This document discusses various methods for collecting data in research. It describes two types of data: primary and secondary. Primary data is collected directly by the researcher, while secondary data was previously collected by someone else.
The document outlines several methods for collecting primary data, including observation, interviews, questionnaires, and schedules. It provides details on observation and interview methods. Observation can be structured, unstructured, participant, or non-participant. Interviews can be personal or over the telephone. The document also discusses distinguishing features of experiments and surveys.
Interview Method for Qualitative ResearchPun Yanut
Interview is the verbal conversation between two people with the objective of collecting relevant information for the purpose of research.
Interviewing, a method for conducting research, is a technique used to understand the experiences of others.
McNamra (1999), the interviewer can pursue in-depth information around the topic.
Interview may be useful as follow-up to certain respondent
Interview Method for Qualitative ResearchPun Yanut
Interview is the verbal conversation between two people with the objective of collecting relevant information for the purpose of research.
Interviewing, a method for conducting research, is a technique used to understand the experiences of others.
McNamra (1999), the interviewer can pursue in-depth information around the topic.
Interview may be useful as follow-up to certain respondent
Different Methods of Collection of DataP. Veeresha
Data collection is a term used to describe a process of preparing and collecting data.
Data are the basic inputs to any decision making process in any fields like education, business, industries…. etc
The primary data are those which are collected afresh and for the first time, and thus happen to be original in character. It is real time data and which are collected by the researcher himself.
Secondary data means data that are already available i.e., they refer to the data which have already been collected and analyzed by someone else.
Questionnaire Design - Meaning, Types, Layout and Process of Designing Questi...Sundar B N
This ppt covers Questionnaire Design - Meaning, Types, Layout and Process of Designing Questionnaire which includes Questionnaire Definition
OBJECTIVES OF QUESTIONNAIRE
Questionnaire design process
Guidelines for Question Wording
Increasing the willingness of respondents
Overcoming unwillingness to answer
Layout of the Questionnaire
Different Methods of Collection of DataP. Veeresha
Data collection is a term used to describe a process of preparing and collecting data.
Data are the basic inputs to any decision making process in any fields like education, business, industries…. etc
The primary data are those which are collected afresh and for the first time, and thus happen to be original in character. It is real time data and which are collected by the researcher himself.
Secondary data means data that are already available i.e., they refer to the data which have already been collected and analyzed by someone else.
Questionnaire Design - Meaning, Types, Layout and Process of Designing Questi...Sundar B N
This ppt covers Questionnaire Design - Meaning, Types, Layout and Process of Designing Questionnaire which includes Questionnaire Definition
OBJECTIVES OF QUESTIONNAIRE
Questionnaire design process
Guidelines for Question Wording
Increasing the willingness of respondents
Overcoming unwillingness to answer
Layout of the Questionnaire
Moringa-Moringa Aleifera the miracle herb
The moringa tree otherwise called the ”miracle tree” is truly nature’ miracle.This tree actually purifies water (this is used in Haiti and some parts of Africa).For centuries, the natives of Northern India and many parts of Africa have known about the many benefits of Moringa Oleifera, and now this little-known tree is making headlines in the Western World. Moringa translates to mean “miracle”. Packed with over 90 nutrients and 46 antioxidants, this plant is being hailed as the “nutritional dynamite of the century.”
Some common data collection methods include surveys, interviews, observations, focus groups, experiments, and secondary data analysis. The data collected ...
Project Monitorig and Evaluation_Data Collection Methods is a Presentation by William Afani Paul for a Project MEAL Masterclass by Excellence Foundation for South Sudan
This session is designed to equip participants with essential knowledge and skills in monitoring and evaluating projects effectively.
During this masterclass, participants will delve into the fundamental concepts, tools, and techniques of project monitoring and evaluation. Through interactive discussions, case studies, and practical exercises, attendees will gain a comprehensive understanding of MEAL principles and their application in diverse project contexts.
