Research Design
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A research design outlines the study of data collection and analysis in a way that addresses the research problem efficiently. It specifies sources and types of relevant information, strategies for solving problems, time/cost budgets, and data processing/analysis methods. Important concepts include independent/dependent variables, hypotheses, experimental/control groups, and treatments. Common research designs are exploratory, experimental, and non-experimental. Exploratory techniques include experience surveys, secondary data analysis, case studies, and pilot studies using focus groups, projective techniques, or depth interviews. A research design provides the framework and methodology for a research study.
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Research Design
A research design outlines the collection and analysis of data to address a research problem in an efficient way. It includes key elements like variables, hypotheses, sampling, and data analysis methods. Exploratory research techniques aim to understand a situation and identify new ideas. Pilot studies are small-scale exploratory projects that test sampling approaches. Focus group interviews involve 6-10 people discussing an issue with a moderator. They provide insights into feelings and convictions in participants' own words in an efficient way, though the discussion can become uncontrolled or dominated by some members.
Research design
The document discusses key aspects of research design for marketing research projects. It defines research design as a framework that details the procedures needed to obtain required information to solve research problems. The components of a research design include defining needed information, designing exploratory, descriptive or causal phases, specifying measurement and sampling, and developing a data analysis plan. Exploratory research provides insights while descriptive research describes characteristics and causal research tests hypotheses.
Kyzenn 11 Steps Research Process
The 11-step Kyzenn research process begins with (1) receiving a research brief from the client. It then (2) clarifies the research objectives and (3) reviews relevant literature. Next, it (4) determines the appropriate research design and (5) constructs data collection instruments. Steps (6-7) develop analysis plans and pilot tests. Data is then (8) collected and (9) audited before (10) preparation and (11) statistical analysis to write preliminary and final reports to present back to the client.
Overview of Research process
Research is a scientific process that involves 7 steps: 1) defining the research problem, 2) reviewing relevant literature, 3) formulating hypotheses, 4) preparing the research design, 5) collecting data, 6) analyzing the data, and 7) interpreting the results and writing a report. The overall goal is to systematically collect empirical data to draw conclusions.
Research methodology, design, meaning, features, need, Sampling, errors in su...
The document discusses research design and methodology. It defines research design and outlines its key features and needs. It describes different types of research designs including exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, and hypothesis testing. It also discusses sampling, including probability and non-probability sampling. Finally, it covers potential errors in surveys such as sampling errors and non-sampling errors.
Research design and its Importance in business
This presentation will give you the complete understanding of what is research what is research design, why we use this, when we use this.
Businessresearchmethods
The document provides an overview of research design and methods of data collection in research. It discusses key aspects of research design including defining variables, developing hypotheses, and different types of designs for exploratory, descriptive, and experimental studies. It also covers sampling design, important concepts in sample design, and different sampling techniques. Finally, it discusses primary and secondary data, and different methods for collecting primary data, including observation, interviews, questionnaires, and schedules. It provides guidelines for developing good questionnaires and conducting successful interviews.
Research design
Citicorp uses exploratory, descriptive, and causal research extensively to understand customers and design new products. When developing a financial package for senior citizens, Citicorp conducted exploratory focus groups and secondary data analysis. Descriptive surveys tested a list of potential features. A successful test marketing involved causal research. This 7-step process involving different research designs helped ensure the package met seniors' needs.
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Research Design
A research design outlines the collection and analysis of data to address a research problem in an efficient way. It includes key elements like variables, hypotheses, sampling, and data analysis methods. Exploratory research techniques aim to understand a situation and identify new ideas. Pilot studies are small-scale exploratory projects that test sampling approaches. Focus group interviews involve 6-10 people discussing an issue with a moderator. They provide insights into feelings and convictions in participants' own words in an efficient way, though the discussion can become uncontrolled or dominated by some members.
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The document discusses key aspects of research design for marketing research projects. It defines research design as a framework that details the procedures needed to obtain required information to solve research problems. The components of a research design include defining needed information, designing exploratory, descriptive or causal phases, specifying measurement and sampling, and developing a data analysis plan. Exploratory research provides insights while descriptive research describes characteristics and causal research tests hypotheses.
Kyzenn 11 Steps Research Process
The 11-step Kyzenn research process begins with (1) receiving a research brief from the client. It then (2) clarifies the research objectives and (3) reviews relevant literature. Next, it (4) determines the appropriate research design and (5) constructs data collection instruments. Steps (6-7) develop analysis plans and pilot tests. Data is then (8) collected and (9) audited before (10) preparation and (11) statistical analysis to write preliminary and final reports to present back to the client.
Overview of Research process
Research is a scientific process that involves 7 steps: 1) defining the research problem, 2) reviewing relevant literature, 3) formulating hypotheses, 4) preparing the research design, 5) collecting data, 6) analyzing the data, and 7) interpreting the results and writing a report. The overall goal is to systematically collect empirical data to draw conclusions.
