This document provides an overview of the female reproductive system including key terms and structures. It discusses the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina, vulva, and breasts. For each structure, it describes location, function, related medical terms, and conditions. It also briefly discusses pregnancy and key stages from embryo to fetus. The purpose is to teach medical terminology related to the female reproductive system for healthcare professionals.
Introduction in human anatomy
2. Anatomy • Definition - anatome = up (ana) + cutting (tome) • Disciplines of anatomy – Macroscopic – Microscopic – Developmental – Neuroanatomy • Approach to study of gross anatomy Upper extremity Back Head and neck Thorax Abdomen Pelvis and perineum Lower extremity
3. Basis for Terminology • Terms informative • Nomina anatomica • Use of eponyms Use correct terminology on exams; avoid nonspecific, general terms, like
Introduction in human anatomy
2. Anatomy • Definition - anatome = up (ana) + cutting (tome) • Disciplines of anatomy – Macroscopic – Microscopic – Developmental – Neuroanatomy • Approach to study of gross anatomy Upper extremity Back Head and neck Thorax Abdomen Pelvis and perineum Lower extremity
3. Basis for Terminology • Terms informative • Nomina anatomica • Use of eponyms Use correct terminology on exams; avoid nonspecific, general terms, like
The endocrine system consists of a network of ductless glands that secrete chemicals (called hormones) that affect the function of specific organs within the body, thus regulating many of the intricate functions of the body itself.
These ductless glands secrete their hormones directly into the bloodstream, as opposed to releasing them externally through ducts (as do the sweat glands and the oil glands).
The field of medicine that deals with the study of the endocrine system and the treatment of the diseases and disorders of the endocrine system is known as endocrinology.
The physician who specializes in the medical practice of endocrinology
is known as an endocrinologist.
This PPT covers Anatomy and Physiology of Male Reproductive System. It includes anatomy of male reproductive organs, spermatogenesis and hormonal regulation of testis
complete human reproduction
At copulation, or sexual intercourse, the erect penis is inserted into the vagina, and spermatozoa contained in the seminal fluid (semen) are ejaculated into the female genital tract. Spermatozoa then pass from the vagina through the uterus to the fallopian tube to fertilize the ovum in the outer part of the tube.
The reproductive events in humans include formation of gametes (gametogenesis), i.e., sperms in males and ovum in females, transfer of sperms into the female.
The endocrine system consists of a network of ductless glands that secrete chemicals (called hormones) that affect the function of specific organs within the body, thus regulating many of the intricate functions of the body itself.
These ductless glands secrete their hormones directly into the bloodstream, as opposed to releasing them externally through ducts (as do the sweat glands and the oil glands).
The field of medicine that deals with the study of the endocrine system and the treatment of the diseases and disorders of the endocrine system is known as endocrinology.
The physician who specializes in the medical practice of endocrinology
is known as an endocrinologist.
This PPT covers Anatomy and Physiology of Male Reproductive System. It includes anatomy of male reproductive organs, spermatogenesis and hormonal regulation of testis
complete human reproduction
At copulation, or sexual intercourse, the erect penis is inserted into the vagina, and spermatozoa contained in the seminal fluid (semen) are ejaculated into the female genital tract. Spermatozoa then pass from the vagina through the uterus to the fallopian tube to fertilize the ovum in the outer part of the tube.
The reproductive events in humans include formation of gametes (gametogenesis), i.e., sperms in males and ovum in females, transfer of sperms into the female.
The human reproductive system includes the male reproductive system which functions to produce and deposit sperms; and the female reproductive system which functions to produce egg cells, and to protect egg cells, and to protect and nourish the fetus until birth.
The male reproductive system consists of several organs, including the testes, epididymis, vas deferens, prostate gland, seminal vesicles, and penis. The testes produce sperm cells and the hormone testosterone, while the other organs work together to support and transport the sperm during ejaculation.
