This document summarizes a study on removing fluoride from synthetic wastewater using low-cost bio-adsorbents such as banana peel, groundnut shell, and sweet lemon peel. The study investigated the ability of these bio-adsorbents to adsorb fluoride at a neutral pH range. Banana peel was found to remove 94.34% of fluoride, groundnut shell removed 89.9%, and sweet lemon peel removed 59.59% when treating water with an initial fluoride concentration of 20 mg/L. Optimum conditions for each bio-adsorbent were determined, such as contact time and adsorbent dose. Adsorption kinetics followed a pseudo-second order reaction model.
It is generally accepted that a low level of fluorine in mains water 0.4 to 1 mg -¢ L – 1 depending on the climate of the country concerned promotes the formation of tooth enamel and protects teeth from decay. On the other hand, too much fluorine will destroy this enamel and cause a range of endemic type disorders that are generally called “fluoroses- malformed teeth, staining of the enamel, decalcification, tendon mineralisation, digestive and nervous disorders, etc. These problems can appear in individuals for widely variable quantities of the product. Water must be discharged or treated as soon as it contains more than 1 to 1.5 mg -¢ L – 1 of F – . Some natural waters contain more than 10 mg -¢ L – 1 of fluorine. This concentration has to be reduced to approximately 1 mg -¢ L – 1 the acceptable concentration falling as the average annual temperature rises the European standard has set 1.5 mg -¢ L – 1. Many studies have been carried out to address the issue however little success has been reported up to date. Layered double hydroxides LDHs which readily undergo anion exchange reactions have been used as a suitable candidate for defluorination. Also there is regeneration of the material after removal of fluoride ions without releasing flouride ions back in to the water cycle. F elimination using a nanofiltration NF operation will solve problems for large scale pilot plants in the future.Many defluorination projects have significant effectiveness on the prevention of endemic fluorosis. The concentrations of water fluoride were below 1 mg L. Advanced on site methods, such as under sink reserve osmosis units, can remove fluoride but are too expensive for developing areas. Calcium carbonate as a cost effective sorbent for an onsite defluorination drinking water system. Batch and column experiments have been performed to characterize F removal properties. The present review discusses various techniques of defluorination of water. Dr. Atul Kumar Sharma | Dr. Harsukh Ram Chharang "Defluorination of Drinking Water" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46324.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/46324/defluorination-of-drinking-water/dr-atul-kumar-sharma
This document summarizes a study on using nano-composites to remove fluoride from water. Bermuda grass was converted to carbon nanofibers through heat treatment and mixed with metal oxides like iron oxide and titania. Testing found that the iron oxide nano-composite removed approximately 97% of fluoride within 60 minutes at pH 4, outperforming the titania composite and plain carbon fibers. The fluoride removal followed a Freundlich adsorption model. The nano-composites show potential as low-cost materials for defluoridation of groundwater.
Defluoridation of drinking water using low cost bioadsorbentsDayal Kurian
This document describes the design and fabrication of a compact household water treatment system for fluoride removal. It identifies fluoride affected areas in Kerala and evaluates the effectiveness of bio-adsorbents like moringa oleifera seed powder, rice husk activated charcoal, and vetiver root for fluoride removal. Studies show rice husk activated charcoal and a composite bed of 75% charcoal and 25% moringa powder achieves over 90% fluoride removal within 30 minutes in a 4cm deep bed. The project culminates in the fabrication of a prototype household system to treat fluoride contaminated drinking water.
Removal of fluoride from drinking water by using low cost adsorbenteSAT Journals
Abstract Millions of people rely on drinking water that contains excess fluoride. In fluoride endemic areas, especially small communities with staggered habitat, defluoridation of potable water supply is still a problem. In this study, adsorption potential of granular activated carbon (GAC) from charcoal and coconut shell is investigated for defluoridation of drinking water using continuous fixed bed column. The influence of various operative parameters such as concentration of fluoride, bed height, flow rate, and adsorption capacity of both the adsorbent is carried out.The fluoride removal from synthetic sample is found up to 72% for fluoride ion concentration of 4mg/L. Keywords: Adsorption, Defluoridation, fixed bed column study, Granular charcoal, and coconut shell activated carbon.
IRJET - Removal of Fluoride from Groundwater using Low Cost Natural Adsorbent...IRJET Journal
This document reviews research on using low-cost natural adsorbents to remove fluoride from groundwater. Several studies have found that agricultural and plant-based materials like neem leaves, rice husks, moringa seeds, pomegranate carbon, and vetiver roots effectively adsorb fluoride. The adsorption capacity of these materials is affected by factors like particle size, pH, concentration, and temperature. Overall, the reviewed research demonstrates that inexpensive natural adsorbents can successfully reduce fluoride levels in water, making them a viable option for groundwater defluoridation, especially in rural areas.
This presentation discusses effluent treatment processes for textile mills. It begins by defining effluents as liquid industrial waste and describes effluent treatment plants (ETPs) which purify wastewater for reuse or safe environmental release. The presentation then outlines the various sources and components of textile mill effluent, and describes the primary, secondary and tertiary treatment stages used to remove solids, organics, dyes and other pollutants. These include processes like screening, sedimentation, neutralization, biological treatments and tertiary options like evaporation and reverse osmosis. Recommendations emphasize segregating waste streams, maximizing water recycling and using technologies like nanofiltration and solar evaporation.
This document summarizes a study on using Pongamia pinnata seed shell as an adsorbent for removing copper from simulated wastewater. Batch experiments were conducted to analyze the effect of parameters like pH, initial copper concentration, amount of adsorbent, and contact time on adsorption capacity. Maximum removal of 98.3% was achieved at pH 8. Adsorption decreased with increasing initial copper concentration but increased with greater adsorbent amounts. Equilibrium was reached within 120 minutes of contact time. Column experiments confirmed the adsorption behavior predicted by batch studies.