Research methodology, design, meaning, features, need, Sampling, errors in su...
The document discusses research design and methodology. It defines research design and outlines its key features and needs. It describes different types of research designs including exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, and hypothesis testing. It also discusses sampling, including probability and non-probability sampling. Finally, it covers potential errors in surveys such as sampling errors and non-sampling errors.
Research design and its Importance in business
This presentation will give you the complete understanding of what is research what is research design, why we use this, when we use this.
Businessresearchmethods
The document provides an overview of research design and methods of data collection in research. It discusses key aspects of research design including defining variables, developing hypotheses, and different types of designs for exploratory, descriptive, and experimental studies. It also covers sampling design, important concepts in sample design, and different sampling techniques. Finally, it discusses primary and secondary data, and different methods for collecting primary data, including observation, interviews, questionnaires, and schedules. It provides guidelines for developing good questionnaires and conducting successful interviews.
Research design
Citicorp uses exploratory, descriptive, and causal research extensively to understand customers and design new products. When developing a financial package for senior citizens, Citicorp conducted exploratory focus groups and secondary data analysis. Descriptive surveys tested a list of potential features. A successful test marketing involved causal research. This 7-step process involving different research designs helped ensure the package met seniors' needs.
Rsearch design
The document discusses research design, which is the plan or blueprint for how a research study will be conducted. It involves decisions about what data to collect, where, when, and how to analyze the data. A good research design minimizes the effects of extraneous variables and establishes the relationships between independent and dependent variables. There are different types of research designs depending on whether the research is exploratory, descriptive, or testing a hypothesis. Exploratory designs gather initial insights through literature reviews, surveys, or case studies. Descriptive and diagnostic designs collect data to understand characteristics or problems. Hypothesis testing designs experimentally examine predicted relationships through variables, groups, treatments, and units of analysis.
Research and its methodology by dr.ved nath jha
This document outlines the key steps in the research methodology process: 1) Define the problem and review relevant literature; 2) Formulate testable hypotheses based on observations, reflection, and deduction; 3) Design the research by determining information needs, exploratory and descriptive phases, and data collection methods. The steps also include 4) Collecting primary data through methods like surveys, interviews, and questionnaires and secondary data from other studies; 5) Analyzing the collected data using tools like coding and analysis instruments; and 6) Interpreting and reporting the findings.
Research process & design
Research is used in business decision making to apply scientific methods to management problems in a systematic way. The research process involves defining the problem, designing the study, collecting and analyzing data, interpreting results, and reporting findings. There are different types of research designs depending on whether the goal is exploratory, descriptive, or testing hypotheses. Exploratory research explores problems broadly while descriptive and experimental research more specifically describe characteristics or test relationships between variables.
20110801100832 lecture 1 research
This document provides an introduction to research methods. It defines research as organized, systematic inquiry to solve problems through data collection and analysis. There are two main types of research: applied research aims to solve current organizational problems, while basic research increases general knowledge and builds theories. Research follows a systematic process including observation, problem definition, developing a theoretical framework, generating hypotheses, research design, data collection and analysis, and drawing conclusions. The goal is to produce information to help managers make informed decisions.
Research designs in social science by vinay
It is the scientific and systematic investigation to search for knowledge.
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New PPT Research design
Research design provides a framework or blueprint for conducting research projects. It involves outlining how data will be collected and analyzed to answer research questions. There are two main types of research design: exploratory and conclusive. Exploratory research is aimed at gaining insight and understanding about a problem using flexible questions, while conclusive research uses formal, structured questions to provide statistical evidence to make decisions. Conclusive research includes causal research, which determines relationships between factors, and descriptive research, which describes market characteristics. Descriptive research can be cross-sectional, collecting a single snapshot of data, or longitudinal, collecting repeated data from the same sample over time.
Research design
This document discusses research design and provides definitions, types, and key aspects to consider when developing a research design. It defines research design as the plan or framework that guides a research study. The document outlines the need for research design to facilitate efficient research and reliable results. It describes four main types of research design: explanatory, descriptive, diagnostic, and experimental. For each type, it provides a brief explanation of its characteristics and goals. The document concludes by listing some advantages of developing an effective research design such as consuming less time and ensuring a systematic research process.
Research design ppt (1)
The document discusses research design and the use of secondary data in research. It defines research design as a framework that details procedures for collecting, measuring, and analyzing information to structure business research problems. A good research design typically includes selecting a design type, identifying needed information, specifying measurement and scaling, and determining data collection and analysis methods. The document also discusses exploratory research design and the advantages and disadvantages of using secondary data sources.
Research design
Research design is a plan or blueprint that outlines how research will be conducted to answer the research question. It specifies the methods and procedures for collecting and analyzing needed information. A good research design is appropriate, efficient, economical, and flexible. It minimizes bias and experimental error while maximizing reliability and the information obtained. Research design can be exploratory, descriptive, or causal. Exploratory research aims to gain background information through methods like secondary data analysis or focus groups. Descriptive research describes situations through structured data collection and analysis. Causal research studies hypotheses about relationships between variables through experiments that reduce bias and rule out alternative explanations.
