Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm and begins with glucose being phosphorylated to hexose bisphosphate. This is then split into two triose phosphate molecules, which are further oxidized to produce pyruvate. Pyruvate is actively transported into the mitochondria during aerobic respiration in animals. During oxidative phosphorylation, a proton gradient is generated across the inner mitochondrial membrane, which is used by ATP synthase to produce ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.

1. Glycolysis and ATP synthesis
(e) state that glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm;
(f) outline the process of glycolysis beginning with the phosphorylation of glucose
to hexose bisphosphate, splitting of hexose bisphosphate into two triose
phosphate molecules and further oxidation to pyruvate,
producing a small yield of ATP and reduced NAD;
(g) state that, during aerobic respiration in animals, pyruvate is actively
transported into mitochondria;

2. Chemiosmosis animation

3. Glycolysis (cytoplasm)…
Glucose (6C hexose)
2x ATP used
6C hexose bisphosphate
2x NADH
produced
from NAD
2 x 3C triose phosphate
4x ATP
produced
2 x 3C pyruvate
Pyruvate actively pumped into mitochondrial
matrix

4. Substrate Level
Phosphorylation
• Formation of ATP from ADP and Pi during
glycolysis and the Krebs cycle
http://www.northland.cc.mn.us/biology/biolo
gy1111/animations/glycolysis.html
http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/B
iology/Bio231/glycolysis.html

5. Summary test…
• Glycolysis takes place in the (1) of the cells and
begins with the activation of the main respiratory
substrate; the hexose sugar called (2). This
activation involves the addition of 2 (3) molecules
provided by 2 molecules of (4). The resultant
molecule is known as (5) and in the next stage of
glycolysis it is split into 2 molecules called (6).
The third stage entails the oxidation of these
molecules by the removal of (7), which are
transferred to a carrier called (8). The final
stage of glycolysis is the production of the 3
carbon molecule (9), which also results in the
formation of 2 molecules of (10).

6. Stretch and Challenge Q P85

9. Notes pgs 84-87…
• The 4 stages in glycolysis
–
–
–
–
–
Structure and names of molecules
ATP/ADP/Pi involved
NAD+/NADH + H+ involved
The products of glycolysis
Uses of products
• How ATP is formed
– Roles of ETC and ATP synthase
– The importance of a proton gradient across the
inner membrane of the mitochondria

10. Link Reaction…
• Multi-enzyme complex
 pyruvate dehydrogenase
• Pyruvate  acetyl coenzyme A
• Pyruvate + NAD+ + Coenzyme A
 Acetyl coA + reduced NAD + carbon dioxide

11. Krebs Cycle…
• Acetyl coA + oxaloacetate (4C)
• Citrate (6C)
• α-ketoglutarate (5C)
• Oxaloacetate (4C)

13. Respiration summary…
Learning objectives…
•Review stages of aerobic respiration
and practice exam technique

14. Products of respiration…
• Products of glycolysis??
• Products of link reaction??
• Products of Krebs Cycle??
• Products of oxidative phosphorylation??

15. Summary test…
• Pyruvate molecules produced during (1) are moved
into the (2) of the mitochondria by the process of
(3). Before pyruvate can enter the Krebs cycle, it
first has a carbon dioxide molecule removed – a
process known as (4), and also a pair of hydrogen
atoms removed – a process known as (5). The
resultant molecule that can enter Krebs cycle is
called (6). This 2-carbon molecule enters the
Krebs cycle and combines with a 4-carbon molecule
called (7) to produce a 6-carbon molecule called (8).
The progressive loss of 2 carbon dioxide molecules
and 8 hydrogen atoms produces the original 4carbon molecule. Most of the hydrogen atoms are
transferred to a hydrogen carrier called (9) or (10)
and enter a process called (11) that is used to
produce (12).