The female reproductive system includes the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and vagina. The ovaries produce eggs and hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. The fallopian tubes transport the released egg to the uterus where it can implant and develop into a fetus if fertilized by sperm. The cervix is the lower part of the uterus that opens into the vagina, which serves as the passageway for sexual intercourse and childbirth.
The following power point discusses about how the process of sexual reproduction takes place in Humans. In it, we discuss about the male and female reproductive systems, then we discuss about how the process of fertilisation occurs in humans. Thereafter we discuss about pregnancy. Menstrual Cycle, Ways to control Population growth, STDs etc
This PowerPoint presentation is an overview of the anatomy, physiology and pathophysiology of diseases, and common disorders of the Reproductive System.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
1. Reproductive System
HSC 1531 Medical Terminology for Healthcare Professionals
Florida State College of Jacksonville
Professor: Michael L.Whitchurch, MHS
2. Female gynec/o
Reproductive System
HSC 1531 Medical Terminology for Healthcare Professionals
Florida State College of Jacksonville
Professor: Michael L.Whitchurch, MHS
6. Reproductive System
–arche –partum
– beginning – childbirth
–cyesis –salpinx
– state of pregnancy – fallopian tube
–gravida –tocia
– pregnancy – labor, childbirth
–para
– to bear (offspring)
7. Reproductive System – Female [gynec/o]
Functional Overview
Propagation of the Human Race
Production of Ova female reproduction cells
Provides a place for fertilization
A place for baby to grow during pregnancy
Breasts provide nourishment of baby
Female sex hormones
Word Building
Gynecology - study of female reproductive system
Gynecologist - physician specialist in gynecology
8. Reproductive System – Female
Overview of Anatomy
Internal genetalia
Within the Pelvic Cavity
– Uterus
– Ovaries
– Fallopian tubes
– Vagina
External genetalia
– Collectively known as Vulva [vulv/o episi/o]
The word genetalia = reproductive organs
12. Reproductive System – Female
Ovaries - Ovary [ oophor/o - ovari/o ]
Small almond-shaped glands
Produce ova (singular is ovum)
Produces female sex hormones
Every 28 days produces:
– Follic stimulating hormone (FSH)
– Luteinizing hormone (LH)
– Triggers ovulation
Produces estrogen and progesterone
– Stimulates lining of uterus in preparation
to receive fertilized ovum
– Female secondary sexual characteristics
13. Ovum (singular form of Ova)
A ovum, B spermatozoon; 1 nucleolus, 2 nucleus, 3 zona pellucida, 4 head, 5 acrosome, 6
centriole, 7 mitochondrion, 8 tail, 9 middle piece, 10 neck, 11 corona radiata, 12 cytoplasm
14. Reproductive System – Female
Ovaries - Ovary [ oophor/o - ovari/o ]
Small almond-shaped glands
Produce ova (singular is ovum)
Produces female sex hormones
Every 28 days produces:
– Follic stimulating hormone (FSH)
– Luteinizing hormone (LH)
– Triggers ovulation
Produces estrogen and progesterone
– Stimulates lining of uterus in preparation
to receive fertilized ovum
– Female secondary sexual characteristics
Word Building
Oophoritis - inflamation of the ovary
Ovarian - pertaining to the ovary
15. Reproductive System – Female
Fallopian Tubes [ salping/o -salpinx ]
Also called
uterine tubes or oviducts
Approximately 5 1/2 inches long
Unattached ends expand into finger-like
projections, Fimbriae
Fimbriae catch ovum after ovulation
and direct into fallopian tube
Tube propel ovum to uterus to be
implanted
Egg and Sperm, fertilization or
conception normally takes place in
upper 1/2 of tubes
16. Reproductive System – Female
Fallopian Tubes [ salping/o -salpinx ]
Also called
uterine tubes or oviducts
Approximately 5 1/2 inches long
Unattached ends expand into finger-like
projections, Fimbriae
Fimbriae catch ovum after ovulation and
direct into fallopian tube
Word Building to uterus or conception
Tube propel ovum
Egg and Sperm, fertilization
to be implanted
Salpingocyesis - tubal upper 1/2 of tubes
normally takes place in pregnancy
Salpingectomy - removal of fallopian tubes
Salpingitis - inflamation of the fallopian tubes
Hematosalpinx - blood in the fallopian tubes
17. Reproductive System – Female
Uterus [ hyster/o metr/o uter/o ] Cervix [ cervic/o ]
Uterus
Hallow with thick muscular wall lined
with mucous membrane lining and
rich blood supply
Center of pelvic cavity between
bladder and rectum
Anteflexion held in place by
ligaments anchored in outer layer of
the uterus called perimetrium
3 sections: fundus | corpus | cervix
18. Reproductive System – Female
Uterus [ hyster/o metr/o uter/o ] Cervix [ cervic/o ]
Layers of the uterus
Endometrium
– Rich blood supply that reacts to
hormonal changes every month that
prepare it to receive fertilized ovum
– Normal pregnancy fertilized ovum
implants.
