Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are complementary processes. Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to produce oxygen and glucose (food). Cellular respiration breaks down glucose to release energy, using oxygen and producing carbon dioxide and water. These processes work together to transfer energy through ecosystems, with photosynthesis capturing solar energy which is then used and released through cellular respiration.
About how cellular respiration occurs in Mitochondria, it discusses first the parts and functions of mitochondrion then the types of respiration and the 3 processes occurs in aerobic respiration.
About how cellular respiration occurs in Mitochondria, it discusses first the parts and functions of mitochondrion then the types of respiration and the 3 processes occurs in aerobic respiration.
This presentation describes in details how photosynthesis works along with its process. It also explains in details on the light-dependent and light-independent reactions.
This presentation describes in details how photosynthesis works along with its process. It also explains in details on the light-dependent and light-independent reactions.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
2. What is Photosynthesis?
The process of photosynthesis is a
chemical reaction.
It is the most important
chemical reaction on our planet.
3. What do plants need for
photosynthesis?
• Water
• Carbon dioxide
• Light
• chlorophyll
4. What is the equation for the
chemical reaction of
photosynthesis?
5. Describe Photosynthesis
• The process of changing light energy to
chemical energy
• Energy stored as sugar
• Occurs in plants and some algae
• Plants need light energy, CO2, and H2O
• Takes place in the chloroplasts, using
chlorophyll, the green pigment in plants
6. What is it like inside a chloroplast?
• All around the chloroplasts are stacks of
things called thylakoids.
• The part of the chloroplast that is outside
the thylakoids is called the stroma.
• THE CALVIN CYCLE is in the stroma!
7.
8. What are the two types of reactions
in photosynthesis?
1. The first reaction is called light-
dependent (occurs in the thylakoids)
2. The second reaction is light-independent
(occurs in the stroma)
9. What do electron carriers do?
• Sunlight makes electrons in the
chlorophyll (located in the thylakoids) very
excited! They are so excited they have to
be carried by a special carrier molecule
called NADP+
• NADP+ carries two electrons at a time.
• It also grabs an H+ ion, and this turns the
NADP+ into NADPH
10. What does the NADPH do?
• The NADPH carries the very excited high-
energy electrons to reactions in the cell.
• These electrons can be used in making
FOOD.
• This is the LIGHT-DEPENDENT Reaction
11. What is the dreaded Calvin
Cycle?
• The Calvin Cycle uses ATP and NADPH
from light-dependent reactions to produce
high-energy sugars (FOOD)
• The Calvin Cycle is a
LIGHT- INDEPENDENT reaction
12. What are the products of
photosynthesis?
• High-energy sugars (FOOD)
• oxygen
13. Why is this important to us?
• We cannot make our own food (glucose,
energy), we must get our food from plants.
• Plants are the first step in the food chain.
• The oxygen released during
photosynthesis is necessary for all living
things.
14. Quiz
1) Describe what it’s like inside a chloroplast.
2) Why does Hamel say that photosynthesis is
one of the most important chemical reactions
on Earth?
3) What happens during the Calvin Cycle?
4) What are the products of photosynthesis?
5) What is needed for photosynthesis?
6) What happens to electrons during
photosynthesis?
7) Which happens first, light-dependent reactions
or light-independent ones?
8) What does NADP+ do?
15. What is Cellular Respiration?
• Once the energy that was in sunlight is
changed into chemical energy by
photosynthesis, an organism has to
transform the chemical energy into a form
that can be used by the organism.
• Cellular respiration is the process that
releases energy by breaking down food
molecules in the presence of oxygen.
16. Describe Cellular Respiration
• The breakdown of glucose molecules to
release energy
• Takes place in all living things
• Is a step by step process
17. Where does cellular respiration
happen?
• In the mitochondria of living
things.
18.
19. What is the chemical equation
for cellular respiration?
20. Diagram of the Process
Occurs in
Cytoplasm
Occurs in
Matrix
Occurs
across
Cristae
21. What are the Stages of
Cellular Respiration?
• GlycolysisGlycolysis
• The Krebs CycleThe Krebs Cycle
• The Electron Transport ChainThe Electron Transport Chain
22. Anaerobic Processes
• No oxygen is
required for these
processes.
• Includes
glycolysis, the
breakdown of
glucose, and
fermentation.
• Some bacteria
and yeast are
examples of
anaerobes.
http://www.biol.vt.edu/research/images/C._perfringens_in_mac._jpg.jpg
http://www.utoronto.ca/greenblattlab/images/a/yeast%201.jpg
23. Glycolysis
• Occurs in the
cytoplasm.
• Breaks down glucose
into 2 molecules of
pyruvate
• 2 ATP molecules are
formed.
The series of reactions
in which pyruvate is
broken down into
carbon dioxide is called
the Krebs cycle.
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/enyld1.gif
24.
25. There’s another cycle?
• Yes. The Krebs cycle.
• The Krebs cycle is where energy is
released. Kind of like the Calvin
Cycle in reverse…
26. What happens during the Krebs
cycle?
• Energy is freed from the
chemical bonds. The excited
electrons are FREEE!
• The electrons make ATP.
• Carbon dioxide is released.
You get rid of it by exhaling…
27. Where do the electrons go?
• On the train!
• The electrons get to ride the
electron transport train, the Final
step in the breakdown of glucose.
• Point at which ATP is produced
28. What happens to ADP on the train?
• Ions rush back and forth and spin
the ADP in circles.
• This creates enough energy to
produce three molecules of ATP
per molecule of ADP.
• ATP and ADP are special
molecules that store energy
29. Quiz
1. Where does cellular respiration take
place?
2. What is the chemical equation for
cellular respiration?
3. What are the products of cellular
respiration?
4. What is the Krebs Cycle?
5. What happens during the Krebs
Cycle?
6. What happens to electrons during
cellular respiration?
7. How much ATP is produced from one
molecule of ADP?
30. Complementary processes
• Photosynthesis is an
important part of the
carbon cycle.
• The processes of
photosynthesis and
cellular respiration are
complementary
processes, meaning
they work together to
benefit living
organisms.
31. Plants and animals contribute…
• Autotrophs, such as plants, produce
glucose using the carbon in carbon
dioxide.
• Both autotrophs and heterotrophs, such
as grasshoppers that eat plants, use those
carbohydrates in cellular respiration.
• Respiration, in turn, produces carbon
dioxide.
32. Energy renewal
• Energy captured from
sunlight by
photosynthetic
organisms is used
and released in the
cellular respiration of
living things.
• The energy that living
things use, must
continually be
renewed through
photosynthesis.
33. • Now create a diagram, that represents the
relationship between photosynthesis and
cellular respiration (the carbon cycle).
• Diagram must include at least one
autotroph and one heterotroph.
• Illustrate and label the stages.
• Title: Photosynthesis/Respiration