Copyright protects original works when fixed in a tangible form. The Indian Copyright Act of 1957 governs copyright and has been amended over time. Copyright ensures minimum protections for creators and rewards creativity. Once a work is created and fixed, copyright is secured automatically. However, new technologies pose challenges for copyright owners to prevent unauthorized use online. Copyright law provides certain exclusive rights to owners, and terms and conditions as well as technology can help enforce digital copyrights.

1. DIGITAL
COPYRIGHTS

2. Copyright?
 Copyright is a form of protection provided to
authors of “original works of authorship”
including
 Literary
 Dramatic
 Musical
 Artistic
 and other intellectual works

3. Indian Copyright Act
 TheCopyright Act, 1957 came into effect
from January 1958. This Act has been
amended five times since then, i.e., in
1983, 1984, 1992, 1994 and 1999, with the
amendment of 1994 being the most
substantial. Prior to the Act of 1957, the
Law of Copyrights in the country was
governed by the Copyright Act of 1914.
This Act was essentially the extension of
the British Copyright Act, 1911 to India.

4. Why copyrights?
 Copyright ensures certain minimum
safeguards of the rights of authors over
their creations, thereby protecting and
rewarding creativity

5. How To Secure A Copyright
•Copyright is secured
automatically when the
work is created.
•A work is "created" when
it is fixed in a copy or
phonorecord for the first
time.

6. challenges
 Advent of I-way is technological challenge
to copyright owners to prevent
unauthorized users.
 Ex-photocopying machines:
 Reproduction time
 Quality
 Delivery time
 Modification
 Combine with other works

7. The Exclusive Rights of Copyright Owners
according to Section 106 of copyright act
• To reproduce the copyrighted work in copies
or phonorecords;
• To prepare derivative works based upon the
copyrighted work;
• To distribute copies or phonorecords of the
copyrighted work to the public by sale or
other transfer of ownership, or by rental,
lease or lending;

8. cont…
• To perform and display the copyrighted
work publicly, in the case of literary,
musical, dramatic, and choreographic
works, pantomimes, and motion pictures
and other audiovisual works;

9. Digital copyrights in online
databases
 Terms and conditions can be categorized
as:
 No downloading at all
 No e storage (only printing)
 No copies or distribution, even internally
 No copies or distribution to third parties
 Specific limitations on various types of use

10. Enforcing digital copyrights using
technology
 Controlling access to copyrighted works
 Controlling server access
 Completely Uncontrolled
 Partially Controlled
 Controlling document access
 Ex. Unique file format that can be read
only by certain software
 encryption
 Controlling use of the work – ex.
controlling the serial copying

11. Enforcing digital copyrights using
technology
 Authenticating the work –
 Use of digital signatures to place a seal on
original work
 Implementing electronic contracts
 Useof software to implement licensing of
rights and metering of use. It is a
combination of access controls, digital
signature and encryption technologies.

13. What Works Qualify for Protection
•Copyright protects
"original works of
authorship" that are fixed
in a tangible form of
expression.
•The fixation need not be
directly perceptible so long
as it may be
communicated with the
aid of a machine or device.

14. Cont…
Literary works;
Musical works, including
any accompanying
words; Dramatic works,
including any
accompanying music;
Pantomimes and
choreographic works;

15. Cont…
Pictorial,graphic, and
sculptural works; Motion
pictures and other
audiovisual works.;Sound
recordings;Architectural
works.

16. Cont…
 These categories should be viewed broadly.
For example, computer programs and most
"compilations" may be registered as "literary
works"; maps and architectural plans may
be registered as "pictorial, graphic, and
sculptural works."

17. What Is Not Protected by Copyright
•Works that have not been fixed in a
tangible form of expression (for example,
choreographic works that have not been
notated or recorded, or improvisational
speeches or performances that have not
been written or recorded)

18. Cont…
 Titles,names, short
phrases, and slogans;
familiar symbols or
designs; mere variations
of typographic
ornamentation, lettering,
or coloring; mere listings
of ingredients or contents

19. •Ideas, procedures, methods, systems,
processes, concepts, principles, discoveries,
or devices, as distinguished from a
description, explanation, or illustration
•Works consisting entirely of information
that is common property and containing no
original authorship (for example: standard
calendars, height and weight charts, tape
measures and rulers, and lists or tables
taken from public documents or other
common sources)

20. References
 http://copyright.gov.in/
 http://www.ircc.iitb.ac.in/Indian
%20Copyright%20Act%201957.html
 http://www.copyright.com/Services/copyrig
htoncampus/basics/law.html

21. Phonorecord

22. Phonograph