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This document discusses marketing research at Marriott Corporation. It explains that Marriott operates in lodging, contract services, and restaurants. Marketing research is conducted by Marriott's Corporate Marketing Services department to better understand customers and the market. CMS conducts various types of quantitative and qualitative research like surveys, focus groups, and customer intercepts. The research process at Marriott follows steps of defining the problem, developing a research design, carrying out the research, presenting findings, and maintaining dialogue with clients.
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Pilot study
A pilot study is a small preliminary study conducted prior to a larger research study to test and refine aspects of the proposed research such as research instruments, sampling methods, recruitment strategies and data analysis techniques. It allows researchers to identify potential problems in their research design or methodology and make necessary revisions before embarking on the full-scale research project. Pilot studies help improve the quality, efficiency and validity of the final research study.
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This document provides an overview of research methodology. It defines research and discusses the objectives of research which include gaining new insights, determining frequencies, and testing hypotheses. The document also covers the different types of research such as descriptive, analytical, applied, basic, quantitative, qualitative, and conceptual research. Additionally, it discusses key aspects of research methodology including defining the research problem, the scope of research at different levels, and techniques for defining the research problem.
Research methodology
This document discusses research methodology and design. It explains that research design involves planning the methods for a study, including determining data sources and types, approaches for data collection and analysis, and time and cost budgets. An effective research design specifies the research problem, data collection techniques, population being studied, and methods for data processing and analysis. The main types of research designs covered are exploratory, descriptive/diagnostic, and experimental.
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The document discusses research design, which refers to the structure and planning of a research study rather than logistical details. Key components of a research design include determining the study topic, objectives, location, data requirements, sample design, data collection techniques, analysis approach, and report style. Good research design considers available resources like staff, time, and money while allowing flexibility. The design should minimize bias and maximize reliable data collection.
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This document provides an introduction to research and rural research methodology. It defines research as the systematic search for knowledge through objective methods. Research involves identifying a problem, developing a research design, collecting and analyzing data, reaching conclusions, and providing recommendations. Good research has a clearly defined purpose, planned research design, high ethical standards, adequate analysis, and justified conclusions. The document distinguishes between research techniques, methods, and methodology. It defines rural research methodology as the systematic steps to solve problems in rural settings. It provides several ideas for topics in rural research, such as rural development, agriculture, education, health, migration, and more.
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This document outlines the research methodology presented by Mahnoor khalid. It defines research as the careful investigation of a topic to discover new facts through a systematic process. The objectives of research are to solve problems or answer questions scientifically. Motivations for research include gaining degrees, facing challenges, and moving beyond existing philosophies. The document then describes different types of research and the significance of research for progress. It also discusses research methods, the research process, defining problems, designing studies, collecting and analyzing data, developing and testing hypotheses, and interpreting and reporting findings.
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Rsearch design
The document discusses research design, which is the plan or blueprint for how a research study will be conducted. It involves decisions about what data to collect, where, when, and how to analyze the data. A good research design minimizes the effects of extraneous variables and establishes the relationships between independent and dependent variables. There are different types of research designs depending on whether the research is exploratory, descriptive, or testing a hypothesis. Exploratory designs gather initial insights through literature reviews, surveys, or case studies. Descriptive and diagnostic designs collect data to understand characteristics or problems. Hypothesis testing designs experimentally examine predicted relationships through variables, groups, treatments, and units of analysis.
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This document outlines the key steps in the research methodology process: 1) Define the problem and review relevant literature; 2) Formulate testable hypotheses based on observations, reflection, and deduction; 3) Design the research by determining information needs, exploratory and descriptive phases, and data collection methods. The steps also include 4) Collecting primary data through methods like surveys, interviews, and questionnaires and secondary data from other studies; 5) Analyzing the collected data using tools like coding and analysis instruments; and 6) Interpreting and reporting the findings.
Research process & design
Research is used in business decision making to apply scientific methods to management problems in a systematic way. The research process involves defining the problem, designing the study, collecting and analyzing data, interpreting results, and reporting findings. There are different types of research designs depending on whether the goal is exploratory, descriptive, or testing hypotheses. Exploratory research explores problems broadly while descriptive and experimental research more specifically describe characteristics or test relationships between variables.
20110801100832 lecture 1 research
This document provides an introduction to research methods. It defines research as organized, systematic inquiry to solve problems through data collection and analysis. There are two main types of research: applied research aims to solve current organizational problems, while basic research increases general knowledge and builds theories. Research follows a systematic process including observation, problem definition, developing a theoretical framework, generating hypotheses, research design, data collection and analysis, and drawing conclusions. The goal is to produce information to help managers make informed decisions.
Research designs in social science by vinay
It is the scientific and systematic investigation to search for knowledge.