– Provides nourishment and protection
for developing baby
Myometrium
– Muscle contractions assist in moving
fetus through the birth canal at
delivery
19. Reproductive System – Female
Uterus [ hyster/o metr/o uter/o ] Cervix [ cervic/o ]
Word Building
Hysteropexy - surgical fixation of the uterus
Hysterorrhexis - ruptured uterus
Hysterectomy - surgical removal of the uterus
Endometritis - inflammation within the uterus
Perimetritis - inflammation around the uterus
Metrorrhea - flow from the uterus
Metrorrhagia - rapid blood flow from the uterus
Uterine - pertaining to the uterus
Cervicectomy - removal of the cervix
Cervical - pertaining to the neck of the uterus
Endocervicitis - inflammation within the cervix
20. Reproductive System – Female
Vagina [ colp/o vagin/o ]
Muscular tube, mucous lined
membrane extending from the
cervix of the uterus to the outside
of the body
Passage of menstrual flow
Receives penis and semen with
sperm during intercourse
Birth canal during vaginal birth
Hymen is a thin membrane
covering external vaginal opening
called the vaginal orifice
Bartholin’s glands on either side
of the vaginal orifice
21. Reproductive System – Female
Vagina [ colp/o vagin/o ]
Muscular tube, mucous lined
membrane extending from the
cervix of the uterus to the outside
of the body
Passage of menstrual flow
Receives penis and semen with
sperm during intercourse
Birth canal during vaginal birth
Hymen is a thin membrane
covering external vaginal opening
Word called the vaginal orifice
Building
Colposcope - instrumenton eitherinside the vagina
Barthtolin’s glands to view side
Vaginal the vaginal orifice vagina
of - pertaining to the
Vaginitis - inflammation of the vagina
22. Reproductive System – Female
Vulva [ vulv/o ]
Vulva [vulv/o]
External group of structures Clitoris contains sensitvie
that make up the female erectile tissue aroused during
genitalia intercourse
Labia major and minor serve Perineum is the area between
as protection of the genitalia the vaginal orifice and the
and the urinary meatus anus
23. Reproductive System – Female
Vulva [ vulv/o episi/o ]
Word Building
Episiorrhaphy - suture of the vulva
Episiotomy - surgical incision of the perineum
Vulvitis - inflamation of the vulva
Vulvar - pertaining to the vulva
24. Reproductive System – Female
Breast [mamm/o mast/o]
Also called mammary glands
Lactation - Production of milk
for the nourishment of
newborn baby
Milk is produced in the
Lactiferous glands and
carried to the nipples by the
lactiferous ducts
Areola is the pigmented area
around the nipple
Milk secretion requires
stimulating by the newborn
baby
25. Reproductive System – Female
Breast [mamm/o mast/o]
Word Building
Mammogram - record of breast
Mammary - pertaining to breast
Mammoplasty - surgical repair of breast
Mastalgia - breast pain
Mastitis - inflammation of breast
Mastectomy - removal of breast
26. Pregnancy
Gestation
– Period of pregnancy
– 40 weeks
Premature
– Birth before 37 weeks of
gestation completed
27. Pregnancy
Embryo Fetus
– From implantation into – Ninth week until birth
endometrium until eight weeks – Organs mature and begin to
– Major organs and systems are function
formed
28. Pregnancy - Trimesters
The first trimester is measured from
The first trimester is measured from
conception to about the 12th week
conception to about the 12th week
of pregnancy; the second trimester,
of pregnancy; the second trimester,
from about 13 to 27 weeks of
from about 13 to 27 weeks of
pregnancy; and the third trimester,
pregnancy; and the third trimester,
from about 28 weeks of pregnancy
from about 28 weeks of pregnancy
until birth.
