Research methodology involves defining problems, formulating hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data, and drawing conclusions. The objectives of research are to define problems, formulate hypotheses, collect and evaluate data, make deductions, reach conclusions, and test conclusions. Research can be motivated by a desire for knowledge, challenges, intellectual stimulation, service, or responsibility. There are different types of research including descriptive, applied, quantitative, conceptual, empirical, qualitative, fundamental, and analytical research. Research methods refer to techniques used in research, while research methodology is the overall approach and logic behind the methods.
MEANING OF RESEARCH
OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
CRITERIA OF A GOOD RESEARCH
QUALITIES OF GOOD RESEARCH
RESEARCH MOTIVATIONS
TYPES OF RESEARCH
PROBLEMS IN RESEARCH
RESEARCH APPROACHES
RESEARCH PROCESS
LITERATURE REVIEW
HYPOTHESIS
CRITERIA OF GOOD RESEARCH
PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED BY RESEARCHER
MEANING OF RESEARCH
OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
CRITERIA OF A GOOD RESEARCH
QUALITIES OF GOOD RESEARCH
RESEARCH MOTIVATIONS
TYPES OF RESEARCH
PROBLEMS IN RESEARCH
RESEARCH APPROACHES
RESEARCH PROCESS
LITERATURE REVIEW
HYPOTHESIS
CRITERIA OF GOOD RESEARCH
PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED BY RESEARCHER
Research Methodology Introduction ch1
MEANING OF RESEARCH, OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH,TYPES OF RESEARCH,Research Approaches ,Research Methods versus Methodology,research process guideline:
Research is the systematic and objective analysis and recording of controlled observations that may lead to the development of generalizations, principles, or theories, resulting in prediction and possible control of events .
Research Methodology Introduction ch1
MEANING OF RESEARCH, OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH,TYPES OF RESEARCH,Research Approaches ,Research Methods versus Methodology,research process guideline:
Research is the systematic and objective analysis and recording of controlled observations that may lead to the development of generalizations, principles, or theories, resulting in prediction and possible control of events .
The word ‘Research’ is comprised of two words Re + Search.
It means to search again. So research means a systematic investigation or activity to gain new knowledge of the already existing facts.
Scientific Research Methodology introduction.pdfCharlesSsekawu
Scientific Research Methodology introduction.RESEARCH METHODOLOY
DR. VAISHALI PAGAIRA 3
Unit-I
Research: Research comprises defining and redefining problems, formulating hypothesis or
suggested solution; collecting, organizing and evaluating data, making deductions and reaching
conclusions and carefully testing the conclusions to determine whether they fit the f ormulating
hypothesis. The manipulation of things, concepts or symbols for the purpose of generalizing to
extend , correct or verify knowledge, whether that knowledge aids in construction of theory or in
the practice of an art.
Research in simple terms refers to search for knowledge. It is a scientific and systematic
search for information on a particular topic or issue. It is also known as the art of scientific
investigation. Several social scientists have defined research in different ways.
In the Encyclopedia of Social Sciences, D. Slesinger and M. Stephension (1930) defined
research as “the manipulation of things, concepts or symbols for the purpose of generalizing to
extend, correct or verify knowledge, whether that knowledge aids in the construction of theory or
in the practice of an art”.
Research Methods Vs Methodology:
Research methods include all those techniques/methods that are adopted for conducting research.
Thus, research techniques or methods are the methods that the researchers adopt for conducting
the research studies. On the other hand, research methodology is the way in which research
problems are solved systematically. It is a science of studying how research is conducted
scientifically. Under it, the researcher acquaints himself/herself with the various steps generally
adopted to study a research problem, along with the underlying logic behind them. Hence, itis
not only important for the researcher to know the research techniques/ methods, but also the
scientific approach called methodology.
What is the definition of research methodology?
The process used to collect information and data for the purpose of making business decisions.
The methodology may include publication research, interviews, surveys and other research
techniques, and could include both present and historical information.
RESEARCH METHODOLOY
DR. VAISHALI PAGAIRA 4
Research methodology is a term that basically means the science of how research is done
scientifically. It is a way to systematically and logically solve a problem, help us understand the
process not just the product of research, and analyzes methods in addition to the information
obtained by them.