Research is to see what everybody else has seen and to think what nobody else has thought.
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Research design provides a framework or blueprint for conducting research projects. It involves outlining how data will be collected and analyzed to answer research questions. There are two main types of research design: exploratory and conclusive. Exploratory research is aimed at gaining insight and understanding about a problem using flexible questions, while conclusive research uses formal, structured questions to provide statistical evidence to make decisions. Conclusive research includes causal research, which determines relationships between factors, and descriptive research, which describes market characteristics. Descriptive research can be cross-sectional, collecting a single snapshot of data, or longitudinal, collecting repeated data from the same sample over time.
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Research design ppt (1)
The document discusses research design and the use of secondary data in research. It defines research design as a framework that details procedures for collecting, measuring, and analyzing information to structure business research problems. A good research design typically includes selecting a design type, identifying needed information, specifying measurement and scaling, and determining data collection and analysis methods. The document also discusses exploratory research design and the advantages and disadvantages of using secondary data sources.
Research design
Research design is a plan or blueprint that outlines how research will be conducted to answer the research question. It specifies the methods and procedures for collecting and analyzing needed information. A good research design is appropriate, efficient, economical, and flexible. It minimizes bias and experimental error while maximizing reliability and the information obtained. Research design can be exploratory, descriptive, or causal. Exploratory research aims to gain background information through methods like secondary data analysis or focus groups. Descriptive research describes situations through structured data collection and analysis. Causal research studies hypotheses about relationships between variables through experiments that reduce bias and rule out alternative explanations.
Stages in research
This document discusses marketing research at Marriott Corporation. It explains that Marriott operates in lodging, contract services, and restaurants. Marketing research is conducted by Marriott's Corporate Marketing Services department to better understand customers and the market. CMS conducts various types of quantitative and qualitative research like surveys, focus groups, and customer intercepts. The research process at Marriott follows steps of defining the problem, developing a research design, carrying out the research, presenting findings, and maintaining dialogue with clients.
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Pilot study
A pilot study is a small preliminary study conducted prior to a larger research study to test and refine aspects of the proposed research such as research instruments, sampling methods, recruitment strategies and data analysis techniques. It allows researchers to identify potential problems in their research design or methodology and make necessary revisions before embarking on the full-scale research project. Pilot studies help improve the quality, efficiency and validity of the final research study.
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This document outlines an introduction to research methods course. The course covers key aspects of the research process including writing research proposals, reviewing literature, empirical research methods, ethics, and presentations. It aims to provide students the skills to successfully complete computer science research projects. The syllabus covers topics like the research process, writing and web skills, tools for experiments, and research management.
Research process quantitative and qualitative
The document outlines the steps in conducting qualitative research, including: 1) identifying a broad research problem area and objectives; 2) reviewing literature to gain preliminary information; 3) entering the research setting and contacting key informants; 4) selecting a small, qualitative sample and semi-structured data collection tools; 5) collecting data through interviews and observations while building rapport; 6) organizing and analyzing data through techniques like coding and thematic analysis; and 7) disseminating findings in publications or presentations.
Research methodology as per the syllabus of CDLU Sirsa
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It defines research and discusses the objectives of research which include gaining new insights, determining frequencies, and testing hypotheses. The document also covers the different types of research such as descriptive, analytical, applied, basic, quantitative, qualitative, and conceptual research. Additionally, it discusses key aspects of research methodology including defining the research problem, the scope of research at different levels, and techniques for defining the research problem.
Research methodology
This document discusses research methodology and design. It explains that research design involves planning the methods for a study, including determining data sources and types, approaches for data collection and analysis, and time and cost budgets. An effective research design specifies the research problem, data collection techniques, population being studied, and methods for data processing and analysis. The main types of research designs covered are exploratory, descriptive/diagnostic, and experimental.
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The document discusses research design, which refers to the structure and planning of a research study rather than logistical details. Key components of a research design include determining the study topic, objectives, location, data requirements, sample design, data collection techniques, analysis approach, and report style. Good research design considers available resources like staff, time, and money while allowing flexibility. The design should minimize bias and maximize reliable data collection.
Chapter 1 (introduction)
This document provides an introduction to research and rural research methodology. It defines research as the systematic search for knowledge through objective methods. Research involves identifying a problem, developing a research design, collecting and analyzing data, reaching conclusions, and providing recommendations. Good research has a clearly defined purpose, planned research design, high ethical standards, adequate analysis, and justified conclusions. The document distinguishes between research techniques, methods, and methodology. It defines rural research methodology as the systematic steps to solve problems in rural settings. It provides several ideas for topics in rural research, such as rural development, agriculture, education, health, migration, and more.
Research methodolgy
This document outlines the research methodology presented by Mahnoor khalid. It defines research as the careful investigation of a topic to discover new facts through a systematic process. The objectives of research are to solve problems or answer questions scientifically. Motivations for research include gaining degrees, facing challenges, and moving beyond existing philosophies. The document then describes different types of research and the significance of research for progress. It also discusses research methods, the research process, defining problems, designing studies, collecting and analyzing data, developing and testing hypotheses, and interpreting and reporting findings.
