This document discusses different types of research designs, including quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods designs. It provides details on the following key points: - Quantitative designs use numeric data and statistical analysis to objectively study variables and answer narrow questions. Experimental and survey designs are discussed. - Qualitative designs rely on text data from open-ended questions and themes to subjectively understand participant perspectives. Narrative research, phenomenology, grounded theory, ethnography, and case study designs are outlined. - Mixed methods designs combine quantitative and qualitative data and are used when one approach cannot fully answer the research questions. Sequential explanatory, sequential exploratory, concurrent triangulation, and concurrent nested designs are described.

1. NIGHAT SHAHEEN
M.Phil II
OCT, 2017
Hazara University , Mansehra
TYPES OF RESEARCH DESIGNS

2. What is Research Design ?
o Research design refers to the basic strategy of the research by
defining an action plan that proceeds from the primary research
questions up to the conclusions and the justification behind it
(Oppenheim, 1992).
o Yin (2003), “a research design is an action plan for getting from
here to there, where here is defined as the initial set of questions
to be answered, and there, is some set of conclusion” (p, 20).

3. o The research design is the master plan specifying the methods
& procedures for collecting & analyzing the needed
information in a research study.
o Research design can be defined as a blue print to conduct a
research study, which involves the description of research
approach, study setting, sampling size, sampling technique, tools &
method of data collection & analysis to answer the specific
research questions or for testing research hypothesis.
o Research design is a plan of how, when & where data is to be
collected & analyzed.
o Research design is the researcher’s overall plan for answering the
research questions or testing the research hypothesis.

4. TYPES OF RESEARCH DESIGNS
Generally research designs are classified into three broad
categories, & several subtypes.
1. Quantitative research design
2. Qualitative research design
3. Mixed method research design

5. Quantitative Qualitative Mixed Method
• Experimental design
• Non experimental
design,
such as surveys
• Narrative research
• phenomenology
• Grounded theory
• Ethnographies
• Case study
• Sequential Explanatory
Design
• Sequential Exploratory
Design
• Concurrent Triangulation
• Concurrent Nested

6. Quantitative Research Design
A type of educational research in which the researcher
decides what to study, asks specific, narrow questions,
collects numeric (numbered) data from participants,
analyzes these numbers using statistics, and conducts
the inquiry in an unbiased, objective manner.

7. Sub Types Of Quantitative Research Design
1. Experimental design
It seeks to determine if a specific treatment influences an outcome. The
researcher assesses this by providing a specific treatment to one group
and withholding it from another and then determining how both groups
scored on an outcome. (Keppel, 1991).
2. Survey Research design
It provides a quantitative or numeric description of trends, attitudes, or
opinions of a population by studying a sample of that population. It
includes cross-sectional and longitudinal studies using questionnaires or
structured interviews for data collection—with the intent of generalizing
from a sample to a population (Fowler, 2008).

8. Qualitative Research Design
A type of educational research in which the researcher relies on
the views of participants, asks broad, general questions, collects
data consisting largely of words (or text) from participants,
describes and analyzes these words for themes, and conducts the
inquiry in a subjective, biased manner.

9. Sub Types Of Qualitative Research Design
1. Narrative research
is a design of inquiry from the humanities in which the researcher studies
the lives of individuals and asks one or more individuals to provide stories
about their lives (Riessman, 2008).
2. phenomenology
is a design of inquiry coming from philosophy and psychology in which the
researcher describes the lived experiences of individuals about a
phenomenon as described by participants. This description culminates in
the essence of the experiences for several individuals who have all
experienced the phenomenon. This design has strong philosophical
underpinnings and typically involves conducting interviews (Giorgi, 2009;
Moustakas, 1994).

10. Cont……
3. Grounded theory
Grounded theory is a design of inquiry from sociology in which the researcher
derives a general, abstract theory of a process, action, or interaction grounded in
the views of participants. This process involves using multiple stages of data
collection and the refinement and interrelationship of categories of information
4. Ethnographies
Ethnography is a design of inquiry coming from anthropology and sociology in
which the researcher studies the shared patterns of behaviors, language, and
actions of an intact cultural group in a natural setting over a prolonged period of
time. Data collection often involves observations and interviews.
5.Case study
Case studies are a design of inquiry found in many fields, especially evaluation, in
which the researcher develops an in-depth analysis of a case, often a program,
event, activity, process, or one or more individuals. (Stake, 1995; Yin, 2009, 2012).

11. Mixed Method Research Design
According to Creswell and Plano Clark,
“Mixed methods research is procedure for collecting, analyzing and
mixing both quantitative and qualitative methods in single study or a
series of studies to understand a research problem.”

12. WhenIs Mixed Method Research Conducted
 When we have both quantitative and qualitative data.
When one type of research is not enough to explain or to answer
the questions.
When we want qualitative research to help to explain
quantitative findings.
When we want to generalize findings to a large population.
When we want to provide alternative perspective in a study.

13. Sub Types Of Mixed Method Research Design
1. Sequential Explanatory Design
This design involves the collection and analysis of Quantitative data followed by
the collection and analysis of Qualitative data. The priority is given is given to
the Qualitative data and the finding are integrated during the interpretation
stage.

14. Cont……
2. Sequential Exploratory Design
In this design, of Qualitative data collection and analysis is followed by
Quantitative data collection and analysis . The priority is given to the
Qualitative aspect of study and the finding are integrated during the
interpretation phase of study.

15. Cont……
3. Concurrent Triangulation
In this design, only one data collection phase is used, during which quantitative
and qualitative data collection and analysis are conducted separately yet
concurrently. The findings are integrated during interpretation stage. Usually
equal priority is given to both types of research.

16. Cont……
4. Concurrent Nested Design
In this design only one data collection phase is used during which predominant
method (quantitative or qualitative) nests or embeds the other less priority
method . This nesting means that embedded method addresses different
question the dominant method or seeks information from different levels. The
data collected from two methods are mixed during analysis phase of the
project.

17. References
1. Oppenheim, A. (1992). Questionnaire Design, Interviewing and Attitude
Measurement, London.
2. Yin, R. K. Case Study Research, Design and Methods, 3rd ed. Newbury Park, Sage
Publications, 2003.
3. Keppel, G. (1991). Design and analysis: A researcher’s handbook (3rd ed.).
Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
4. Fowler, F. J. (2009). Survey research methods (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA:
5. Riessman, C. K. (2008). Narrative methods for the human sciences.
6. Giorgi, A. (2009). The descriptive phenomenological method in psychology: A
modified Husserlian approach. Pittsburgh, PA: Duquesne University Press.
7. Moustakas, C. (1994). Phenomenological research methods
8. Stake, R. E. (1995). The art of case study research.
9. John W. Creswell (2013). Research Design. Qualitative, quantitative and mixed
methods approaches.
10. Plano Clark, V. L., & Creswell, J. W. (2008). The mixed methods reader.

18. THANK
YOU