Contents –
INTRODUTION
PATHWAY OF ATP PRODUCTION
GLYCOLYSIS
PHASES
CITRIC ACID CYCLE
UTILIZATLION
ASSEMBLY OF MACROMOLECULES
ATP PROVIDES ENERGY BY GROUP TRANSFER
ATP ENERGIES ACTIVE TRANSPORT AND GROUP TRANSFER
GLOWING REPORTS OF ATP
CONCLUSION
REFERENCE
Contents –
INTRODUTION
PATHWAY OF ATP PRODUCTION
GLYCOLYSIS
PHASES
CITRIC ACID CYCLE
UTILIZATLION
ASSEMBLY OF MACROMOLECULES
ATP PROVIDES ENERGY BY GROUP TRANSFER
ATP ENERGIES ACTIVE TRANSPORT AND GROUP TRANSFER
GLOWING REPORTS OF ATP
CONCLUSION
REFERENCE
Glycolysis is a series of reactions that extract energy from glucose by splitting it into two three-carbon molecules called pyruvates. This powerpoint Presentation includes all steps of glycolysis.
Gluconeogenesis: Defined as biosynthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors
-Gluconeogenesis: an intro
-Thermodynamic Barriers (Each barrier detail explanation)
- Energetics of gluconeogenesis
-Substrates of gluconeogenesis (each substrate and pathway explained)
-Regulation of Gluconeogenesis, hormonal and transcriptional regulation
The electron transport chain is comprised of a series of enzymatic reactions within the inner membrane of the mitochondria, which are cell organelles that release and store energy for all physiological needs.
As electrons are passed through the chain by a series of oxidation-reduction reactions, energy is released, creating a gradient of hydrogen ions, or protons, across the membrane. The proton gradient provides energy to make ATP, which is used in oxidative phosphorylation.
These are major source of energy for living organisms.
Supplying a huge array of metabolic intermediates for biosynthetic reactions.
The structural elements in cell coat or connective tissues.
Glycolysis is a series of reactions that extract energy from glucose by splitting it into two three-carbon molecules called pyruvates. This powerpoint Presentation includes all steps of glycolysis.
Gluconeogenesis: Defined as biosynthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors
-Gluconeogenesis: an intro
-Thermodynamic Barriers (Each barrier detail explanation)
- Energetics of gluconeogenesis
-Substrates of gluconeogenesis (each substrate and pathway explained)
-Regulation of Gluconeogenesis, hormonal and transcriptional regulation
The electron transport chain is comprised of a series of enzymatic reactions within the inner membrane of the mitochondria, which are cell organelles that release and store energy for all physiological needs.
As electrons are passed through the chain by a series of oxidation-reduction reactions, energy is released, creating a gradient of hydrogen ions, or protons, across the membrane. The proton gradient provides energy to make ATP, which is used in oxidative phosphorylation.
These are major source of energy for living organisms.
Supplying a huge array of metabolic intermediates for biosynthetic reactions.
The structural elements in cell coat or connective tissues.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
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at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
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Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
2. History
Discovered byDiscovered by Hans KrebsHans Krebs inin
19371937
He received theHe received the Nobel PrizeNobel Prize inin
physiology or medicine in 1953physiology or medicine in 1953
for his discoveryfor his discovery
Forced to leave Germany prior toForced to leave Germany prior to
WWII because he was JewishWWII because he was Jewish
3. • Most of cells energy comes from oxidation of A.CoA in
mitochondria
• Glycolysis oxidizes sugar to pyruvate which is converted to
A.CoA in mitochondria
• Proteins and fatty acid are also broken down to yield A.CoA
• Acetyl units oxidized to CO2 in mitochondrial matrix by
TCA cycle
• Energy released during oxidation captured by NAD+ and
FAD
> Carried to ETC for synthesis of ATP (oxidative
phosphorylation)
4.
5. RXN 10 GlycolysisRXN 10 Glycolysis Pyruvate produced from glycolysisPyruvate produced from glycolysis
must be decarboxylated to A. CoAmust be decarboxylated to A. CoA
before it enters TCA cyclebefore it enters TCA cycle
Catalyzed by large enzymeCatalyzed by large enzyme
-Pyruvate dehydrogenase complexPyruvate dehydrogenase complex
(mitochondrial matrix)(mitochondrial matrix)
Pyruvate + CoA + NADPyruvate + CoA + NAD++
A. CoA + COA. CoA + CO22 + NADH + H+ NADH + H++
6. • Regulation by its products
> NADH & Acetyl-CoA : inhibit
While
>NAD+
& CoA stimulate
• Regulation by energy charge
> ATP : inhibit
While
> AMP : stimulate
Control of the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase complex
12. Regulation of Citric Acid Cycle con’t
Site 1 - rxn 1
Acetyl CoA + Oxaloacetate
Citrate
• Enzyme: citrate synthase
• Inhibited by ATP
13. Regulation of Citric Acid Cycle con’t
Site 2 - rxn 3
• Isocitrate α-Ketoglutarate
• Enzyme: isocitrate dehydrogenase
• Inhibited by ATP & NADH
• Stimulated by ADP & NAD+
14. Regulation of Citric Acid Cycle con’t
Site 3 - rxn 4
∀α-Ketoglutarate Succinyl CoA
• Enzyme: α-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
• Similar to PDH complex
• Inhibited by Succinyl CoA & NADH also high-energy
charge.