How to write a scientific article?
The document provides an overview of how to write a scientific article, outlining the typical sections, structure, and process. It discusses the importance of a standardized scientific format and describes each section in detail, including the title page, abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion, and references. Guidelines for writing paragraphs and tips for improving writing are also presented. The overall summary is on how to structure a scientific article and the key components and format that are typically followed.
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Research methodology as per the syllabus of CDLU Sirsa
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RESEARCH DESIGN
A research design is the arrangement of conditions for collection and analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the research with economy in procedure.
It is a conceptual structure within which research is conducted; it constitutes the blueprint for the collection, measurement and analysis of data.
2 purpose of business research, inductive & deductive approaches
2 purpose of business research, inductive & deductive approachesWorld Culture and Exchange Commerce Association (WCECA）- Taiwan & U.S.A.
The document discusses research design and measurement. It defines key concepts in research design such as the different types of scales used in measurement (nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio), sources of measurement error, and criteria for evaluating measurement tools. It also outlines the different descriptors of research design including the degree of question crystallization, data collection methods, time dimensions, research environment, and purpose of studies.Mba604 course materials lecture (RESERCH METHODOLOGY BY NTANSI MAX)
This document provides an overview of research methodology topics presented by Ntangsi Max Memfih. The key points covered include:
- Defining research, methodology, and the basic steps of conducting research using a problem-solving approach.
- Discussing scientific inquiry, including the characteristics of scientific methods and different models of scientific inquiry.
- Explaining the first step of research as problem identification, including determining a well-defined general problem and expressing it clearly.
The document provides information on fundamental aspects of research methodology taught across multiple lecture sessions.
Research design and types of studies.pptx
Research design provides a blueprint for conducting research and answering questions. It includes determining the problem being studied, how data will be collected and analyzed, and the types of research. There are different types of research designs based on their objectives, such as descriptive research that describes a situation, and exploratory research that investigates little known areas. Research methods can be quantitative using measurements and statistics, or qualitative using descriptions. Experimental research uses treatments and control groups, while survey research uses questionnaires. Proper research design is needed to efficiently answer research questions with minimal time and resources.
Overseas mkt research 2
The market research process involves 6 key steps: 1) defining problems and objectives, 2) developing a research plan, 3) collecting information, 4) analyzing the information, 5) presenting findings, and 6) implementing recommendations. Market research helps companies understand customers, test new products and ideas, and make better marketing decisions.
Qualitative research technique
Qualitative research techniques involve collecting unstructured data to understand motivations and perspectives. Common techniques include focus groups, depth interviews, and projective techniques. Focus groups involve moderated group discussions to generate ideas and understand needs, attitudes, and perceptions. They provide synergism, spontaneity, and cost savings but lack representativeness. Qualitative research complements quantitative research by explaining results.
CH-1 Introduction to research.pptx
This document provides an overview of research, including definitions, types, characteristics, and the research process. It defines research as a systematic, rigorous, and empirical process of formulating problems, developing hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data, and drawing conclusions. The document outlines different types of research based on their application (pure/applied), objectives (descriptive, explanatory, exploratory, correlational), and inquiry mode (qualitative, quantitative). Finally, it describes the typical steps in planning and conducting research, from formulating a problem to collecting and analyzing data.
Research Methods And Methods Of Research
The research question is significant as it guides the entire research project. It frames what
information needs to be collected and analyzed to address the topic of study. A clear research
question ensures the study remains focused on a narrow scope that can feasibly be addressed within
time and resource constraints. Well-defined research questions also allow for hypotheses to be
generated about potential answers, which then guide the methodology and provide structure for
analyzing results. The findings can then be used to directly answer the original research question.
Overall, a significant research question is the foundation that holds the entire research process
together from start to finish.
Chapter1
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It discusses key topics such as the meaning of research, objectives of research, features of good research studies, types of research studies including descriptive and experimental, and the research process. The research process involves defining the problem, formulating hypotheses, research design, data collection, analysis, and reporting findings. It also discusses topics like sampling, statistical design, observational design, and the differences between exploratory, descriptive, and causal research designs.
Research methodology (2)
The document discusses various aspects of research including definitions, purposes, types, methods, and processes. It defines research as a systematic effort to gain new knowledge and notes that the goal of research is to find solutions to problems. The types of research covered include descriptive, analytical, applied, fundamental, quantitative, qualitative, and conceptual. Research methods can be quantitative using experiments or qualitative using techniques like interviews. The key steps of the research process are outlined as formulating the problem, literature review, developing hypotheses, research design, data collection, analysis, and reporting.
