The document discusses identifying and selecting a good research problem. It notes that identifying a research problem is the first and most challenging step of the research process. A good research problem should be significant, original, feasible, solvable, current, and interesting. The document provides examples and criteria for selecting a research problem, as well as common sources that researchers draw from in identifying problems, such as personal experiences, literature reviews, previous research, and social issues.
A literature review is a search and evaluation of the available literature in your given subject or chosen topic area. It documents the state of the art with respect to the subject or topic you are writing about. It surveys the literature in your chosen area of study.
RESEARCH DESIGN , Sampling Designs , Dependent and Independent Variables, Extraneous Variables, Hypothesis, Exploratory Research Design, Descriptive and Diagnostic Research
A literature review is a search and evaluation of the available literature in your given subject or chosen topic area. It documents the state of the art with respect to the subject or topic you are writing about. It surveys the literature in your chosen area of study.
RESEARCH DESIGN , Sampling Designs , Dependent and Independent Variables, Extraneous Variables, Hypothesis, Exploratory Research Design, Descriptive and Diagnostic Research
Research, Types and objectives of research Bindu Kshtriya
This presentation is regarding the basics of research method, about the voyage of research, steps included in research, types of research including descriptive, analytical, applied, fundamental, quantitative, qualitative conceptual, empirical historical conclusion oriented etc
Research problem is a question that researcher wants to answer or a problem that a researcher wants to solve Identification & formulation of a research problem is the first step of the research process.
Formulating Hypothesis
Hypothesis Formulation is –
-the process of creating possible, tentative explanations for a given set of information.
-the whole Process of creating and formulating the hypothesis
How is Hypothesis Formulated
Reichenbach (1938) made a distinction between the two processes found commonly in any hypothesis formulation -
-Context of Discovery:
--Hypotheses is ‘discovered’ from earlier research findings, existing theories and personal observations, and experience.
-Context of justification:
--When a Researcher reconstructs his thoughts and communicates them in the form of a hypothesis to others, he uses the context of justification –
Steps in Formulation of Hypothesis
-Understand the area of problem
-Consider goal
-Identify variables
-identify the relationship between the variables.
-Think critically about hypothesis
-Express the idea as own hypothesis
Process of Hypothesis Formulation
-Understand the area of problem
Understand the problem that is being worked on.
-Consider goal
After selecting the problem & understanding the problem, objectives have to be selected according to the problem
-Identify variables
Must be define the variables.
Variables in hypothesis are testable not ?
Specify dependent and independent & others variables.
-Identify the relationship between the variables.
Variables are influence each other or not?
-Think critically about hypothesis
Hypothesis are testable, verifiable or not ? Which will make able to confirm the hypothesis.
-Express the idea as own hypothesis
Here researcher made the hypothesis in a Tentative Solution Statement manner
A literature review is a
“critical analysis of a segment of a published body of knowledge through summary, classification, and comparison of prior research studies, reviews of literature, and theoretical articles”
In this all about the descriptive and analytical research...you can find the definitions and explanations from this document.... I am uploading this document for the other students who face the problems to find data about th descriptive and analytical research.... i hope you can get this data of research easily...thanks
Research problem is a question that a researcher wants to answer or a problem that a researcher wants to solve. Identification and formulation of a research problem is the first step of the research process.
However, it is considered as one of the most challenging and difficult phases of any research project. It is believed that selection of a good research problem is a discovery in itself.
Selection of a research problem depends on several factors, such as researcher's knowledge, skills, interest, expertise, motivation, and creativity with respect to the subject of inquiry.
In addition, a researcher needs to ensure that a selected problem has high significance and implication for his or her profession as well as it should be a suitable, feasible, testable, and solvable research problem.
It is believed that most of the good research studies need lots of time for selection of a research problem. Initially, every researcher faces the predicament of identifying, selecting, and formulating a good research problem. This chapter will answer these pertinent questions.
Research, Types and objectives of research Bindu Kshtriya
This presentation is regarding the basics of research method, about the voyage of research, steps included in research, types of research including descriptive, analytical, applied, fundamental, quantitative, qualitative conceptual, empirical historical conclusion oriented etc
Research problem is a question that researcher wants to answer or a problem that a researcher wants to solve Identification & formulation of a research problem is the first step of the research process.
Formulating Hypothesis
Hypothesis Formulation is –
-the process of creating possible, tentative explanations for a given set of information.
