Rubella is a mild viral infection that can cause serious birth defects if contracted during pregnancy. It is caused by the rubella virus, which is an enveloped RNA virus. Common symptoms include rash, fever, and joint pain. While usually mild, infection during pregnancy can lead to miscarriage or congenital rubella syndrome in infants. Vaccination has largely controlled rubella outbreaks. Viral hemorrhagic fevers are severe illnesses caused by RNA viruses that damage blood vessels and can cause bleeding. Hepatitis refers to liver inflammation, which can be caused by several viruses like hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E viruses through blood or fecal-oral transmission.
Picornaviruses presentation for medical student created by: Farhang Shapouran
References : Moray medical microbiology, Jawetz medical microbiology, ICTV
Presented by Dr. Seraj Ahmad Jahanfar; Emergency and Critical Care physician at French Medical Institute for Mother and Children in Kabul, Afghanistan.
Viral diseases linked to pharmacology and parasitology.
Have a better understanding of viruses and classification and how each virus is treated and their diseases and mode of infection.
It Contains Pathogenesis of viral diseases like AIDS, Hepatitis, Influenza and Rabies.
It contains detail pathogenesis with various verified sources.
You can refer references to visit the sources used.
Picornaviruses presentation for medical student created by: Farhang Shapouran
References : Moray medical microbiology, Jawetz medical microbiology, ICTV
Presented by Dr. Seraj Ahmad Jahanfar; Emergency and Critical Care physician at French Medical Institute for Mother and Children in Kabul, Afghanistan.
Viral diseases linked to pharmacology and parasitology.
Have a better understanding of viruses and classification and how each virus is treated and their diseases and mode of infection.
It Contains Pathogenesis of viral diseases like AIDS, Hepatitis, Influenza and Rabies.
It contains detail pathogenesis with various verified sources.
You can refer references to visit the sources used.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
3. Rubella is a mild disease
Common childhood infection with minimal systemic upset
Also known as three days measles or German measles
First isolated in tissue culture in 1962
Serious complications are very rare
Can affect anyone of any age
RUBELLA VIRUS
Member of togavirus family
Genus- Rubivirus
Enveloped virus with a single stranded RNA-positive stranded
Lipoprotein envelop
Surface spikes contain hemagglutinin
Spherical shaped
Icosahedral nucleocapsid
Diameter=50-70 nm
Incubation period is 14 to 21 days.
Multiply in the cytoplasm of infected cell
Virus is inactivated by ether, chloroform, formaldehyde and beta propiolactone
Destroyed at 56°C
5. Malaise
Head ache
Mild fever (38.9°C or lower)
Mild conjunctivitis
Red itchy eyes
Rash begins on forehead and face (lasting 1-3 days)
Enlarged lymph nodes
Aching joints ,especially in young women's
Infection in pregnant women can cause death of the fetus or congenital malformations
6. •Infection in pregnant women can cause death of the fetus or congenital malformations
•Skin manifestations are called "Blueberry muffin lesions"
7. Virus cross the placenta and cause congenital Rubella syndrome in newly born
8. PATHOGENESIS
Initial replication of virus occurs in-Nasopharynx and local lymphnodes
From there spread to internal organs and skin via blood
9. Transmission via direct or droplet contact with respiratory secretions
Spread when an infected person coughs or sneezes
Spread by direct contact with infected mucus from the nose and throat
From pregnant women to Fetus through blood stream
Virus found in the blood 5 to 7 days after infection and spreads throughout the body
Virus contagious for about one week after the rash appearance
IMMUNITY
Infection leads to lifelong immunity ( Second cases of rubella do not occur)
Antibody cross the placenta and protects the newborn
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
Hemagglutination inhibition test
EIA (Enzyme Immuno Assay)
Latex agglutination
CFT
Neutralization test
SPECIMEN
Inoculation of tissue culture media with throat, blood or urine
10. TREATMENT
Live attenuated vaccines are administered to children at 15 month of age.
Approved during the year 1969
Vaccine produce a long lasting immunity against virus
MMR also given
Gamma globulin is used for treatment (But it is not a specific treatment)
PREVENTION
12. It is an infection that can cause severe, life threatening illness
Acute systemic febrile syndrome
Highly infectious
Infectious during viremia stage
It is cause by 4 different virus families
> Filoviridae
> Bunyaviridae
> Arenaviridae
> Flaviviridae
FLAVIVIRUS
13. Not all members of these families cause VHF
All VF viruses are small, ss RNA viruses with lipid envelope membranes
Damage the walls of tiny blood vessels, making them leak, and can hamper the blood's ability to clot
Some hemorrhagic fever include:
* Dengue
* Ebola
* Lassa
* Marburg
* Yellow fever
Most commonly occur in –Tropical areas
There is no cure
Vaccines available only for few types
Prevention is the best approach
Human outbreak are sporadic and irregular
14. SYMPTOMS
Vary by disease
o Fever
o Fatigue
o Weakness
o Dizziness
o Muscle, Bone or Joint aches
o Nausea and vomiting
o Diarrhea
SYMPTOMS THAT CAN BECOME LIFE THREATENING
o Bleeding under the skin, internal organs or from mouth, eyes, or ear
o Nervous system malfunctions
o Coma
o Kidney failure
o Respiratory failure
o Liver failure
o Delirium
15. PATHOGENESIS
The target organ is the vascular bed (hemorrhage)
The replication of virus is intracellularly
Cytokine release leads to shock and hypotension
Affects platelet functions (thrombocytopenia)
Affects bone marrow and clotting factors
DIAGNOSIS
Molecular detection by RT-PCR
Blood test
Urine test
TREATMENT
There is no cure for VHF
Vaccination exist for only a few types
Antiviral drug ribavirin (rebetol, Virazole) might shorten the course of some infections and
prevent complications in some people
Other medications are being developed
16.