until birth.
http://www.medicinenet.com/stages_of_pregnancy_pictures_slideshow/article.htm
29. First Trimester of Pregnancy
Weeks 1 thru 12
Baby at 4 weeks ……
Baby at 4 weeks ……
Baby's brain and spinal cord have begun to form.
Baby's brain and spinal cord have begun to form.
The heart begins to form.
The heart begins to form.
Arm and leg buds appear.
Arm and leg buds appear.
30. First Trimester of Pregnancy
Weeks 1 thru 12
Baby at 8 weeks ……
Baby at 8 weeks ……
All major organs and external body structures have begun to form.
All major organs and external body structures have begun to form.
Baby's heart beats with aaregular rhythm.
Baby's heart beats with regular rhythm.
The arms and legs grow longer, and fingers and toes have begun to form.
The arms and legs grow longer, and fingers and toes have begun to form.
The sex organs begin to form.
The sex organs begin to form.
The eyes have moved forward on the face and eyelids have formed.
The eyes have moved forward on the face and eyelids have formed.
The umbilical cord is clearly visible.
The umbilical cord is clearly visible.
31. First Trimester of Pregnancy
Weeks 1 thru 12
Baby at 12 weeks ……
Baby at 12 weeks ……
The nerves and muscles begin to work together. Baby can make aafist.
The nerves and muscles begin to work together. Baby can make fist.
The external sex organs show ififthe baby is aaboy or girl.
The external sex organs show the baby is boy or girl.
Eyelids close to protect the developing eyes.
Eyelids close to protect the developing eyes.
They will not open again until the 28th week.
They will not open again until the 28th week.
32. Second Trimester of Pregnancy
Weeks 13 thru 28
Baby at 16 weeks ……
Baby at 16 weeks ……
Muscle tissue and bone continue to form, creating aamore complete skeleton.
Muscle tissue and bone continue to form, creating more complete skeleton.
Skin begins to form.
Skin begins to form.
Meconium (mih-KOH-nee-uhm) develops in your baby's intestinal tract.
Meconium (mih-KOH-nee-uhm) develops in your baby's intestinal tract.
Baby makes sucking motions with the mouth (sucking reflex).
Baby makes sucking motions with the mouth (sucking reflex).
33. Second Trimester of Pregnancy
Weeks 13 thru 28
Baby at 20 weeks ……
Baby at 20 weeks ……
Baby is more active. Mother can feel slight fluttering.
Baby is more active. Mother can feel slight fluttering.
Baby is covered by fine, downy hair called lanugo (luh-NOO-goh) and aawaxy
Baby is covered by fine, downy hair called lanugo (luh-NOO-goh) and waxy
coating called vernix. This protects the forming skin underneath.
coating called vernix. This protects the forming skin underneath.
Eyebrows, eyelashes, fingernails, and toenails have formed.
Eyebrows, eyelashes, fingernails, and toenails have formed.
Baby can hear and swallow.