-the whole Process of creating and formulating the hypothesis
How is Hypothesis Formulated
Reichenbach (1938) made a distinction between the two processes found commonly in any hypothesis formulation -
-Context of Discovery:
--Hypotheses is ‘discovered’ from earlier research findings, existing theories and personal observations, and experience.
-Context of justification:
--When a Researcher reconstructs his thoughts and communicates them in the form of a hypothesis to others, he uses the context of justification –
Steps in Formulation of Hypothesis
-Understand the area of problem
-Consider goal
-Identify variables
-identify the relationship between the variables.
-Think critically about hypothesis
-Express the idea as own hypothesis
Process of Hypothesis Formulation
-Understand the area of problem
Understand the problem that is being worked on.
-Consider goal
After selecting the problem & understanding the problem, objectives have to be selected according to the problem
-Identify variables
Must be define the variables.
Variables in hypothesis are testable not ?
Specify dependent and independent & others variables.
-Identify the relationship between the variables.
Variables are influence each other or not?
-Think critically about hypothesis
Hypothesis are testable, verifiable or not ? Which will make able to confirm the hypothesis.
-Express the idea as own hypothesis
Here researcher made the hypothesis in a Tentative Solution Statement manner
A literature review is a
“critical analysis of a segment of a published body of knowledge through summary, classification, and comparison of prior research studies, reviews of literature, and theoretical articles”
In this all about the descriptive and analytical research...you can find the definitions and explanations from this document.... I am uploading this document for the other students who face the problems to find data about th descriptive and analytical research.... i hope you can get this data of research easily...thanks
Research problem is a question that a researcher wants to answer or a problem that a researcher wants to solve. Identification and formulation of a research problem is the first step of the research process.
However, it is considered as one of the most challenging and difficult phases of any research project. It is believed that selection of a good research problem is a discovery in itself.
Selection of a research problem depends on several factors, such as researcher's knowledge, skills, interest, expertise, motivation, and creativity with respect to the subject of inquiry.
In addition, a researcher needs to ensure that a selected problem has high significance and implication for his or her profession as well as it should be a suitable, feasible, testable, and solvable research problem.
It is believed that most of the good research studies need lots of time for selection of a research problem. Initially, every researcher faces the predicament of identifying, selecting, and formulating a good research problem. This chapter will answer these pertinent questions.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
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Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
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Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
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2. INTRODUCTION
A research problem is a question that a researcher wants
to answer or a problem that a researcher wants to solve.
Identification and formulation of a research problem is
the first step of research process. It is the most
challenging and difficult phases of any research project.
Good research studies need lots of time for selection of a
research problem.
3. DEFINITION
“A problem is an interrogative sentence or
statement that asks what relation exists between
two or more variables. The answer to questions
will provide what is having sought in the research”.
-Kerlinger
In other words, ‘A research problem is an area
of concern where there is a gap in the
knowledge base needed for professional
practices’.
5. • Relevance of the study
• Title of the study
• Operational definition of the
variables
• Objectives of the study
• Delimitations of the study
• Scope and limitation of the
study
A research
problem has
six
components.
6. IDENTIFICATION OF RESEARCH
PROBLEM
Identification of a research problem is the first and
most important step in the research process.
Generally, a broad area is selected and then a broad
topic is delimited or narrowed down to a specific
one-sentence statement of the problem.
This step of the research process is considered as the
most difficult and challenging, and needs lots of
time.
9. 1.Personal experiences:
Day-to-day personal experience of a
researcher may serve as good source of
ideas to formulate a research problem.
For example, a researcher observed
domestic violence suffered by wives of
alcoholic husbands. This experience may
provide ideas to identify several research
problem related to domestic violence
against women.
2.Practical experience:
Nurses get plenty of ideas to formulate
research problem from their clinical
experiences. For example, a nurse finds
that unrestricted visiting hours in surgical
wards reduced the analgesic demand
among postoperative patients.
Such clinical experiences could be rich
sources of ideas to identify a significant
research problem.
10. 3. Critical appraisal of literature: When we critically study books
and articles relating to the subject of our interest, including
research reports, opinion articles, and summaries if clinical issues,
pertinent questions may arise in our mind. These may strike the
reader’s mind indirectly by stimulating imagination and directly by
stating what additional research is needed.
For example, a nurse reads an article on the prevalence of pin
site infection among patients with external fixators. While
reading these articles, she learns that there is lack of consensus
about pin site care. This information may serve as a basis to
formulate a research problem.
11. 4. Previous research: A body of
knowledge should be developed on a
sound foundation of research findings.