Key Objectives
Understand the importance of project monitoring and evaluation in ensuring project success.
Learn how to develop and implement effective monitoring and evaluation frameworks.
Explore various data collection methods and analysis techniques for monitoring and evaluation purposes.
Gain insights into utilizing monitoring and evaluation findings to inform decision-making and improve project outcomes.
Learning Outcomes: By the end of the masterclass, participants will able to:
Define key concepts related to project monitoring and evaluation.
Develop a monitoring and evaluation plan tailored to specific project requirements.
Apply appropriate data collection methods and tools for monitoring and evaluation activities.
Utilize monitoring and evaluation findings to enhance project performance and impact.
Methods of data collection (research methodology)Muhammed Konari
It includes all the classification of the Methods of Data Collection,Both Primary data and Secondary Data. Described all classifications which are included in the syllabus of KTU Kerala.
Methods of data collection (research methodology)Muhammed Konari
Included all types of data collection.Includes primary data collection and secondary data collection. Described each and every classification of Data collections which are included in KTU Kerala.
Algorithmic Toolbox Certificate from Coursera for Aman AdhikariAman Adhikari
Certificate for online non-credit course authorized by University of California, San Diego and Higher School of Economics and offered through Coursera named, "Algorithmic Toolbox" for Aman Adhikari
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2. CONTENTS
Meaning
Importance and Types of Data
Methods of Data Collection
Steps of Data Processing and Presentation
Various Methods of Data Collection
2
Unit5-DataCollectionMethods
3. METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION
Two types of data viz., primary and secondary.
Primary data are those which are collected afresh
for the first time, and thus happen to be original in
character.
Secondary data, on the other hand, are those
which have been already collected by someone
else and which have been passed through the
statistical process.
Researcher decides the type of data he/she needs
to collect and accordingly select one or the other
method of data collection.
Methods of primary and secondary data collection
differ. 3
Unit5-DataCollectionMethods
4. COLLECTION OF PRIMARY DATA
We collect the primary data during the course of
doing experiments in an experimental research.
In research of the descriptive type and surveys,
whether sample or census surveys, primary data is
performed either through observation or through
direct communication with respondents in one form
or another or through personal interviews.
4
Unit5-DataCollectionMethods
5. COLLECTION OF PRIMARY DATA
Some of the important methods for collecting primary
data in descriptive research and surveys are:
Observation method
Interview method
Through questionnaires
Through schedules
Other methods:
Warranty cards
Distributor audits
Pantry audits
Consumer panels
Using mechanical devices
Through projective techniques
Depth interviews
Content analysis 5
Unit5-DataCollectionMethods
6. DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN EXPERIMENT AND
SURVEY
An experiment refers to an investigation in which a
factor or variable under test is isolated and its
effect(s) measured.
In an experiment, the investigator measures the
effects of an experiment which he/she conducts
intentionally.
Survey, on the other hand, refers to the method of
securing information concerning a phenomenon
under study from all or a selected number of
respondents of the concerned universe.
In a survey, the investigator examines those
phenomena which exist in the universe
independent of his action. 6
Unit5-DataCollectionMethods
7. DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN EXPERIMENT AND
SURVEY
The difference between an experiment and a
survey can be depicted as under:
can be studied through determine
7
Unit5-DataCollectionMethods
Possible relationships between the data and the
unknown in the universe
Economic Psychological Others
Surveys Experiments
8. OBSERVATION METHOD
The observational method is the most commonly used
method specially in studies related to behavioral
sciences.
In a way, we all observe things around us, but this sort
of observation is not scientific observation.
Observation becomes a scientific tool and the method of
data collection for the researcher, when it is
systematically planned and recorded and is subjected to
checks and controls on validity and reliability.
Under the observation method, the information is sought
by the way of investigator’s own direct observation
without asking from the respondent.
8
Unit5-DataCollectionMethods
9. OBSERVATION METHOD
Advantages Limitations
1. Subjective bias is eliminated, if
observation is done accurately.