Baby can hear and swallow.
34. Second Trimester of Pregnancy
Weeks 13 thru 28
Baby at 24 weeks ……
Baby at 24 weeks ……
Bone marrow begins to make blood cells.
Bone marrow begins to make blood cells.
Taste buds form on your baby's tongue.
Taste buds form on your baby's tongue.
Footprints and fingerprints have formed.
Footprints and fingerprints have formed.
Real hair begins to grow on baby's head.
Real hair begins to grow on baby's head.
The lungs are formed, but do not work.
The lungs are formed, but do not work.
The hand and startle reflex develop.
The hand and startle reflex develop.
Your baby sleeps and wakes regularly.
Your baby sleeps and wakes regularly.
IfIfbaby is aaboy, his testicles begin to move from the
baby is boy, his testicles begin to move from the
abdomen into the scrotum.
abdomen into the scrotum.
IfIfbaby is aagirl, her uterus and ovaries are in place, and
baby is girl, her uterus and ovaries are in place, and
aalifetime supply of eggs have formed in the ovaries.
lifetime supply of eggs have formed in the ovaries.
35. Third Trimester of Pregnancy
Weeks 29 thru 40
Baby at 32 weeks ……
Baby at 32 weeks ……
Baby's bones are fully formed, but still soft.
Baby's bones are fully formed, but still soft.
Baby's kicks and jabs are forceful.
Baby's kicks and jabs are forceful.
The eyes can open and close and sense changes in light.
The eyes can open and close and sense changes in light.
Lungs are not fully formed, but practice "breathing" movements occur.
Lungs are not fully formed, but practice "breathing" movements occur.
Baby's body begins to store vital minerals, such as iron and calcium.
Baby's body begins to store vital minerals, such as iron and calcium.
36. Third Trimester of Pregnancy
Weeks 29 thru 40
Baby at 37 - - 40 weeks ……
Baby at 37 40 weeks ……
By the end of 37 weeks, baby is considered full term.
By the end of 37 weeks, baby is considered full term.
Baby's organs are ready to function on their own.
Baby's organs are ready to function on their own.
As due date approaches, the baby may turn into aahead-down
As due date approaches, the baby may turn into head-down
position for birth. Most babies "present" head down.
position for birth. Most babies "present" head down.
37. Fetal Membranes
Infant is surrounded by two membranous sacs
Amnion
– Inner sac
– Holds amniotic fluid in which fetus floats
Chorion
– Outer sac
– Protective
– Forms part of placenta
40. Placenta
Provides nourishment for fetus
Spongy blood-filled organ
Forms in uterus next to fetus
Commonly called afterbirth
Fetus attached to
placenta by umbilical cord
42. Stages of Labor and Delivery
Dilation stage
– First stage
– Strong uterine muscle
contractions pushes fetus
against cervix
Effacement
– Thinning of the cervix
Dilation
– Expands to 10 cm
44. Stages of Labor and Delivery
Expulsion stage
– Second stage
– Begins with full dilation of
cervix
– Ends with birth of baby
Crowning
– When head appears
49. Breech Birth
Normally crown of head appears first in birth canal
Any other body part appearing
first is breech presentation
Buttocks first is most common
51. Male [ andr/o ]
Reproductive System
HSC 1531 Medical Terminology for Healthcare Professionals
Florida State College of Jacksonville
Professor: Michael L.Whitchurch, MHS
52. Male Reproductive System at a Glance
Functions of Male Reproductive System
– Produces sperm
– Delivers sperm to female reproductive tract
– Secretes male sex hormones
53. Male Reproductive System at a Glance
Organs of Male Reproductive System
– Testes
– Epididymis
– Vas deferens
– Seminal vesicle
– Prostate gland
– Bulbourethral gland
– Penis
54. Male Combining Forms
andr/o male
balan/o glans penis
crypt/o hidden
epididym/o epididymis
orch/o testes
orchi/o testes
orchid/o testes
55. Male Combining Forms
prostat/o prostate
