6. Mitochondria – Function What does this tell us about the evolution of eukaryotes? Endosymbiosis ! Dividing mitochondria Who else divides like that? Advantage of highly folded inner membrane? More surface area for membrane-bound enzymes & permeases Membrane-bound proteins Enzymes & permeases Oooooh ! Form fits function ! bacteria !
7.
8. Pyruvate oxidized to Acetyl CoA Yield = 2C sugar + NADH + CO 2 reduction oxidation Coenzyme A Pyruvate Acetyl CoA C-C-C C-C CO 2 NAD + 2 x [ ]
9.
10. citrate acetyl CoA Count the carbons! pyruvate x 2 oxidation of sugars This happens twice for each glucose molecule 4C 6C 4C 4C 4C 2C 6C 5C 4C CO 2 CO 2 3C
11. citrate acetyl CoA Count the electron carriers! pyruvate reduction of electron carriers This happens twice for each glucose molecule x 2 4C 6C 4C 4C 4C 2C 6C 5C 4C CO 2 CO 2 3C CO 2 NADH NADH NADH NADH FADH 2 ATP
12. So we fully oxidized glucose C 6 H 12 O 6 CO 2 & ended up with 4 ATP ! Whassup? What’s the point?
18. 2006-2007 NO ! The final chapter to my story is next ! Any Questions?
Editor's Notes
1st ATP used is like a match to light a fire… initiation energy / activation energy. Destabilizes glucose enough to split it in two
Can’t stop at pyruvate == not enough energy produced Pyruvate still has a lot of energy in it that has not been captured. It still has 3 carbons! There is still energy stored in those bonds.
Almost all eukaryotic cells have mitochondria there may be 1 very large mitochondrion or 100s to 1000s of individual mitochondria number of mitochondria is correlated with aerobic metabolic activity more activity = more energy needed = more mitochondria What cells would have a lot of mitochondria? Active cells: • muscle cells • nerve cells
CO 2 is fully oxidized carbon == can’t get any more energy out it CH 4 is a fully reduced carbon == good fuel!!!
Release CO 2 because completely oxidized…already released all energy it can release … no longer valuable to cell…. Because what’s the point? The Point is to make ATP!!!
The enzymes of glycolysis are very similar among all organisms. The genes that code for them are highly conserved. They are a good measure for evolutionary studies. Compare eukaryotes, bacteria & archaea using glycolysis enzymes. Bacteria = 3.5 billion years ago glycolysis in cytosol = doesn’t require a membrane-bound organelle O 2 = 2.7 billion years ago photosynthetic bacteria / proto-blue-green algae Eukaryotes = 1.5 billion years ago membrane-bound organelles! Processes that all life/organisms share: Protein synthesis Glycolysis DNA replication
A 2 carbon sugar went into the Krebs cycle and was taken apart completely. Two CO2 molecules were produced from that 2 carbon sugar. Glucose has now been fully oxidized! But where’s all the ATP???
Everytime the carbons are oxidized, an NAD+ is being reduced. But wait…where’s all the ATP??
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