1. It is an expensive method.
2. The information obtained under
this method relates to what is
currently happening: it is not
complicated by either the past
behavior or future intentions or
attitudes.
2. The information provided by this
method is very limited.
3. This method is independent of
respondents’ willingness to
respond, i.e., does not require the
active participation of the
respondents.
3. Sometimes, unforeseen factors
may interfere with the
observational task.
4. This method is particularly
suitable in studies which deal with
subjects (i.e., respondents) who
are not capable of giving verbal
reports of their feelings for one
reason or the other.
4. At times, the fact that some
people are rarely accessible to
direct observation creates obstacle
for this method to collect data
effectively.
9
Unit5-DataCollectionMethods
10. OBSERVATIONAL METHOD - DETAILS
While using this method, the researcher should keep in
mind things like:
What should be observed?
How the observations should be recorded?
Or how the accuracy of the observation can be ensured?
Two types of observation:
Structured – in case the observation is characterized by a
careful definition of the units to be observed, the style of
recording the information, standardized conditions of
observation and the selection of pertinent data of observation.
Unstructured – observation taking place without the above
characteristics, to be thought of in advance.
Structured observation appropriate in descriptive
studies, whereas in an exploratory study, the
observational procedure is most likely to be relatively
unstructured. 10
Unit5-DataCollectionMethods
11. OBSERVATIONAL METHOD - DETAILS
Participant observation – if the observer observes
by making himself, more or less, a member of the
group he is observing so that he can experience
what the members of the group do.
Non-participant observation – when the observer
observes as a detached emissary without an
attempt on his part to experience through
participation what others feel. When the observer is
observing in such a manner that his presence may
be unknown to the people he is observing, such an
observation is described as disguised
observation.
11
Unit5-DataCollectionMethods
12. MERITS AND DEMERITS OF PARTICIPANT
OBSERVATION
Merits Demerits
1. The researcher can record the
natural behavior of the group.
1. The observer may lose the
objectivity to the extent he
participates emotionally.
2. The researcher can even gather
information which could not have
been easily obtained in other
artificial settings.
2. The problem of observation-
control is not solved.
3. The researcher can even verify
the truth of statements made by
informants in the context of a
questionnaire or a schedule.
3. It may narrow-down the
researcher’s range of experience.
12
Unit5-DataCollectionMethods
13. OBSERVATIONAL METHOD - DETAILS
Uncontrolled observation
If the observation takes place in the natural setting.
No attempt is made to use precision instruments.
The major aim of this type of observation is to get a
spontaneous picture or life and persons.
It has a tendency to supply naturalness and
completeness of behavior, allowing sufficient time for
observing it.
Controlled observation
When observation takes place according to definite pre-
arranged plans, involving experimental procedure.
We use mechanical (or precision) instruments as aids to
accuracy and standardization.
Such observation has a tendency to supply formalized
data upon which generalizations can be built with some
degree of assurance.
13
Unit5-DataCollectionMethods
14. INTERVIEW METHOD
The interview method of collecting data involves
presentation of oral-verbal stimuli and reply in terms
of oral-verbal responses.
This method can be used through personal
interviews and, if possible, through telephone
interviews.
Personal interviews
Telephone interviews
14
Unit5-DataCollectionMethods
15. INTERVIEW METHOD
Personal interviews
Personal interview method requires a person known as the
interviewer asking questions generally in a face-to-face contact to
the other person or persons.
At times, the interviewee may also ask certain questions and the
interviewer responds to these, but usually the interviewer initiates
the interview and collects the information.
Can be of two types – direct personal investigation and indirect
oral examination.
The method of collecting information through personal interviews
is usually carried out in a structured way (structured interview) –
adopted by descriptive studies.
Unstructured interviews, on the other hand, are characterized by
a flexibility of approach to questioning adopted by exploratory or
formulative studies.
