This document provides information about blood, the lymphatic and immune systems, hematology, and immunology. It discusses the anatomy of blood including the formed elements of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes that circulate in plasma. The functions of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are described. Several key terms relating to blood and hematology are also defined.

1. Blood
Lymphatic and Immune System
Hematology and Immunology
Medical Terminology for Healthcare Professionals
HSC 1531
Florida State College of Jacksonville
Professor: Michael Whitchurch, MHS

3. Anatomy of
hemat/o | hem/o | sanguin/o
formed elements – hemat/opoiesis
erythr/ocytes leuk/ocytes thromb/ocytes plasma
(RBC) (WBC) platelets
transport substances fights path/ogens clots (hem/ostasis) carries formed elements
Hgb Hem/oglobin viruses fibrin/o
Oxygen O2 bacteria agglutin/o
diseases coagul/o
nutirents
phag/ocytes
waste neut/ophil
bas/ophil
eosin/ophil

4. Discussion Outline - Blood
 Blood Anatomy
 Cells and Plasma
 ABO System
 Rh Factor
 Blood Pathology
 Lab Test
 Procedures

5. Blood [Formed elements]
 Erythrocytes
Red Cells - RBC
 Leukocytes
White Cells - WBC
 Platelets

6. Blood at a Glance: Functions
 Transports substances
throughout body
 Substances are attached to
red blood cells or dissolved
in plasma
 White blood cells fight
infection and disease
 Platelets initiate blood
clotting process

7. Blood at a Glance: Functions

8. Blood Combining Forms (16)
 agglutin/o
 clumping
 bas/o
 base
 chrom/o
 color
 coagul/o
 clotting
 eosin/o
 rosy red
 erythr/o
 red
 fibrin/o
 fibers, fibrous
 granul/o
 granules

9. Blood Combining Forms
 hem/o
 blood
 hemat/o
 blood
 leuk/o
 white
 morph/o
 shape
 neutr/o
 neutral
 phag/o
 eat, swallow
 sanguin/o
 blood
 thromb/o
 clot

10. Blood Suffixes
 -apheresis
 removal
 -cytosis
 more than normal number of cells
 -emia
 blood condition
 -globin
 protein
 -penia
 abnormal decrease
 -phil
 attraction for
 -poiesis
 formation
 -stasis
 standing still

11. Anatomy and Physiology
 Average adult has about
five liters of blood
 Circulates through body
within blood vessels
 Blood cells are produced
in red bone marrow
 Process called
hematopoiesis

12. Anatomy and Physiology
 Is a mixture of cells floating in a fluid
 Fluid is plasma
 Cells are called formed elements
 Erythrocytes (RBC)
 Leukocytes (WBC)
 Platelets

13. lymphocytes
Components of blood.

14. Plasma
 About 55% of whole blood
 Plasma is 90–92% water
 Remaining 8–10% is
dissolved substances

15. Dissolved Substances in Plasma
 Plasma proteins
 Albumin – helps transport fatty substances
 Globulin – gamma globulins are antibodies
 Fibrinogen – blood clotting protein
 Additional important substances
 Calcium, potassium, sodium, glucose, amino
acids, fats, urea, creatinine

16. leukocytes
Components of blood.

17. Red Blood Cells (RBC)
 Called erythrocytes
 Enucleated
 No nucleus
 Biconcave disk
 5 million per cubic
millimeter of blood
 Adult has 35 trillion;
more in males

18. Erythrocytes (RBC)
 Hemoglobin (Hgb, Hb) gives red color
 Pigment containing iron
 Responsible for oxygen transport
 Life span of 120 days
 Spleen removes worn out ones
 Iron can be reused
 Bilirubin is waste product disposed of by liver
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Hemoglobin.jpg

19. White Blood Cells (WBC)
 Also called
leukocytes
 Spherical shape with
large nucleus
 8,000 per cubic
millimeter of blood

20. WBC - Leukocytes
 Provide protection against pathogens
 Bacteria
 Viruses
 Foreign material
 Subdivided into two categories
 Granulocytes – have granules in cytoplasm
 Agranulocytes – no granules in cytoplasm

21. WBC - Leukocyte Classification
 Granulocytes
 Basophils Release histamine and heparin to damaged
tissue
 Eosinophils Destroy parasites and increase during
allergic reaction
 Neutrophils Important for phagocytosis, engulf and
destroy bacteria
 Agranulocytes
 Monocytes Important for phagocytosis
 Lymphocytes Provide protection through immunity,
destroys viruses and produces antibodies

24. luekoocytes
Components of blood.