Module Three (part 2)
This document outlines the content of a research methods course taught by Dr. Noora Al-Malki in the spring of 2014/2015. The course is 6 credit hours per week, covers both qualitative and quantitative research methods, and aims to help students write the methods section of their research proposals. Key topics covered include the components of research proposals and papers, literature reviews, questionnaire design, and qualitative methods like interviews. Quantitative methods like experiments and surveys are also discussed.
Research methodology design & sampling
Research is a systematic process of investigation to establish facts or principles. It involves defining a problem, formulating a hypothesis, collecting data, analyzing the results, and reaching conclusions. The objectives of research include gaining new insights and knowledge, testing hypotheses, and relating findings to managerial decisions. Research is necessary to address unsolved problems, face new challenges, and contribute to society. It relies on empirical evidence, objective consideration of concepts, and aims to formulate scientific theories. Good research clearly defines the problem and procedures, carefully plans the design, analyzes data adequately, and draws valid conclusions based on the evidence collected.
Research Methodology
Methodology is the systematic, theoretical analysis of the methods applied to a field of study.
It comprises the theoretical analysis of the body of methods and principles associated with a branch of knowledge.
Methodology is useful to guide and help in order to obtain the objectives of a research project.
This consists of the purpose, assumptions, limitations, philosophy, strategy, data collection method, sampling method, scaling, data analysis, validity and reliability of the research.
The methodological choices reported give guidelines for the way which should collect necessary information for this study investigation and analyzing matters.
Mass media research unit 3
This document discusses qualitative research methods used in mass media research. It describes three approaches to social science research: positivism, interpretive, and critical. It then discusses five areas of difference between positivist and interpretive approaches. Finally, it summarizes various qualitative data collection methods like field observation, focus groups, intensive interviews, and content analysis.
Research methods
This document provides an overview of the research process. It defines research and discusses key principles such as facts, theories, and applications that can result from research. It also covers identifying research topics and problems, assessing feasibility, different types of research, and the scientific method of inquiry. This includes developing a methodology, collecting and analyzing data through descriptive and inferential statistics, and evaluating conclusions. The overall summary discusses defining research, identifying problems and topics, assessing feasibility, developing a methodology, and analyzing data.
What is research, it's siganficance ,characteristic,research proposal
what business research ,it's significance, hallmarks ,types of research, process of research, research proposal,what is critical literature review it's purpose approach
research methodology
This document is a project report on the perceptions of inhabitants regarding health and sanitation in Cooch Behar Municipality, India. It includes an acknowledgement, research methodology section explaining different research approaches and processes. It then discusses the author's research problem focusing on degraded health and sanitation in Cooch Behar district. The objectives are to examine hygiene conditions, health issues, civic amenities, public reactions, water supply, and prevalent diseases. The literature review covers definitions of urban areas and facilities provided by municipalities. It also gives background details on Cooch Behar Municipality.
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Just In Time
Toyota developed just-in-time (JIT) manufacturing in the 1970s-1980s to improve quality and reduce costs. JIT aims to eliminate waste by providing the right parts at the right time and place. It is a philosophy of continuous problem-solving that pulls supplies through production as needed. Key elements include acquiring inventory as needed, improving quality, reducing lead times, and daily revisions. JIT seeks to reduce waste and variability for low-cost, high-quality production through a pull-based system with small lot sizes and close supplier ties.
Retailing
Retail refers to the last stage of moving goods to consumers. Retailers sell goods in small quantities directly to consumers. In India, retail is dominated by the unorganized sector, with the organized sector experiencing rapid growth. Modern retail formats like shopping malls, department stores, and hypermarkets are growing, while traditional formats like weekly markets and village fairs remain important. Location, customer experience, and merchandise are key factors for success in apparel retail.
Social networking
This document provides an overview of social networking. It begins with definitions of social networking as grouping individuals into communities based on common interests. It then lists some major social networking sites and discusses why social networking exists, including to research decisions, connect with others, and spread news. The document also outlines benefits like work connections and disadvantages like lack of anonymity. It concludes by discussing how social networking offers convenience in staying connected with others from anywhere.
Out Of Home Advertising
The document discusses out-of-home (OOH) advertising in India. It defines OOH advertising as marketing to consumers in public places. It distinguishes between digital OOH (screens in places like cafes and bars) and non-digital OOH (billboards, bus posters, mobile billboards). The document also lists major OOH advertising companies in India and notes that the top cities for OOH advertising are Mumbai, Ahmedabad, Delhi, Kolkata, and Thiruvananthapuram. It discusses benefits like broad coverage and frequency, as well as challenges like short messaging durations. The conclusion is that OOH advertising allows brands to stand out and is estimated to become a Rs. 2000 crore
Mobile and wireless computing
Mobile computing allows users to access information and computing resources anywhere without being restricted to a fixed location. It utilizes wireless technologies like cellular networks, WiFi, and satellites to connect devices. Common mobile devices include laptops, tablets, and phones. Mobile computing enables various applications in fields like healthcare, retail, and travel. However, it faces challenges from limited bandwidth, security issues, device power consumption, and potential health effects of wireless transmissions.