What are the types of research methodology?
Basic research
Applied Research
Problem oriented research
Problem solving
Quantitative Research
Qualitative Research
Research Problem: A research problem is a statement about an area of concern, a condition to
be improved, a difficulty to be eliminated, or a troubling question that exists in scholarly
literature, in theory, or in practice that points to the need for meaningful understanding
Qualitative & Quantitative Research Methods.docxSobiaAlvi
Content List
Topic: Concept of Qualitative & Quantitative Research Design
1. Quantitative Research
2. Qualitative Research
Topic: Comparison of Qualitative & Quantitative Research
1. Qualitative Vs. Quantitative Research – A Comparison
References
2. Meaning of Research
Is the pursuit of truth with help of study, observations, comparison and
experiment.
Objectives of Research
Research comprises
Defining and redefining the problems
Formulating the hypotheses or suggested solutions.
Collecting, organizing and evaluating data.
Making deductions and reading conclusions
And at last carefully testing the conclusions to determine whether they
fit the formulating hypotheses
3. Motivation in Research
Desire to get research degree
Desire to face challenges in solving the
unsolved problems
Desire to get intellectual joy doing some
creative work
Desire to be of service to the society
Desire to get responsibility
4. TYPES OF RESEARCH
Descriptive Research:-Means description of the state of
affairs as it exists at present. Researcher only reports only
what has happened or what is happening
Applied Research:- Aims at finding solution for an
immediate problem facing a society or an industry/ business
organizations
Quantitative Research:-Based on the measurement of
quantity or amount. Applicable to phenomena that can be
expressed in terms of quantity.
Conceptual Research: - Related to some abstract ideas or
theory. Used by philosophers and thinkers to develop new
concepts or re-interpret existing ones.
5. Empirical Research: - Relies on experience or
observations alone, often without due regard for
system and theory.
Qualitative Research: - Concerned with
qualitative phenomenon, i.e. phenomenon relating
to or involving quality or kind.
Fundamental Research: - Mainly concerned with
generalizations and with the formulation of a
theory.
Analytical Research: - Researcher has to use facts
on information already available and analyze these
to make a critical evaluation of the material.
6. RESEARCH METHODS Vs.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Methods:- Refers to the methods/
techniques researchers use in performing
research operations.
Research Methodology:- It may be understood
as a science of studying how research is done
scientifically. In it we study the various steps
that are generally adopted by researcher in
studying his research problem along with the
logic behind them.
7. Difference between Methods and Techniques
TYPE METHODS TECHNIQUES
Library Research (i)Analysis of historical records Recording of notes, Contents analysis, Tape and listening
(ii)Analysis of documents and analysis.
Statistical compilation and manipulations, references and
abstract guides, contents analysis.
2. Field Research (i) Non-participant direct observation Observational behavioral scales, use of score cards,
(ii) participant observation etc.Interactional recording possible use of tape recorders,
(iii) Mass observation photo graphic techniques.Recording mass behaviour,
interview using independent observers in public
(iv) Mail questionnaire placesIdentification of social and economic background of
(v) Opinionnaire respondentsUse of attitude scales, projective techniques,
(vi) Personal interview use of sociometric scales.Interviewer uses a detailed
(vii) Focused interview schedule with open and closed questionsInterviewer
focuses attention upon a given experience and its
(ix) Telephone survey effectsUsed as a survey technique for information and for
(x) Case study and life history discerning opinion may also be used as a follow up of
questionnaireCross sectional collection of data for intensive
analysis, longitudinal collection of data of intensive
character
3. Laboratory Small groups study of random behavior, play Small groups study of random behavior, play and role
Research and role analysis analysis
8. DETERMINING SAMPLE DESIGN
Sample design is the heart of research work
Steps in Sample Design
Define the universe
Sampling unit
Source list or sampling frame
Size of sample
Sampling method or technique
Parameters of interest
Budgetary constraint
Select the sample
9. METHODS OF SAMPLING
Samples may be grouped into two broad
classes according to their method of
selection. Namely:
Random or Probability Sampling
Non- Random or Non-Probability
Sampling.