25. Platelets
 Also called thrombocyte
 Smallest of all blood elements
 Plate-like fragments of larger cell
 200,000-300,000 per cubic
millimeter … that means they are
very, very small !!

26. Platelets
 Critical in blood clotting
 Hemostasis
 Agglutinate into small clusters
when blood vessel is damaged
 Leads to formation of thrombin
(enzyme proteins catalyst)
 Which converts fibrinogen,
(plasma protein) from the liver to
form the fibrin protein
 Results in formation of
mesh like blood clot

27. luekoocytes
Components of blood.

28. Blood Types
 Blood is made of the same basic elements,
 Not all blood is alike… In fact, there are ..
 8 common blood types, which are determined by the
presence or absence of certain antigens… substances
that can trigger an immune response if they are foreign
to the body.
 Since some antigens can trigger a patient's immune
system to attack the transfused blood,
 Safe blood transfusions depend on careful blood typing
and cross-matching.

29. The ABO Blood Group
System
There are four major blood groups determined by the presence or absence of
two antigens, A and B, on the surface of red blood cells:
Group A
Has only the A antigen on red cells (and B antibody in the plasma)
Group B
Has only the B antigen on red cells (and A antibody in the plasma)
Group AB
Has both A and B antigens on red cells (but neither A nor B antibody in the plasma)
Group O
Has neither A nor B antigens on red cells (but both A and B antibody are in the plasma)

30. Blood Typing
 Each person’s blood is different
from others’
 Due to presence of marker proteins on
surface of erythrocytes
 Must do blood typing before blood
transfusion
 Test to determine if donated blood is
compatible with recipient’s blood
 There are many different blood
markers
 Two most important ones for
transfusions are ABO system and Rh
factor

31. ABO System
 There are two possible RBC markers, A and B
 Person with A marker has type A blood
 Type A blood produces anti-B antibodies
 Anti-B antibodies attack type B and type AB blood
 Person with B marker has type B blood
 Type B blood produces anti-A antibodies
 Anti-A antibodies attack type A and type AB blood

32. ABO System
 Person with no marker has type O blood
 Type O blood produces anti-A & anti-B antibodies
 These antibodies will attack type A, type B, and type AB
blood
 Person with both markers has type AB blood
 Type AB blood produces no antibodies
 Therefore it will not attack any other blood types

33. ABO Blood Typing
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ABO_blood_type.svg

34. Blood Type Exercise
Click here to review antigens and antibodies in a labeling activity.

35. The ABO Blood Group
System
There are very specific ways in which blood types must be matched for a safe transfusion:
http://www.redcrossblood.org/learn-about-blood/blood-types

36. Rh Factor
:a genetically determined protein on the red blood cells
of some people that is one of the substances used
to classify human blood as to compatibility for
transfusion and that when present in a fetus but
not in the mother causes a serious immunogenic
reaction in which the mother produces antibodies
that cross the placenta and attack the red blood
cells of the fetus—called also

37. Rh Factor
 Person with Rh factor on red blood cells is
Rh positive (Rh+) = present
 Will not make anti Rh antibodies
 Person without Rh factor is
Rh negative (Rh-) = absent
 Will produce anti Rh antibodies
 Rh+ person may receive either Rh+ or Rh- transfusion
 Rh- person can receive only Rh- blood

38. Universal Donor
 Because type O blood does not have
either marker A or B, it will not
react with anti-A or anti-B
antibodies found in other blood
types
 For this reason a person with type
O blood is referred to as a ….
universal donor
 In an extreme emergency, type O
blood may be given to a person with
any other blood type

39. Universal Recipient
 Because a person with type AB blood has no
antibodies against other blood types, it will not
react with other blood
 For this reason, type AB blood is the universal
recipient
 In an extreme emergency, a person with type AB
blood may receive any type of blood