17. Hepatitis is the inflammation or necrosis of liver cells
It may be of toxic origin or viral infection
It may be temporary (acute) or Long term (chronic)
Over time chronic form may progress to :
*Scarring of the liver
*Liver failure
*Liver cancer
Viruses which damage the liver cells- Hepatitis viruses
Various antigens are responsible for hepatitis, they are:
1. Hepatitis A virus (HAV)
2. Hepatitis B virus (HBV)
3. Hepatitis C virus (HCV)
4. Hepatitis D virus (HDV)
5. Hepatitis E virus (HEV)
21. Hepatitis A is subacute disease
Occur mainly in children and young adults
Caused by Hepatitis A virus
Virus also known as Enterovirus 72
Infectious hepatitis
Does not cause chronic liver disease
Picornavirus family
Genus- Hepatovirus
Incubation period-approximately 1 month
Humans serve as the reservoir
HEPATITIS A VIRUS
Naked icosahedral capsid
Positive sense ss RNA
Inactivated by chlorine treatment of drinking water, formalin and UV radiation
22.
23. PATHOGENESIS
Oral cavity > GI tract > Blood > Liver
Replicates in hepatocytes
Spread by fecal-oral route
Person to person contact
Through contaminated food and water
Dirty hands
Contaminated shellfish-clams, oysters, mussels
24.
25.
26.
27.
28. Spherical virus
Enveloped
27 nm diameter
Genome approximately 3.2 KB in length
Virus stable at PH 2.4 for 6 hours
3' end of genome is associated with a DNA polymerase molecule
Have 4 major open reading frames (ORF)
ORF-S
ORF-P
ORF-X
ORF-C
Hepatitis B virus is a complex structure with 3 distinct antigens:
1.HBcAg- Hepatitis B core antigen
2.HBsAg- Hepatitis B surface antigen
3.HBeAg- An independent protein circulating in the blood
•Acute
•Age preference-Young adults, Babies and toddlers
•Lasts up to 6 months( with or without symptom)
•Incubation period-2-5 months
•Family- Hepadnaviridae Hepatitis caused by HBV is called serum hepatitis or long
incubation hepatitis or MS-2or Antigen hepatitis
29.
30. PATHOGENESIS
Involves 3 steps:
1. Entry of virus
2. Multiplication and spread of virus
3. Liver cell damage
Transmitted only in blood and body fluids
Replication of virus starts in the hepatocytes
HBsAg particles are liberated in to the blood stream
During HBV infection, the host immune response causes both hepatocellular damage and viral clearance
Most liver injury is caused by cytotoxic T lymphocytes.
Blood transfusion
Sexual transmission
Neonates gets infection from mothers
Through contaminated syringes and needles
31.
32. TREATMENT
Interferon
Lamivudinae
Adefovir
Entecavir
PREVENTION
Lead a healthy lifestyle
Use sterile syringe
Avoid stress
Follow the rules of personal hygiene
Observe the rules of anti-epidemic
regime
33.
34. Belongs to family- flaviviridae
Genus-Hepacivirus
Chronic
More common in adults
HEPATITIS C VIRUS
Spherical
30-60 nm diameter
Enveloped virus
Have 2 viral envelope glycoproteins – E1 & E2
Glycoproteins surrounded by lipid envelope
Genome has ss RNA
RNA have 10,000nucleotides
Genome have single large open reading frame
35.
36. PATHOGENESIS
Virus replicates in the hepatocytes
HCV cause acute and chronic hepatitis
Acute state followed by chronic hepatitis
Chronic hepatitis leads to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma
Transmission through the transfusion of blood
Sexual transmission
Mother to child
37.
38. TREATMENT
There is no prophylactic vaccine or specific immunoglobulin against hepatitis C
There is effective antiviral treatment
39.
40. Acute
Infects any age
Co infects with Hepatitis B
Found only in hepatitis B-infected persons
HDV use HBsAg for assembly
Similar to several plant viroids
It has Delta antigen
Family- Deltaviridae
Genus - Hepacivirus
HEPATITIS D VIRUS
HDV is spherical
36 nm particle
Outer coat composed of HBV surface antigen
Have circular ss RNA
HDV has 1679 nucleotides
RNA replication is mediated by host RNA polymerase Ⅱ
Closest relative of HDV is a satellite virus of plants
47. Hepatitis E is also known as enterically transmitted hepatitis
Incidence of this disease is high in pregnant women, but low in others
Family- Hepeviridae
Genus-Orthohepevirus
Incubation period-2 to 9 weeks
Enters the liver through intestine and blood
Spherical
Non enveloped
Linear ss RNA
48.
49. PATHOGENESIS
The virus get in to the host through the oral route into the gastrointestinal tract
The virus then reaches the liver through the portal vein
Then replicates and enter in to the bile and blood stream
Infectious viral particles present in the bile, feces and blood during the late incubation phase(32 days)
Anti HEV antibodies of IgA, IgG and IgM types appear in the blood during the course of the disease
51. DIAGNOSIS
Examination of serum under an electron microscope for virus particles
Nucleic acid detection by RT-PCR
Detection of HEV antibodies (IgM and IgG) in the serum by ELISA