spermat/o sperm
testicul/o testes
varic/o varicose veins
vas/o vas deferens
vesicul/o seminal vesicle
57. Anatomy and Physiology - Function
Testes produce sperm
Vas deferens and epididymis transport semen
Reproductive glands add vital fluids to sperm
– Produces semen
Penis delivers semen to vagina
Testes produce male sex hormones
– Testosterone
58. External Genitalia
Located outside the body
– Penis
– Two testes
– Two epididymides (plural for epididymis)
59. Internal Genitalia
Located in pelvic cavity
– Two vas deferentia (plural for vas deferens)
– Two seminal vesicles
– Prostate gland
– Two bulbourethral glands
61. Testes
Singular is testis; also
called testicles
Oval-shaped organs in
scrotum
Produce sperm
62. Testes
Secrete testosterone
– Necessary for proper
development of sperm
– Stimulates growth and
development of male
reproductive organs
– Produces male secondary
sexual characteristics
64. Spermatogenesis
Process that produces sperm
– Occurs within seminiferous tubules of testes
The testes must be maintained at proper temperature for
sperm to survive
– This lower temperature level is achieved by suspending testes in
scrotum outside body
– Scrotum is sac that contains testes, epididymides, and beginning
of vas deferentia
66. Epididymis
Coiled tube-shaped organ
Lies on top of testes
within scrotum
Location for sperm
maturation and storage
Releases sperm into vas
deferens
68. Penis
Shaft of penis
– Contains urethra
Glans penis
– Tip of the penis
– Protected, covered by the
prepuce (foreskin)
69. Penis
Contains erectile tissue
Increased blood flow during sexual stimulation results in
erection
– Allows it to be placed within vagina
– Ejaculation of semen
70. Urethra
Male urethra extends from urinary bladder to the external
opening at tip of penis
– Urinary meatus
Serves a dual function:
– Elimination of urine
– Ejaculation of semen
– During ejaculation, sphincter closes to keep urine from escaping
– Sometimes referred to as Genitourinary System
72. Vas Deferens
Carries sperm from
epididymis up into pelvic
cavity
– Travels up in front of urinary
bladder, over top, and then
back down posterior side of
the bladder
– Empties into urethra
73. Spermatic Cord
Cord-like structure between pelvic cavity and scrotum
Consists of:
– Two vas deferentia
– Nerves
– Arteries
– Veins
– Lymphatic vessels
75. Seminal Vesicles
Two glands
At base of urinary bladder
Connected to vas
deferens just before it
empties into urethra
76. Seminal Vesicles
Secrete a fluid that nourishes sperm
– Rich in glucose
This fluid, along with sperm, constitutes semen
– Fluid ejaculated during sexual intercourse
78. Prostate Gland
Single gland located just
below urinary bladder
Surrounds urethra
– Vas deferens empties into
urethra within prostate
79. Prostate Gland
Secretes alkaline fluid
– Neutralizes pH of urethra and vagina
– Critical for sperm survival
Enlargement of prostate puts pressure on
both urethra and vas deferens
– Causes problems with both urination and ejaculation
81. Bulbourethral Gland
Also known as
Cowper’s glands
Two small glands
– Either side of urethra
– Just below prostate
Secrete mucus-like
lubricating fluid
83. Word Building with andr/o & balan/o
–gen androgen male producing
–pathy andropathy male disease
–itis balanitis inflammation of glans penis
–plasty balanoplasty surgical repair of glans penis
–rrhea balanorrhea discharge from glans penis
84. Word Building with epididym/o & orch/o
–ectomy epididymectomy removal of epididymis
–al epididymal pertaining to epididymis
–itis epididymitis inflammation of epididymis
an– –ism anorchism condition of no testes
85. Word Building with orchi/o & orchid/o
–ectomy orchiectomy removal of testes
–otomy orchiotomy incision into testes
–plasty orchioplasty surgical repair of testes