40. Blood Typing Compatibility
Type A+ A- B+ B- AB+ AB- O+ O-
A+ + + - - - - + +
A- - + - - - - - +
B+ - - + + - - + +
B- - - - + - - - +
AB+ + + + + + + + +
AB- - + - + - + - +
O+ - - - - - - + +
O- - - - - - - - +
Copyright 2009 Dr. Bruce Forciea LLC. Visit our site at www.informationalhealing.com and www.learnanatomyphysiology.com

41. Word Building with
fibrin/o and hem/o
–gen fibrinogen
–lysis fibrinolysis
–ous fibrinous
–globin hemoglobin
–lysis hemolysis
–lytic hemolytic
–rrhage hemorrhage

42. Word Building with
fibrin/o and hem/o
–gen fibrinogen fiber producing
–lysis fibrinolysis fiber destruction
–ous fibrinous pertaining to fibers
–globin hemoglobin blood protein
–lysis hemolysis blood destruction
–lytic hemolytic blood destruction
–rrhage hemorrhage rapid flow of blood

43. Word Building with
hemat/o and sanguin/o
–ologist hematologist
–ic hematic
–ous sanguinous

44. Word Building with
hemat/o and sanguin/o
–ologist hematologist blood specialist
–ic hematic pertaining to blood
–ous sanguinous pertaining to blood

45. Word Building with –cyte
erythr/o erythrocyte
leuk/o leukocyte
thromb/o thrombocyte
granul/o granulocyte
a– granul/o agranulocyte

46. Word Building with –cyte
erythr/o erythrocyte red cell
leuk/o leukocyte white cell
thromb/o thrombocyte clotting cell
granul/o granulocyte granular cell
a– granul/o agranulocyte not a granular cell

47. Word Building with
cytosis & –penia
erythr/o erythrocytosis
leuk/o leukocytosis
thromb/o thrombocytosis
erythr/o erythropenia
leuk/o leukopenia
thromb/o thrombopenia
pan– cyt/o pancytopenia

48. Word Building with
cytosis & –penia
erythr/o erythrocytosis too many red cells
leuk/o leukocytosis too many white cells
thromb/o thrombocytosis too many clotting cells
erythr/o erythropenia too few red (cells)
leuk/o leukopenia too few white (cells)
thromb/o thrombopenia too few clotting (cells)
pan– cyt/o pancytopenia too few all cells

49. Word Building with –poiesis
erythr/o erythropoiesis
leuk/o leukopoiesis
thromb/o thrombopoiesis
hemat/o hematopoiesis

50. Word Building with –poiesis
erythr/o erythropoiesis red (cell) producing
leuk/o leukopoiesis white (cell) producing
thromb/o thrombopoiesis clotting (cell) producing
hemat/o hematopoiesis blood producing

51. Blood Vocabulary (8)
hard collection of fibrin, blood cells, and
blood clot
tissue debris; end result of hemostasis
to convert a liquid to a solid; as in blood
coagulate
clotting
dyscrasia general term for disease affecting blood
branch of medicine specializing in blood
hematology
conditions; physician is a hematologist

52. Electronmicrograph showing a blood clot, composed of fibrin, red blood cells, and tissue debris.

53. Blood Vocabulary
collection of blood under skin as a result
hematoma of blood escaping into tissue from
damaged blood vessels
to stop bleeding or stagnation of blood
hemostasis
flow through tissues
transfusion of only blood cells without
packed cells
plasma
mixture of both plasma and formed
whole blood
elements

54. Blood Pathology (14)
genetic disorder; blood fails to
hemophilia clot due to lack of one clotting
factor
excessive level of lipids in the
hyperlipidemia blood stream; risk factor for
atherosclerosis
having bacteria or their toxins in
septicemia the bloodstream; also called blood
poisoning

55. Erythrocyte Pathology (10)
group of conditions characterized by a
reduction in number of RBCs or the
anemia
amount of hemoglobin; results in less
oxygen reaching tissues
severe anemia in which red bone marrow
aplastic
stops making sufficient blood cells; may
anemia
require bone marrow transplant
hemolytic
results from excessive loss of RBCs
anemia

56. Erythrocyte Pathology
destruction of RBCs when patient
hemolytic
receives mismatched blood
reaction
transfusion
results from insufficient amount of
hypochromic
hemoglobin in RBCs; unable to
anemia
transport sufficient oxygen
iron-deficiency results from insufficient amount of
anemia iron to make hemoglobin for RBCs

57. Erythrocyte Pathology
pernicious insufficient absorption of vitamin B12;
anemia (PA) unable to make enough RBCs
polycythemia condition of having too many RBCs;
vera blood is too thick and flows sluggishly
genetic disorder where RBCs take on
sickle cell
abnormal sickle shape; become more
anemia
fragile leading to hemolytic anemia
genetic disorder where unable to
thalassemia
produce functioning hemoglobin

58. Figure 6.5 – Comparison of normal-shaped erythrocytes and the abnormal sickle shape noted in
patients with sickle cell anemia.

