pyruvate then enters the Krebs cycle in the mitochondria, producing more NADH, FADH2, and a small amount of ATP.
4) The electron transport chain uses the NADH and FADH2 to produce large amounts of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
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Exam tip tweets from staff shared
The teachers provided various exam and revision tips which focus on practicing past papers under timed conditions, using memory techniques like songs to remember facts, creating study tools like flashcards and index cards, studying in short bursts and revisiting topics regularly, getting good sleep, and structuring answers rather than rushing straight into writing. Overall the tips emphasized effective preparation, practice of past papers, testing oneself, and taking breaks to reduce stress and increase retention.
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Photosynthesis 6 light independent reaction
The document discusses cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation, which are the light-dependent and light-independent stages of photosynthesis. In the light-dependent stage, ATP and NADPH are produced to be used in the Calvin cycle. The Calvin cycle (light-independent stage) uses the products of the light reaction with the enzyme rubisco to incorporate carbon dioxide into glycerate-3-phosphate and regenerate RuBP, allowing the process to repeat to ultimately produce glucose or other organic molecules.
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Photosynthesis 1
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Respiration 4 link and krebs
- 1. 2x NADH produced from NAD 2 x 3C pyruvate 4x ATP produced 2 x 3C triose phosphate 6C hexose bisphosphate Glucose (6C hexose) 2x ATP used Pyruvate actively pumped into mitochondrial matrix
- 3. Glycolysis (cytoplasm)… Glucose (6C hexose) 2x ATP used 6C hexose bisphosphate 2 x 3C triose phosphate 2x NADH 4x ATP 2 x 3C pyruvate produced produced Pyruvate actively pumped into mitochondrial from NAD matrix
- 4. Substrate Level Phosphorylation • Formation of ATP from ADP and Pi during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle http://www.northland.cc.mn.us/biology/biology 1111/animations/glycolysis.html http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Bio logy/Bio231/glycolysis.html
- 5. The Link Reaction • (i) state that the link reaction takes place in the mitochondrial matrix; • (j) outline the link reaction, with reference to decarboxylation of pyruvate to acetate and the reduction of NAD; • (k) explain that acetate is combined with coenzyme A to be carried to the next stage;
- 6. Key terms Decarboxylation and dehydrogenation • Decarboxylation – removal of a carboxyl group from a chemical compound, usually with hydrogen replacing it • Dehydrogenation – removal of a hydrogen from a chemical compound
- 7. Draw the Link Reaction • (i) state that the link reaction takes place in the mitochondrial matrix; • (j) outline the link reaction, with reference to decarboxylation of pyruvate to acetate and the reduction of NAD; • (k) explain that acetate is combined with coenzyme A to be carried to the next stage;
- 8. Pyruvate (3C) NAD+ NADH Acetyl CoA (2C) Acetate (2C) CO2
- 9. What enzymes are involved? 1. A hydrogen atom is removed from pyruvate 2. A carboxyl group is removed from pyruvate (the carboxyl group will eventually become carbon dioxide) What type of substance are NAD and Coenzyme A?
- 10. The Krebs Cycle • (l) state that the Krebs cycle takes place in the mitochondrial matrix; • (m) outline the Krebs cycle, with reference to the formation of citrate from acetate and oxaloacetate and the reconversion of citrate to oxaloacetate (names of intermediate compounds are not required); • (n) explain that during the Krebs cycle, decarboxylation and dehydrogenation occur, NAD and FAD are reduced and substrate level phosphorylation occurs;
- 12. Can You Remember? 6 5 4 4 4 4 NAD NAD ATP FAD NAD
- 13. Link Reaction and Krebs Cycle • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KZYtwtNr Am8 • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ti657yK5RY
- 14. • Answer Stretch and Challenge Question P89 • Expand the table P89 to include glycolysis