–ectomy orchidectomy removal of testes
–pexy orchidopexy surgical fixation of testes
86. Word Building with prostat/o & spermat/o
–itis prostatitis inflammation of prostate
–
prostatectomy removal of prostate
–ic spermatic pertaining to sperm
–ic prostatic pertaining to prostate
–lysis spermatolysis destruction of sperm
87. Word Building with testicul/o & vesicul/o
–ar testicular pertaining to testes
–ar vesicular pertaining to seminal vesicles
88. Word Building with –spermia
a– aspermia condition of no sperm
oligo– oligospermia condition of scanty sperm
89. Male Reproductive System Vocabulary
inability to engage in sexual intercourse due to
erectile
inability to maintain an erection; also called
dysfunction (ED)
impotence
inability to father children due to a problem with
sterility
spermatogenesis
90. Testes Pathology
failure of testes to descend into scrotum
cryptorchidism before birth
accumulation of fluid around testes or along
hydrocele
spermatic cord
testicular carcinoma malignant tumor of testes
testicular torsion twisting of spermatic cord
varicocele varicose veins of the spermatic cord
91. Prostate Gland Pathology
benign prostatic noncancerous enlargement of prostate gland;
hypertrophy (BPH) common in older men
prostate cancer malignant tumor of prostate gland
92. Penis Pathology
congenital opening of urethra on dorsal surface of
epispadias
penis
congenital opening of urethra on underside of
hypospadias
penis
phimosis narrowing of prepuce; constricts glans penis
persistent and painful erection; caused by
priapism pathology, not sexual stimulation
93. Sexually Transmitted Disease
chancroid highly infections non-syphilitic venereal ulcer
chlamydia bacterial genital infection in males & females
genital
viral infection that appears like blisters
herpes
warts on the genitalia of both males & females; caused
genital warts
by a virus
gonorrhea bacterial infection of mucous membranes of males &
(GC) females
94. Sexually Transmitted Disease
human
sexually transmitted virus that attacks immune
immunodeficiency
system
virus (HIV)
disease usually acquired as a result of sexual
sexually transmitted
intercourse; formerly called venereal disease
disease (STD)
(VD)
chronic bacterial infection; attacks multiple
syphilis
organs including brain
genitourinary infection caused by a protist in
trichomoniasis
both males and females
95. Clinical Laboratory Tests
prostate-specific
blood test to screen for prostate cancer
antigen (PSA)
part of fertility workup; analyzed for number,
semen analysis
swimming strength, and shape
97. Surgical Procedures
castration removal of testes
circumcision removal of prepuce
surgical fixation to pin undescended testes
orchidopexy
in scrotum
process of rendering a male or female
sterilization
unable to conceive children
98. Surgical Procedures
transurethral resection of removal of prostate tissue by inserting
prostate (TUR, TURP) device through urethra
removal of a segment of vas deferens to
vasectomy
prevent sperm from ejaculating
reconnects ends of vas deferens to
vasovasostomy
reverse a vasectomy
100. Male Reproductive System Pharmacology
replacement of male Andronate,
androgen therapy
hormones DepAndro
shrinks benign prostatic Proscar,
antiprostatic agents
hypertrophy Avodart
erectile dysfunction temporarily produces
Viagra, Cialis
agents erection
Semicid, Ortho-
spermatocide destroys sperm
Gynol
101. Male Reproductive System
Abbreviations
BPH benign prostatic hypertrophy
DRE digital rectal exam
ED erectile dysfunction
GC gonorrhea
GU genitourinary
PSA prostate-specific antigen
102. Male Reproductive System
Abbreviations
RPR rapid plasma reagin (test for syphilis)
SPP suprapubic prostatectomy
STD sexually transmitted disease
TUR transurethral resection
TURP transurethral resection of prostate
VD venereal disease