59. Sickle Cell Anemia
Click here to view animation on sickle cell anemia.

60. Leukocyte Pathology
cancer of white blood cell-
forming portion of red bone
leukemia marrow; results in large number
of abnormal and immature WBCs
circulating in blood stream

61. Leukemia Video
Click here to view a video on leukemia.
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62. Clinical Laboratory Tests (12)
blood culture & blood is incubated to identify infecting
sensitivity bacteria and then test determines
(C&S) best antibiotic to use
set of blood tests: RBC count, WBC
complete blood count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, white
count (CBC) blood cell differential, and platelet
count
erythrocyte determines rate at which RBCs settle
sedimentation in a test tube; indicates presence of
rate (ESR) inflammation in body

63. Clinical Laboratory Tests
hematocrit
measures volume of RBCs
(HCT, Hct, crit)
hemoglobin measures amount of hemoglobin
(Hgb, hb) present
platelet count determines number of platelets
prothrombin
measures how long needed for blood
time (Pro time,
to coagulate and form a clot
PT)

64. Clinical Laboratory Tests
red blood cell
measures number of RBCs
count (RBC)
red blood cell examines RBCs for abnormalities
morphology in shape
sequential multiple
machine for doing multiple blood
analyzer computer
chemistry tests automatically
(SMAC)

65. Clinical Laboratory Tests
white blood cell
measures number of leukocytes
count (WBC)
white blood cell
determines the number of each type
differential
of WBC
(diff)

67. Lab Technicians
Click here to view a video about clinical lab technicians.

68. Medical Procedures (7)
sample of bone marrow removed by
bone marrow
aspiration and examined for diseases
aspiration
such as leukemia and aplastic anemia
incision into vein in order to withdraw
phlebotomy blood for testing; also called
venipuncture

69. Phlebotomist using a needle to withdraw blood.

70. Phlebotomy Video
Click here to view a video on phlebotomy.

71. Medical Procedures (5)
collection and storage of
autologous
patient’s own blood prior to
transfusion
actual need
artificial transfer of blood into
blood transfusion
the bloodstream
patient receives red bone
bone marrow marrow from donor after
transplant (BMT) patient’s own bone marrow has
been destroyed

72. Medical Procedures
homologous replacement blood with blood from
transfusion another person
removal of whole blood, separation
of plasma from formed elements;
plasmapheresis formed elements returned to
patient with donor plasma
transfusion

73. Blood Pharmacology (5)
prevents blood clot warfarin,
anticoagulant
formation Coumadin
Amicar,
antihemorrhagic prevents bleeding
Vitamin K
antiplatelet interferes with action
Plavix, Ticlid
agent of platelets
increases number of Procrit,
hematinic
RBCs and hemoglobin Aranesp
dissolves existing Activase,
thrombolytic
clots Streptase

74. Blood Abbreviations
ALL acute lymphocytic leukemia
AML acute myelogenous leukemia
basos basophils
BMT bone marrow transplant
CBC complete blood count
CLL chronic lymphocytic leukemia
CML chronic myelogenous leukemia

75. Blood Abbreviations
diff differential
eosins, eos eosinophils
ESR, SR, sed rate erythrocyte sedimentation rate
HCT, Hct, crit hematocrit
Hbg, Hb, HGB hemoglobin
lymphs lymphocytes
monos monocytes

76. Blood Abbreviations
PA pernicious anemia
PCV packed cell volume
PMN, polys polymorphonuclear neutrophil
PT, pro-time prothrombin time
RBC red blood cell
Rh+ Rh positive

77. Blood Abbreviations
Rh- Rh negative
segs segmented neutrophil
SMAC sequential multiple analyzer computer
WBC white blood cell