15. Regulation of Citric Acid Cycle Summary
• IN GENERAL THE TCA CYCLE IS
INHIBITED BY A HIGH ENERGY
CHARGE AND STIMULATED BY LOW
ENERGY CHARGE
17. Regulation of Citric Acid Cycle con’t
Site 1 - rxn 1
Acetyl CoA + Oxaloacetate
Citrate
• Enzyme: citrate synthase
• Inhibited by ATP
18. Regulation of Citric Acid Cycle con’t
Site 2 - rxn 3
• Isocitrate α-Ketoglutarate
• Enzyme: isocitrate dehydrogenase
• Inhibited by ATP & NADH
• Stimulated by ADP & NAD+
19. Regulation of Citric Acid Cycle con’t
Site 3 - rxn 4
∀α-Ketoglutarate Succinyl CoA
• Enzyme: α-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
• Similar to PDH complex
• Inhibited by Succinyl CoA & NADH also high-energy
charge.
20. Regulation of Citric Acid Cycle Summary
• IN GENERAL THE TCA CYCLE IS
INHIBITED BY A HIGH ENERGY
CHARGE AND STIMULATED BY LOW
ENERGY CHARGE
21. Study Questions
• What’s the importance of the TCA cycle?
• Where is this process carried out?
• By the aid of diagrams explain the reactions of the TCA cycle.
• Write down the overall stoichiometric equation for the TCA cycle.
• What are the points of regulation in TCA cycle?
• How is Pyruvate dehydrogenase regulated?
• How are amino acid, carbohydrates and fatty acids metabolism
related to the TCA cycle?
• How does the TCA cycle function as biosynthetic precursors?
• What is the committed step in TCA cycle?
• Why is it that Glycolysis can take place under either aerobic or
anaerobic conditions but the citric acid cycle proceeds strictly under
aerobic conditions?
22. Overview
• Glycolysis produces pyruvate by oxidation of glucose
• The pyruvate is than oxidized to A.CoA in the
mitochondria
• The acetly units are oxidized to CO2 by TCA cycle in
the mitochondrial matrix
• Energy released during both the oxidation rxns are
collected by NAD+ and FAD
• So NADH and FADH2 carry energy in the form of
electrons
27. Inhibitors of ETC
• Inhibitors bind to the components of the
electron transport chain and block
electron transfer. All components before
the block are stuck in a reduced state
and all components after in an oxidized
state.
ReducedReduced
All e- stuck hereAll e- stuck here
OxidisedOxidised
Example
1. Cyanide, carbon monoxide Blocks complex IV
2. rotenone, amytal Blocks complex I
3. antimycin Blocks complex III
28. Inhibitors of ATP synthesisInhibitors of ATP synthesis
They specially dissipates (destroys) theThey specially dissipates (destroys) the
proton gradientproton gradient
1.1. UncouplersUncouplers
• collapse the proton gradient bycollapse the proton gradient by
equalizing the proton concentration onequalizing the proton concentration on
both sides of membraneboth sides of membrane
• They diffuse across the membrane andThey diffuse across the membrane and
pick up protons from one side andpick up protons from one side and
release then on the other siderelease then on the other side
2. Ionophores2. Ionophores
• Hydrophobic molecules that disspateHydrophobic molecules that disspate
osmotic gradients by inserting themosmotic gradients by inserting them
selves into the membrane and form aselves into the membrane and form a
channelchannel
30. Brown Fat
A dark-colored, mitochondrion-
rich adipose tissue in many
mammals that generates heat
(not energy) to regulate body
temperature, especially in
hibernating animals.
•White adipocytes (fat cells) contain a single, large fat vacuole
•brown adipocytes contain several smaller vacuoles and a much
higher number of mitochondria.
•Brown fat also contains more capillaries since it has a greater
need for oxygen than most tissues
31. Study Questions
1. How do the enzyme complexes that make up the respiratory
chain work?
2. How are the TCA cycle and glycolysis linked to ETC?
3. Differentiate between the effects of: -
-Electron transport chain inhibitors
-Uncouplers
1. Describe thermogenesis.
2. Apart from ATP synthesis what else is the proton gradient
utilized for?
3. What is brown fat
4. How do babies and hibernating animals keep warm?
Editor's Notes
Cyanide, carbon monoxide Blocks complex IV rotenone, amytal Blocks complex I antimycin Blocks complex III oligomycin Blocks the proton channel (Fo) in ATP synthase