Management By Objectives
Management By Objectives (MBO) is a process where managers and employees set mutual goals, review and evaluate them together. The goals are set through consultation between supervisors and subordinates. The MBO process involves diagnosis, goal setting, action planning, interim reviews, and a final review. MBO aims to relate individual performance to organizational goals, enhance communication, increase competence, and stimulate motivation. However, it also has limitations such as being time consuming and potentially undermining leadership.
Foreign direct investment
Foreign direct investment (FDI) occurs when a firm invests directly in new facilities in a foreign country. FDI is undertaken to take advantage of lower costs for resources unavailable in the home country. The firm maintains significant control over the foreign operation and can affect managerial decisions. There are several types of FDI including inward FDI into a country and outward FDI from a country. India allows up to 100% FDI under an automatic route in most sectors to encourage economic growth and development.
Evolution of Management
Management thought developed from practical experience and was later influenced by other fields of study. Early theories included pre-scientific approaches, classical theories from Taylor, Fayol and Weber, and behavioral theories focusing on human and social factors. Modern theories view organizations dynamically and respond to environmental changes. They include quantitative analysis, systems thinking, contingency approaches accounting for different situations, and operational theories examining organizational processes.
E tailing
This document defines e-tailing as using the internet to sell retail goods online. It discusses major e-tailers, sectors that use e-tailing like electronics and travel, and types of e-tailers like pure play and bricks and clicks. It also covers triggers of e-tailing like convenience and discounts, barriers like not seeing products in person, and growth of e-tailing in India. Facts provided show online shopping in India is growing over 30% annually and is the 10th most popular online activity. The conclusion states e-tailing provides huge opportunities for both marketers and consumers.
Essentials of a valid contract
1. There are 9 essential elements for a valid contract: offer and acceptance, intention to create legal obligations, competent parties, lawful consideration, lawful object, possibility of performance, free consent, communication between parties, and agreements not expressly declared void.
2. Key elements include offer made by one party, acceptance of that offer by the other party, consideration or value exchanged, lawful and possible object, and meeting of the minds with free consent between competent parties.
3. Certain types of agreements like those that are impossible to perform, restrain trade unlawfully, lack consideration, or have an unlawful object are expressly declared void by law and cannot form valid contracts.
E marketing and Advertisement
The document discusses e-marketing and various online advertising methods. It defines e-marketing as applying marketing principles via electronic media and the internet. Some key e-marketing methods mentioned include search engine marketing, display advertising, email marketing, interactive marketing, blog marketing, and viral marketing. The document also discusses challenges of e-marketing like lack of technology understanding, fast-changing technologies, and legal issues. It provides guidelines for internet advertising and summarizes various types of online advertisements.
E-Commerce
Ecommerce involves the buying and selling of products, services, and information via computer networks and the internet. It allows for real-time business transactions when customers and merchants are in different locations. Ecommerce provides benefits like reduced costs, faster response times, and improved service quality for organizations and more choices, price comparisons, and discounts for consumers. While technical limitations around security, bandwidth, and standards still exist, ecommerce has many applications in industries like retail, education, and online services.
Corporate Social Responsibility
The document discusses corporate social responsibility from several perspectives:
1. It defines CSR as a business's commitment to operate in an economically, socially, and environmentally sustainable manner while balancing stakeholder interests.
2. Businesses traditionally focused on profit maximization and shareholder value, but now have broader responsibilities to stakeholders and society through ethical practices, legal compliance, and contributing to economic development.
3. CSR has evolved from profit-centric and stakeholder models to one where businesses proactively address social issues like poverty, education, health, and the environment to improve quality of life.
Classification of shares
This document discusses the classification of company shares. It explains that company capital is divided into shares, which are movable property. Shares can be preference shares, equity shares, or deferred shares. Preference shares may be cumulative, non-cumulative, participating, convertible, or redeemable. Equity shares carry voting rights but lower priority in dividends than preference shares. Deferred shares have the lowest priority. The document also discusses issuing shares at par, premium or discount, underwriting shares, and defining types of share capital such as authorized, issued, subscribed, called-up, paid-up and reserve capital.
Breach of contract
The document discusses breach of contract, including actual and anticipatory breach. It defines key terms like defaulting party and aggrieved party. In case of breach, the aggrieved party has several options for recourse under law, including cancelling the contract, claiming damages in compensation for losses, seeking specific performance of the contract, or obtaining an injunction [against the defaulting party]. Damages aim to financially remedy the aggrieved party and may include ordinary damages for expected losses as well as special, exemplary, or liquidated damages depending on the circumstances of the breach.
Digital copyright
Copyright protects original works when fixed in a tangible form. The Indian Copyright Act of 1957 governs copyright and has been amended over time. Copyright ensures minimum protections for creators and rewards creativity. Once a work is created and fixed, copyright is secured automatically. However, new technologies pose challenges for copyright owners to prevent unauthorized use online. Copyright law provides certain exclusive rights to owners, and terms and conditions as well as technology can help enforce digital copyrights.