10. Random or Probability Sampling
Major random or probability samples are
Simple random sample
Systematic sample
Stratified random sample
Multi-stage random sample
Cluster sample or area sample
Sequential sample or sample in installments
Replicated or interpenetrating sample
11. Non –Random or Non-Probability
Sampling
Major Non-random or Non-probability
samples are:-
Purposive sample
Quota sample
Convenience sample
12. METHODS OF COLLECTION OF DATA
While deciding about the method of data
collection to be used for the study, the
researcher should keep in mind two types.
i.e.
Primary Data
Secondary Data
13. Collection of Primary Data
There are several methods of collecting primary
data. These are:-
Questionnaires
Observations
Interviews
Schedules
14. Collection of Secondary Data
Secondary data means data that is already available i.e. it may be either
published or unpublished.
Published data are available in:-
Various publications of the central, state or local governments
Various publications by foreign governments or international bodies and
their subsidiary organizations
Technical and trade journals
Books, magazines and newspapers
Reports and publications of various organizations connected with business
and industry, Banks, Stock exchanges etc.
Reports prepared by research scholars, universities, economists etc in
different fields
Public records and statistics, historical documents and other sources of
published information
15. Sources of unpublished data are many and
they include:-
Diaries
Letters
Unpublished biographies and autobiographies
Data available with research scholars and
research workers, trade associations, labour
bureaus and other public/ private individuals
and organizations
16. PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS OF DATA
After collection of data it has to be processed
and analyzed.
Process of Analysis
Editing
Coding
Classification
Tabulation
17. Elements /Types of Analysis
Descriptive analysis
Correlation analysis
Multivariate analysis
Under multivariate we have the following analysis
Multiple regression analysis
Multiple discriminant analysis
Multivariate analysis of variance (or Multi-ANOVA)
Canonical analysis
• Inferential analysis
18. HYPOTHESIS TESTING
Hypothesis means a mere assumption or some supposition to be proved
or disapproved
Characteristics of Hypothesis
It should be clear and precise
Should be capable of being tested
It should state the relationship between variables
It should be limited by scope and be specific
It should be stated as far as possible with most simple terms so that the
same is easily understandable by all concerned
It should be consisted with most known facts
It should be amenable to testing within a reasonable time
Must explain the facts that gave rise to the need for explanation
20. Testing of Hypothesis
Procedure of testing Hypothesis
Formulate a null or alternative Hypothesis
Choose the level of significance of the test
Choose the location of the critical region
Choose the appropriate test statistics
Compute from the sample observations for the observed
value of the chosen statistics using the relevant formula
Compare the sample value of the chosen statistics with the
theoretical (table) value that defines the critical region.
21. Methods of Testing Hypothesis
Parametric Tests or Standard tests of Hypothesis
The important parametric tests are:-
Z- Test
T-Test
X- Test and
F- Test
22. Non –Parametric tests or Distribution
free test of Hypothesis
A. One sample and Two sample tests
Binomial test
Chi- square test
McNemar test
A. K- sample tests ( K > 3)
Kruskal-Wallis test : H
Friedman test
Kendall`s coefficient of concordance: W
23. INTERPRETATION
Interpretation of data means the task of
drawing conclusions and of explaining their
significance after a careful analysis of data
24. Techniques of Interpretation
Interpretation requires a great skill on the part of the researcher. It is an art
that one learns through practice and experience
The technique of interpretation often involves the following steps:-
Researcher must give reasonable explanations of the relations which he
has found
Extraneous information, if collected during the study must be considered
while interpreting the final result
Its advisable before embarking upon final interpretation to consult
someone having insight into the study
Researchers must accomplish the task of interpretation only after
considering all relevant factors affecting the problem.
25. PRESENTATION OF REPORT
A. Preliminary pages
Title page
Certificate of supervisor
Table of contents
Preface
Acknowledgement
Listing of tables
Listing of figures
Abbreviations
26. B. Main text
Introduction
Objectives
Methodology
Findings
Limitations
Conclusion and recommendations
27. C. End matter
Appendix
Bibliography
Alphabetical order
books reports journals
name of author ,title ,place publisher
volume ,page
number
Glossary