Other types of interviews – focused interviews, clinical interview
15
Unit5-DataCollectionMethods
16. INTERVIEW METHOD
Personal interviews
16
Unit5-DataCollectionMethods
Merits Demerits
1. More information and that too in great
depth.
1. Very expensive method, especially
when large and widely spread
geographical sample is chosen.
2. The resistance on part of the
respondents can be overcome.
2. Possibility of biasness prevails.
3. Greater flexibility, in case of
unstructured interviews.
3. High profile interviewees may not be
accessible.
4. Observation method can also be
applied.
4. More time consuming.
5. Personal information can be
obtained.
5. Non-realistic answers might be
provided just to impress the interviewer.
6. Non-response is addressed.
7. Spontaneous and more real
information can be collected.
6. Effective interview presupposes
proper rapport with respondents which
may not always be true.
8. Ambiguities in questions can be
resolved.
17. INTERVIEW METHOD
Pre-requisites and basic tenets of interviewing
For successful implementation of the interview method,
interviewers would need to be carefully selected, trained
and briefed.
They should be honest, sincere, hardworking, impartial and
must possess the technical competence and necessary
practical experience.
The interviewer must ask questions properly and
intelligently and must record the responses accurately and
completely.
The interviewers approach should be friendly, courteous,
conversational and unbiased.
If the conversation goes off the track, it is the responsibility
of the interviewer to bring it back to track.
17
Unit5-DataCollectionMethods
18. INTERVIEW METHOD
Telephone interviews
This method collects information by contacting respondents
on telephone itself. Not a very widely used method.
18
Unit5-DataCollectionMethods
19. COLLECTION OF DATA THROUGH
QUESTIONNAIRES
This method of data collection is quite popular
particularly in case of big enquiries.
In this method, a questionnaire is sent to the
persons concerned with a request to answer the
questions and return the questionnaire.
A questionnaire consists of a number of questions
printed or typed in a definite order on a form or set
of forms.
The respondents have to answer the questions on
their own.
19
Unit5-DataCollectionMethods
20. COLLECTION OF DATA THROUGH
QUESTIONNAIRES
Merits Demerits
1. Low cost even when the universe
is large and is widely spread
geographically.
1. Low rate of return of the duly filled
in questionnaires; bias due to non
response is often indeterminate.
2. Is free from the bias of the
interviewer. The answers are in
respondents’ own words.
2. Can be used only when
respondents are educated and co-
operative.
3. Respondents have adequate time
to give well thought out answers.
3. Control over questionnaire may be
lost once it is sent.
4. Respondents, who are not easily
approachable, can also be reached
conveniently.
4. Possibility of ambiguous replies or
omission of replies altogether to
certain questions.
5. Large samples can be made use
of and thus the results can be made
more dependable and reliable.
5. It is difficult to know whether
willing respondents are truly
representative. 20
Unit5-DataCollectionMethods
21. COLLECTION OF DATA THROUGH
QUESTIONNAIRES
21
Unit5-DataCollectionMethods
Before using this method, it is always advisable to
conduct ‘pilot study’ for testing the questionnaires.
This study is the replica or rehearsal of the main
survey. It brings to the light the weaknesses (if any)
of the questionnaires and also of the survey
techniques.
22. COLLECTION OF DATA THROUGH
QUESTIONNAIRES
22
Unit5-DataCollectionMethods
Main aspects of the questionnaire
General form
Either structured or unstructured.
Question sequence
Must be clear and smoothly-moving meaning that the relation
between questions should be readily apparent to the respondent, with
answers that are easiest to answer placed in the beginning.
The opening questions must be such that they arouse interest to
answer further. Questions that put too much strain on the memory or
intellect of the respondent, personal questions etc. should generally
be avoided. Relatively difficult questions can be put towards the end
so that if there is not a response, considerable information would
have already obtained.
Question formulation and wording
Should be easily understood, should be simple, should be concrete
and should conform to the way the respondent thinks.
23. ESSENTIALS OF A GOOD QUESTIONNAIRE
1. Questionnaire should be comparatively short and simple, i.e., the size of the
questionnaire should be kept a minimum.