Competitive Benchmarking of Big bazaar
The document discusses benchmarking and provides background on its origins. It then introduces Future Group, a leading Indian business conglomerate operating in retail and related sectors. Future Group was founded by Kishore Biyani and owns various retail formats including Big Bazaar supermarkets. The document outlines Future Group's organizational structure and competitors. It then states the objectives and methodology of a study on benchmarking Big Bazaar against More supermarket. Key findings are that Big Bazaar provides a good shopping experience and maintains cleanliness, though some products are cheaper at More. The document concludes with recommendations around awareness, assortment, and signage.
Consumer protection act, 1986
The Consumer Protection Act was passed in 1986 to protect consumer interests in India. It established consumer councils at the central, state, and district levels to promote consumer awareness and education. The Act also set up consumer courts at the national, state, and district levels to provide effective redressal of consumer grievances against defective goods or deficient services in a speedy and inexpensive manner. The provisions of the Act aim to safeguard consumers from unfair trade practices and exploitation.
New issue market
The document discusses the process of issuing stocks to the public market for the first time (initial public offering) in India. It describes the key parties involved - lead managers who manage the issue, registrars who handle registrations, underwriters who guarantee subscriptions, bankers who handle funds, advertising agents, and regulatory agencies. It also outlines the different methods used for public issues - prospectus, bought deals, private placements, rights issues, and book building.
INTERNET IN INTERACTIVE MARKETING
Interactive marketing refers to marketing that engages in conversation with customers rather than just transactions. It allows companies to address customers individually, remember their responses, and tailor future interactions accordingly. While facilitated by internet technology, interactive marketing is not synonymous with online marketing. Amazon is an example of interactive marketing through customizing recommendations based on customer preferences and purchase history. The document then discusses various forms of internet advertising like banners, sponsorships, pop-ups/unders, interstitials, and others and how they can be used for interactive marketing online.
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Research Design
- 2. Meaning A research design is the arrangement of conditions for collection & analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the research purpose with economy in procedure. It constitutes the blue print for the collection , measurement & analysis of data. 2
- 3. Features of research design Research design is a plan that specifies the sources and type of information relevant to the research problem. It is a strategy for solving the problem. It includes time & cost budget. It contains method to be used in proce- ssing & analyzing data. It contains procedures & techniques to be used for gathering information. It contains population to be studied. 3
- 4. Important concepts relating to research design. Dependent & independent variables. Extraneous variable. Controlled. Confounded relationship Research hypothesis Experimental & non-experimental hypothesis. Experimental & controlled groups. Treatment. Experiment Experimental units. 4
- 5. Different research designs. Research design for exploratory research :- There are three purpose for exploratory research… (a) diagnosing a situation. (b) screening alternatives. (c) discovering new ideas. 5
- 6. Techniques Experience survey. Secondary Data analysis. Case study. Pilot study for qualitative analysis:- There are three categories in pilot study… (!) focus group interview. (!!) projective techniques. (!!!) depth interviews. 6
- 7. Experience survey It is an exploratory research technique in which individuals who are knowledgeable about a particular research problem are surveyed. The purpose of surveying such experts is to help formulate the problem and clarify concepts rather than develop conclusive evidence. 7
- 8. Secondary data analysis It is an economical & quick source of background information. Preliminary review of data collected for another purpose to clarify issues in the early stages of research effort. Using secondary data may be equally important in applied research. 8
- 9. Case study The purpose of the case study method is to obtain information from one or a few situations that are similar to the researcher’s problem situation. Conducting a case study often requires the cooperation of the person whose history is being studied. Generalizing from a few cases can be dangerous, because most situations are atypical in some sense. 9
- 10. Pilot study for qualitative analysis It includes any small scale exploratory research project that uses sampling but does not apply rigorous standards. A the primary data usually are collected from employees , consumers , voters or other subjects of ultimate concern rather than from experts. It’s three categories are… - focus group interview - projective techniques - depth interviews 10
- 11. Focus group interview (FGI) There is one moderator/ interviewer and there is 6 to 10 persons in one group. An unstructured free flowing interview with a small group of people and any issue we can discuss with the help of FGI. Focus group allow people to discuss their true feelings, anxiety & frustrations and to express the depth of their conviction in their own words. 11
- 12. FGI- advantages Primary advantages:- - less expensive - easy to conduct - quick analysis - brief Specific advantages:- - synergy effect - spontaneous - security 12
- 13. - snow balling - structured - stimulation - serendipity - specialization - speed 13
- 14. Points / factors to be considered Group composition Environmental conditions Moderator Careful listening Planning the focus group outline 14
- 15. FGI- weaknesses Out of control Dominating members Topic of discussion changes. Some members avoid active involvement. 15
- 16. 16