This document summarizes the key aspects of human reproduction. It describes sexual reproduction and the male and female reproductive systems. It explains the role of hormones in development of secondary sex characteristics during puberty. The female menstrual cycle and process of fertilization are outlined. Different methods of birth control like condoms, pills and IUDs are explained along with their advantages and disadvantages. Common sexually transmitted diseases like gonorrhea and AIDS are also summarized, including how they are transmitted and can be prevented.

1. HUMAN REPRODUCTION
Sexual reproduction is the process
involving the fusion of haploid nuclei to form a
diploid zygote and the production of genetically
dissimilar offspring

2. MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

3. HORMONES: male
• Testosterone (testes)
• Development of male sexual secondary
characteristics:
- Penis and testes grow: produce sperm and
testosterone
- Facial hair develops
- Changes to larynx: deeper voice
- Hair grows on chest and in armpits
- Pubic hair develops

4. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

5. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

6. HORMONES: female
• Oestrogen and progesterone
• Development of male sexual secondary
characteristics:
- Ovaries grow- eggs develop and female
hormones are released
- Hair grows in armpits
- Brests develop/increase in size
- Hips broaden
- Pubic hair grows
- Vagina enlargens

7. Female hormones

8. OVARIES

9. MENSTRUAL CYCLE

10. Fertilisation: the joining of the nuclei of the male
gamete (sperm) and the female gamete (egg)

11. Ovulation and implantation

12. PLACENTA

13. BIRTH
• It begins when the strong muscles in the wall
of the uterus start to contract. This is called
labour.
• The wall of the cervix, gradually becomes wide
enough for the baby to be pushed through.
• The wall of the vagina can stretch to allow the
baby to be pushed through.

14. Birth

15. Afterbirth The placenta falls away from the wall
of the uterus, and passes out through the vagina.

16. ANTE-NATAL CARE
• Diet plenty of calcium: why?
• Diet plenty of extra iron: why?
• Diet with extra carbohydrates: why?
• Diet with extra protein: why?
• Continue to take exercise
• No smoking: why?
• Not too much alcohol or drugs.
• Avoid illnesses: rubella (deaf or other disabilities)
• AIDS: the virus HIV can cross the placenta

17. Breast feeding vs. Milk formula

18. Advantage of breast milk vs. Formula
milk
• Free!
• No need to use an equipment, which, unless
clean it´s easier for bacteria to get into the milk
and make the baby ill.
• Contains antibodies from the mother, which
helps the baby ti fight off infectious diseases.
• Close relationship to develop between mother
and baby.
The composition changes as it grows so that´s
exactly right for the different stages of
development.

19. BIRTH CONTROL:methods
• NATURAL →abstinence
• CHEMICAL →contraceptive pill
→spermicide
• MECHANICAL →condom
→diaphragm
→IUD
• SURGICAL → vasectomy
→ female sterilisation

20. SOME METHODS OF BIRTH CONTROL
METHOD HOW IT WORKS ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES
ABSTINENCE
(Natural)
Careful record of menstrual cycle over
several months, so that the woman can
predict roughly when an egg is likely to
be present in her oviducts. Sexual
intercourse must be avoided around this
time.
It is never possible to be 100% certain
when ovulation is going to happen.
Used by many people who do not want
to use another contraceptive method.
CONTRACEPTIVE PILL
(chemical)
Contains oestrogen and progesterone,
which are made when the woman is
pregnant and stop egg production. One
pill is taken every day
Very effective method, as long as the
pills are taken at the right time. However,
unpleasant side-effects may be
experienced. Women must have regular
check-ups with the doctor.
CONDOM
( mechanical)
It traps semen, as it is released stopping
it from entering the vagina.
Safe method if used correctly.
Helps to prevent the transfer of infection,
such as gonorrhoea and HIV.
DIAPHRAGM
(mechanical)
Circular sheet of rubber placed over the
cervix, at the top of the vagina. Sperm
deposited in the vagina cannot get past
the diaphragm into the uterus.
Effective method if used and fitted
correctly. Fitting must be done by a
doctor, but after that a woman can put
her own diaphragm in and take it out as
needed.
STERILISATION
(surgical)
Man: sperm ducts are cut or tied.
Woman: the oviducts are cut or tied.
Extremely sure with no side- effects.
However, the tubes cannot be re-opened
It is not a method for young people.

21. SEXUAL TRANSMISSABLE DISEASES
• GONORRHOEA
• AIDS

22. GONORRHOEA
Microorganism Symptoms/signs How to prenvent
infection
treatment
Bacteria
(Neisseria)
- Only survives in moist
places, such as the
tissues lining the tubes in
the reproductive systems.
-MAN: It reproduces
inside the urethra.
Unpleasant discharge and
pain when urinating.
- WOMEN: it reproduces
mostly in the cervix.
Discharge and no pain.
They are anaware that
they have the infection
-Having only one sexual
partner.
-- Condom
-- tracing, warning and
treating all possible
sexual contacts of a
person who is diagnosed
with gonorrhoea to make
sure that it does not
spread any furthur.
Antibiotics
(penicillin)
Always succesful.

23. AIDS: acquired immune deficiency syndrome
Microorganism Methods of
transmission
How it affects the
immune system
Ways in which can
be prevented
HIV: human
immunodeficiency
virus
-Direct contact of
your body fluids with
those of someone
with the viru:.
-Through sexual
intercourse: can live
in the fluid inside the
vagina, rectum and
urethra.
-- Through blood
contact:
a) blood transfusions
b) Sharing
hypodermic needles
c) People who have
to deal with
accidents:
paramedics, police
-HIV infects
lymphocytes, in
particular T cells.
They are unable to
fight against other
pathogens
effectively.
-They become
vulnerable to other
infections such as
pneumonia, they
may develop cancer
and brain cells are
also damaged.
- They die of a
collection of several
illnesses.
-Having one sexual
partner.
- Using condoms
lowers the chances
of the virus passing
from one person to
another.
- Blood used in
transfusions must
be screened for HIV
before it is used.
- Use of sterile
needles.
- Paramedics and
policemen: use of
protective clothes.