Usually, at the end of a research, further
research problems are suggested, based
on the shortcomings of previous research,
which can be investigated.
5. Existing theories: Research is a
process of theory development and theory
testing. If an existing theory is used in
developing a researchable problem, a
specific statement from the theory must be
isolated. Generally, a part or parts of the
theory are subjected to testing in the
clinical situation. The testing of an existing
theory is definitely needed in nursing;
therefore, they serve as good sources of
research problems.
12. 6. Consumer feedback: Research problems may be generated
from the results of activities aimed to solicit patient feedback.
For example, at the time of discharge of patient after angiography,
a nurse obtained a feedback from the patient. The patient
verbalized that it was a wonderful experience except for the
discomfort during removal of pressure dressing at the femoral
puncture site.
This feedback provided a concept for nurse to research on efficacy
of available alternative means of dressing at puncture site to
minimize the discomfort among patient undergoing angiography.
13. 7. Performance improvement activities:
The performance improvement activities, also known
as quality improvement activities, are used to improve
processes and outcomes to meet regulatory
requirements. In the process of performance activities,
several issues immerge that require answers through
research. Thus performance improvement activities
also serve as an important source of research
problems.
14. 8. Social issues: Sometimes, topics are suggested
by more global contemporary social or political issues
of relevance to the health care community.
For example, HIV/ AIDS, female feticide, sexual
harassment, domestic violence, and gender equality
in health care and in research are some of the current
social and political issues of concern for health care
professionals.
15. 9.Brainstorming:
Brainstorming sessions are good techniques to find new
questions, where an intensified discussion among interested
people of the profession is conducted to find more ideas to
formulate a good research problem.
For example, ideas for studies may emerge from reviewing
research priorities by having brainstorming sessions with
other nurses, researchers, or nursing faculty.
16. 10.Intuition:
Traditionally, intuitions are considered good sources of
knowledge as well as sources to find new research
problems.
11.Folklores:
Common beliefs could be right or wrong. For example, it
is generally believed that studying just before a test
decreases the score. We believe we should not study
just before test to relax our mind. Researchers can
conduct a research study on whether one should study
before the test or not.
17. 12. Exposure to field situations: During field
exposure, researchers get variety of experiences,
which may provide plenty of ideas to formulate
research problems.
For example, while working in field, a researcher
observed a specific traditional practice for cure of a
disease condition, which can be used as research
problem to investigate its efficacy.
18. 13. Consultations with experts:
Experts are believed to have sound experience in
their respective field; they may suggest a significant
problem to be studied. In addition, experts may help
in finding a current problem of discipline to be solved,
which may serve as basis for formulation of research
problem
21. 1. Significance to nursing profession:
A problem that a researcher is selecting should have
significance to nursing profession or it will not serve
any purpose.
A research problem could be considered significant
for nursing profession if it fulfills the following criteria:
Benefits nursing profession and patients, nurses, and
health care fraternity through the study.
Improves clinical nursing practices through the
results.
Promotes nursing theory development or testing.
Provides solutions of current nursing practice needs.
Generates information to get practical implications for
nursing profession.
22. 2. Original:
It is fundamentally considered that every research
problem should be new and unique in itself. Therefore,
it is key responsibility of a researcher that an innovative
knowledge is used for selecting a research problem, so
as to extend the growth of existing body of knowledge
in a profession.
23. 3. Feasible: Feasibility is an essential consideration
of any research project. It will help the researcher to
decide whether selected problem is appropriate or
inappropriate and study can be actually carried out or
not.
Time
Cost
Equipment & supplies
Administrative support
Peer support
Availability of subjects
Researcher’s competence
Ethical consideration
24. 4. Solvable/ researchable:
Problem selected is considered good only if it is solvable
so that chances of insolvability of problem should be
minimized. This will enhance relevant results. For
examples, a researcher selects a research problem to
know the existence of God in this universe. These sorts
of problems are ambiguous and impossible to solve.
Therefore, the researcher must ensure that a research
problem selected for study is solvable.
5. Current:
A good research problem must be based on the current
problems and needs of a profession, so that results
generated will be of more use. Furthermore, more
professionals will be interested in research conducted on
the current issues of their profession.
25. 6. Interesting:
A research problem can only be considered good if
it is in accordance with researcher’s field of interest.
A research problem must be as per the motivation
of the researcher and should be fascinating to the
researcher, so that research is conducted with full
enthusiasm and not merely for its accomplishment.