Reorhabdogit
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The document summarizes several viruses in the Reoviridae family including orthoreovirus, rotavirus, coltivirus, orbivirus, and rhabdovirus. Reoviruses have double-layered capsids containing segmented double-stranded RNA. They generally cause mild or asymptomatic infections but rotavirus is a major cause of infantile diarrhea. Rhabdoviruses like rabies virus are bullet-shaped with a single-stranded RNA genome and cause diseases ranging from rabies to Colorado tick fever.
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Reoviruses/Reoviridae and Rotavirus
This document discusses the Reoviridae family of viruses. It provides information on Rotavirus, including that it is the most common cause of severe diarrhea in infants and children worldwide, with about 500,000 child deaths annually. Rotavirus has a double-stranded RNA genome and infects the intestinal tract. It spreads easily between young children and causes symptoms like vomiting, diarrhea, and dehydration. While there is no specific treatment, prevention through vaccination is available.
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Reoviridae is a family of viruses that includes orthoreoviruses, rotaviruses, orbiviruses, and coltiviruses. They are non-enveloped viruses with double-layered protein capsids and segmented double-stranded RNA genomes. Rotaviruses are the most common cause of severe diarrhea in infants and young children worldwide. They replicate in the cytoplasm of intestinal cells. Orbiviruses commonly infect insects and can be transmitted to vertebrates by insects, causing diseases like bluetongue in sheep. While reoviruses are ubiquitous, their role in human disease is unclear.
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POXVIRUSES.pptx
This document summarizes key information about poxviruses. It describes that poxviruses are large, complex DNA viruses that replicate in the cytoplasm. They can be seen under a light microscope and have a brick-shaped morphology. Poxviruses infect both vertebrates and insects, with four genera infecting humans. These include variola virus, which causes smallpox, vaccinia virus formerly used for smallpox vaccination, cowpox virus, and monkeypox virus. Poxviruses can survive for months when protected from sunlight but are susceptible to UV light and inactivated by disinfectants like phenol and formalin.
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It might be thought that viruses as a class represent the ultimate in parasitism.
Reliant as they are on their host cells to provide most of the machinery or replication.
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1) Arboviruses belong to three virus families including Togaviruses, Bunyaviruses, and Flaviviruses. Dengue fever is caused by any one of four related flaviviruses.
2) Dengue is the biggest arbovirus problem worldwide, transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. It causes dengue fever and the potentially lethal dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome.
3) Diagnosis involves serology to detect IgM and IgG antibodies or isolation of the virus. There is no vaccine or antiviral treatment, so management focuses on supportive care and
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Dogs are the source of the vast majority of human rabies deaths, contributing up to 99% of all rabies transmissions to humans. ... Rabies is an infectious viral disease that is almost always fatal. It is a preventable viral disease of mammals most often transmitted through the bite of a rabid animal. The vast majority of rabies cases reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) each year occur in wild animals like raccoons, skunks, bats, and foxes.
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Prof. P. Ravisankar M. Pharm., Ph.D.
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0 9000199106
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The document discusses several key aspects of virus structure and replication. It describes the basic components of viral structure, including the capsid, nucleocapsid, and presence or absence of an envelope. The summary also notes that enveloped viruses are sensitive to drying and detergents, while naked capsid viruses can survive harsher conditions. It then provides brief overviews of the replication cycles and host interactions of paramyxoviruses, rabies virus, rotavirus, and how these viruses cause disease.
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The document discusses several key aspects of virus structure and replication. It describes the basic components of viral structure, including the capsid, nucleocapsid, and presence or absence of an envelope. The summary also notes that enveloped viruses are sensitive to drying and detergents, while naked capsid viruses can survive harsher conditions. It then provides brief overviews of the replication cycles and host interactions of paramyxoviruses, rabies virus, rotavirus, and hepatitis B virus.
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This document discusses four common viruses that cause gastroenteritis - rotaviruses, adenoviruses, caliciviruses, and astroviruses. It provides details on their morphology, genome, and epidemiological aspects. Rotaviruses are the leading cause of severe diarrhea in young children worldwide. Noroviruses account for about 10% of all cases of viral gastroenteritis. While most were initially identified using electron microscopy, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is now commonly used for molecular diagnosis.
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This document provides information on the adenovirus. It discusses that adenoviruses can cause respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urinary tract infections as well as eye infections. It describes the morphology of adenoviruses including their icosahedral capsids. It covers the classification of adenoviruses into genera, species, and human serotypes. It discusses the pathogenesis of adenovirus infections and associated clinical manifestations like respiratory diseases, eye infections, and gastrointestinal diseases. It also outlines methods for laboratory diagnosis including isolation, serology, and molecular techniques. Treatment involves supportive care as there is no specific antiviral.
Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers
Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers (microbiology), exanthematous fever and mosquito-borne virus, poxvirus (small pox), herpes virus (chicken pox), paramyxovirus (measles), filovirus, arbovirus (togaviridae-chikungunya) (flaviviridae-dengue,yellow fever)
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This document provides information on picornaviruses including enteroviruses. It discusses the classification, properties, laboratory diagnosis and clinical features of important enteroviruses such as poliovirus, coxsackievirus, echovirus and newer enteroviruses 68-72. Poliovirus is described in more detail including its morphology, antigenic properties, pathogenesis of paralytic poliomyelitis, and prevention through polio vaccines.
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This document provides information on four diseases: smallpox, chickenpox, rubella, and measles. It discusses the causative agents, transmission, symptoms, treatment and prevention of each disease. Smallpox was eradicated through a global vaccination campaign led by the WHO. Chickenpox is caused by the varicella virus and causes a mild illness with a rash. Rubella infection during pregnancy can cause congenital rubella syndrome in infants. Measles is highly contagious and was once a common cause of childhood death, though vaccination programs have greatly reduced cases.
Rhabdo virus
Rhabdoviruses are a family of viruses that contain negative-stranded RNA and infect vertebrates including humans. They are transmitted primarily through animal bites. The most common rhabdovirus that infects humans is the rabies virus. Rabies virus causes an acute viral infection of the central nervous system that is nearly always fatal if post-exposure prophylaxis is not administered.
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This document provides an overview of picornaviruses, with a focus on poliovirus. It begins by outlining the objectives of discussing picornavirus morphology, classification, pathogenesis, and the clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of poliomyelitis and other diseases caused by echoviruses and rhinoviruses. It then provides details on picornavirus morphology, classification, the history of poliovirus research and discovery, epidemiology, characteristics, cultivation, pathogenesis, and clinical features of poliomyelitis. Key points covered include that poliovirus is an enterovirus that can cause paralysis, replication in the gastrointestinal tract and nervous system, and that infection may be asymptomatic, minor
Viruses causing diarrhea
This document discusses viruses that cause diarrhea. It focuses on rotavirus as the most common cause of diarrhea in children. Rotavirus is a double-stranded RNA virus that infects and destroys cells lining the small intestine. It is classified into groups based on antigenic variation and currently globally common strains include G1P[8]. The virus is transmitted through the fecal-oral route. Clinical features include vomiting and watery diarrhea. Treatment involves oral rehydration and prevention centers around vaccination and improved hygiene. The document also briefly outlines other viruses like norovirus, adenovirus, astrovirus and their roles in viral gastroenteritis.
Rubella,VHF,Hep.pptx
Rubella is a mild viral infection that can cause serious birth defects if contracted during pregnancy. It is caused by the rubella virus, which is an enveloped RNA virus. Common symptoms include rash, fever, and joint pain. While usually mild, infection during pregnancy can lead to miscarriage or congenital rubella syndrome in infants. Vaccination has largely controlled rubella outbreaks. Viral hemorrhagic fevers are severe illnesses caused by RNA viruses that damage blood vessels and can cause bleeding. Hepatitis refers to liver inflammation, which can be caused by several viruses like hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E viruses through blood or fecal-oral transmission.
Virology Review 2020
1. The document describes several methods for diagnosing viral infections including direct fluorescent antibody staining, enzyme immunoassays, viral cell culture, and molecular amplification.
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The document discusses picornaviruses, a family of small RNA viruses that includes enteroviruses. It provides details on the structure, classification, and diseases caused by different genera of picornaviruses, with a focus on enteroviruses and polioviruses. Key points covered include the icosahedral structure of picornaviruses; classification of enteroviruses into different genera; diseases caused by different enteroviruses including poliomyelitis caused by polioviruses; laboratory diagnosis of enteroviral infections; and prevention of poliomyelitis through vaccines.
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Rotaviruses are the most common cause of severe diarrhea in infants and young children worldwide. They have a distinctive wheel-like shape when viewed under an electron microscope due to their three-layered protein capsids. The segmented double-stranded RNA genome can undergo genetic reassortment. Group A rotaviruses are the most prevalent human strain and cause diarrhea by infecting and damaging the small intestine. Diagnosis involves detecting the virus in stool samples by electron microscopy or ELISA. Treatment focuses on rehydration and there is no antiviral drug. Vaccines provide effective prevention against severe rotavirus diarrhea.