2. Questions should proceed in a logical sequence moving from easy to more
difficult questions.
3. Personal and intimate questions should be left to the end.
4. Technical terms and vague expressions capable of different interpretations
should be avoided in a questionnaire..
5. Questions may be dichotomous (Yes or No answer), multiple choice (alternative
answers listed) or open-ended.
6. Open-ended questions, being difficult to analyze should be avoided in the
questionnaire to the extent possible.
7. Questions affecting the sentiments of respondents should be avoided.
8. Adequate space should be provided in the questionnaire to help editing and
tabulation.
9. There should always be provisions for indications of uncertainty, e.g., “do not
know”, “no preference” and so on.
10. Brief directions with regards to filling the questionnaire should be given in the
questionnaire itself.
11. Finally, the physical appearance of the questionnaire also should be attractive.
23
Unit5-DataCollectionMethods
24. COLLECTION OF DATA THROUGH SCHEDULES
Similar to collection of data through questionnaire.
In case of schedules (pro forma containing a set of
questions) being filled in by enumerators who are
specially appointed for the purpose.
Population census all over the world is conducted
through this method.
24
Unit5-DataCollectionMethods
25. SOME OTHER METHODS OF DATA
COLLECTION
Warranty cards
Distributor or store audits
Pantry audits
Consumer panels
Use of mechanical devices
Projective techniques
25
Unit5-DataCollectionMethods
26. DEPTH INTERVIEWS
Depth interviews are those interviews that are
designed to cover underlying motives and desires
and are often used for motivational research.
Such interviews are held to explore the needs,
desires and feelings of the respondents.
Depth interviews require great skill on the part of
the interviewer and at the same time involve
considerable time.
26
Unit5-DataCollectionMethods
27. CONTENT ANALYSIS
Analyzing the contents of documentary materials
such as books, magazines, newspapers and the
contents of all verbal materials which can be either
spoken or printed.
Can be both quantitative or qualitative.
27
Unit5-DataCollectionMethods
28. CASE STUDY METHOD
The case study method is a very popular form of
qualitative analysis and involves a careful and
complete observation of a social unit, be that unit a
person, a family, an institution, a cultural group or
even the entire community.
It is a method of study in depth rather than breadth.
The case study places more emphasis on the full
analysis of a limited number of events or conditions
and their interrelations.
28
Unit5-DataCollectionMethods
29. CASE STUDY METHOD
Advantages Limitations
1. Enables us to understand fully
the behavior pattern of the
concerned unit.
1. Case situations are seldom
comparable and as such the
information gathered in case
studies is often not comparable.
2. Enables to trace out the natural
history of the social unit and its
relationship with social factors and
the forces involved in its
surrounding environment.
2. Time consuming and expensive.
3. It helps in formulating relevant
hypotheses along with the data
which may be helpful in testing
them.
3. Case study method is based on
several assumptions which may
not be very realistic at times, and
as such the usefulness of case
data is always subject to doubt.
4. The researcher can use one or
more of the several research
methods depending upon the
circumstances.
4. This method can be used only in
a limited sphere. Sampling is not
possible under a case study. 29
Unit5-DataCollectionMethods
30. COLLECTION OF SECONDARY DATA
Secondary data means data that are already
available, those data already collected and
analyzed by someone else.
May be either published data or unpublished data.
Researchers must be very careful in using
secondary data. They must ensure that the
secondary data possesses the following
characteristics:
Reliability of data
Suitability of data
Adequacy of data
30
Unit5-DataCollectionMethods
31. SELECTION OF APPROPRIATE METHOD FOR
DATA COLLECTION
A researcher must judiciously select the
method/methods for his/her own study, keeping in
view the following factors:
Nature, scope and object of enquiry
Availability of funds
Time factor
Precision required
31
Unit5-DataCollectionMethods
32.
End of Unit 5
32
Unit5-DataCollectionMethods