1. Rotavirus and Noravirus
Rotavirus and norovirus are important causes of acute gastroenteritis in humans. Rotavirus infects the small intestine and causes diarrhea by damaging intestinal cells and impairing absorption. It is highly contagious and a major cause of diarrhea in young children worldwide. Norovirus is the most common cause of nonbacterial gastroenteritis in the US, causing outbreaks through food, water, and person-to-person transmission. It has a short incubation period and clinical course, causing nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Both viruses are diagnosed through detection of viral particles or genes in stool samples, and treatment is supportive to prevent dehydration.
Coronavirus...
1) Corona viruses are a large group of RNA viruses that commonly infect animals but sometimes humans, causing illnesses ranging from the common cold to SARS, MERS, and COVID-19.
2) SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV are two dangerous corona viruses that have caused outbreaks in the past, while the current pandemic is caused by SARS-CoV-2 which emerged in 2019.
3) Slow viruses and prions are infectious agents that cause long incubation periods and neurodegenerative diseases like Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease through direct neuronal damage rather than immune responses. They lack nucleic acids and are resistant to sterilization.
Virology Review
This document provides an overview of diagnostic techniques used in virology laboratories, including direct antigen detection, rapid antigen detection assays, molecular detection methods like PCR, viral cell culture techniques, and specimen collection and transport. It discusses the diagnostic methods for specific virus families like Herpesviridae, Adenoviridae, Parvoviridae, Papovaviridae, Hepadnaviridae, Flaviviridae, Picornaviridae, and Orthomyxoviridae. Key points covered include the use of direct fluorescent antibody staining, enzyme immunoassays, viral culture characteristics and cytopathic effects, histopathology features, and serological assays for various virus identification.
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4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
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7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Reorhabdogit
- 1. Reovirus, Rhabdovirus and Gastrointestinal Viruses FE A. BARTOLOME, MD, FPASMAP Department of Microbiology & Parasitology Our Lady of Fatima University
- 5. Reoviridae REPLICATION : Ingestion Proteolytic cleavage of outer capsid in GIT Formation of intermediate/infectious viral particle (ISVP) ISVP release core into cytoplasm Enzymes in core initiate mRNA production using + strand as template
- 10. A 6-month-old boy was seen in the emergency room after two days of persistent watery diarrhea and vomiting accompanied by a low-grade fever and mild cough. The infant appeared dehydrated and required hospitalization.
- 18. A 24-year old mountaineering student developed fever, chills, and headache 4 days after hiking in the forest. He also complained of photophobia, muscle pain, joint pains and lethargy. P.E. showed redness of conjunctiva, (+) LAD, and palpable liver margins. Maculopapular rashes were noted. Laboratory exam revealed leukopenia with neutropenia and lymphopenia. He remembers being bitten by an insect during the hike.
- 30. An 11-year old boy was brought to the hospital after falling. His bruises were treated and he was released afterwards. The following day, he refused to drink water with his medicine, and he became more anxious. That night, he began to act up and hallucinate. He was also salivating and had difficulty breathing. Two days later, he had high grade fever and experienced two episodes of cardiac arrest. His condition continued to deteriorate, and he died 11 days later. When the parents were questioned, it was learned that the boy had been bitten on the finger by a dog 6 months earlier.
- 37. Rhabdovirus Wks to mos Afferent neurons Incubation phase Prodrome phase Neurologic phase MOT Bind to nicotinic Ach or ganglioside receptors of neurons Muscle at site of inoculation Replicate at site of bite Skin of head & neck, salivary glands, retina, cornea, nasal mucosa, adrenal medulla, renal parenchyma, pancreatic acinar cells CNS (hippocampus, brainstem, ganglionic cells of pontine nuclei, Purkinje cells of cerebellum) Travel by retrograde axoplasmic transport to DRG & to SC
- 39. Rhabdovirus PROGRESSION OF RABIES DISEASE Disease Phase Symptoms Time (days) Viral Status Immunologic status Incubation Asymptomatic 60 – 365 after bite Low titer, virus in muscle Prodrome Fever, n & v, anorexia, headache, lethargy, pain at bite site 2 – 10 Low titer, virus in CNS and brain Neurologic Hydrophobia, pharyngeal spasms, hyperactivity, anxiety, depression CNS: loss of coordination, paralysis, confusion 2 – 7 High titer, virus in brain and other sites Detectable antibody in serum & CNS Coma Coma: cardiac arrest, hypotension, hypoventilation, secondary infections 0 – 14 High titer, virus in brain and other sites Death