It is generally accepted that a low level of fluorine in mains water 0.4 to 1 mg -¢ L – 1 depending on the climate of the country concerned promotes the formation of tooth enamel and protects teeth from decay. On the other hand, too much fluorine will destroy this enamel and cause a range of endemic type disorders that are generally called “fluoroses- malformed teeth, staining of the enamel, decalcification, tendon mineralisation, digestive and nervous disorders, etc. These problems can appear in individuals for widely variable quantities of the product. Water must be discharged or treated as soon as it contains more than 1 to 1.5 mg -¢ L – 1 of F – . Some natural waters contain more than 10 mg -¢ L – 1 of fluorine. This concentration has to be reduced to approximately 1 mg -¢ L – 1 the acceptable concentration falling as the average annual temperature rises the European standard has set 1.5 mg -¢ L – 1. Many studies have been carried out to address the issue however little success has been reported up to date. Layered double hydroxides LDHs which readily undergo anion exchange reactions have been used as a suitable candidate for defluorination. Also there is regeneration of the material after removal of fluoride ions without releasing flouride ions back in to the water cycle. F elimination using a nanofiltration NF operation will solve problems for large scale pilot plants in the future.Many defluorination projects have significant effectiveness on the prevention of endemic fluorosis. The concentrations of water fluoride were below 1 mg L. Advanced on site methods, such as under sink reserve osmosis units, can remove fluoride but are too expensive for developing areas. Calcium carbonate as a cost effective sorbent for an onsite defluorination drinking water system. Batch and column experiments have been performed to characterize F removal properties. The present review discusses various techniques of defluorination of water. Dr. Atul Kumar Sharma | Dr. Harsukh Ram Chharang "Defluorination of Drinking Water" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46324.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/46324/defluorination-of-drinking-water/dr-atul-kumar-sharma
This document summarizes a study on using nano-composites to remove fluoride from water. Bermuda grass was converted to carbon nanofibers through heat treatment and mixed with metal oxides like iron oxide and titania. Testing found that the iron oxide nano-composite removed approximately 97% of fluoride within 60 minutes at pH 4, outperforming the titania composite and plain carbon fibers. The fluoride removal followed a Freundlich adsorption model. The nano-composites show potential as low-cost materials for defluoridation of groundwater.
Defluoridation of drinking water using low cost bioadsorbentsDayal Kurian
This document describes the design and fabrication of a compact household water treatment system for fluoride removal. It identifies fluoride affected areas in Kerala and evaluates the effectiveness of bio-adsorbents like moringa oleifera seed powder, rice husk activated charcoal, and vetiver root for fluoride removal. Studies show rice husk activated charcoal and a composite bed of 75% charcoal and 25% moringa powder achieves over 90% fluoride removal within 30 minutes in a 4cm deep bed. The project culminates in the fabrication of a prototype household system to treat fluoride contaminated drinking water.
Removal of fluoride from drinking water by using low cost adsorbenteSAT Journals
Abstract Millions of people rely on drinking water that contains excess fluoride. In fluoride endemic areas, especially small communities with staggered habitat, defluoridation of potable water supply is still a problem. In this study, adsorption potential of granular activated carbon (GAC) from charcoal and coconut shell is investigated for defluoridation of drinking water using continuous fixed bed column. The influence of various operative parameters such as concentration of fluoride, bed height, flow rate, and adsorption capacity of both the adsorbent is carried out.The fluoride removal from synthetic sample is found up to 72% for fluoride ion concentration of 4mg/L. Keywords: Adsorption, Defluoridation, fixed bed column study, Granular charcoal, and coconut shell activated carbon.
IRJET - Removal of Fluoride from Groundwater using Low Cost Natural Adsorbent...IRJET Journal
This document reviews research on using low-cost natural adsorbents to remove fluoride from groundwater. Several studies have found that agricultural and plant-based materials like neem leaves, rice husks, moringa seeds, pomegranate carbon, and vetiver roots effectively adsorb fluoride. The adsorption capacity of these materials is affected by factors like particle size, pH, concentration, and temperature. Overall, the reviewed research demonstrates that inexpensive natural adsorbents can successfully reduce fluoride levels in water, making them a viable option for groundwater defluoridation, especially in rural areas.
This presentation discusses effluent treatment processes for textile mills. It begins by defining effluents as liquid industrial waste and describes effluent treatment plants (ETPs) which purify wastewater for reuse or safe environmental release. The presentation then outlines the various sources and components of textile mill effluent, and describes the primary, secondary and tertiary treatment stages used to remove solids, organics, dyes and other pollutants. These include processes like screening, sedimentation, neutralization, biological treatments and tertiary options like evaporation and reverse osmosis. Recommendations emphasize segregating waste streams, maximizing water recycling and using technologies like nanofiltration and solar evaporation.
This document summarizes a study on using Pongamia pinnata seed shell as an adsorbent for removing copper from simulated wastewater. Batch experiments were conducted to analyze the effect of parameters like pH, initial copper concentration, amount of adsorbent, and contact time on adsorption capacity. Maximum removal of 98.3% was achieved at pH 8. Adsorption decreased with increasing initial copper concentration but increased with greater adsorbent amounts. Equilibrium was reached within 120 minutes of contact time. Column experiments confirmed the adsorption behavior predicted by batch studies.
Treatment of Effluent from Granite Cutting Plant by Using Natural Adsorbents ...IJERD Editor
Granite cutting plant is one such industry that releases polluting and turbid effluent. The residue from all these processes is discharged with water as an effluent. The effluent mainly contains many solids that harm the environment. Hence it requires treatment techniques before disposal. Several conventional methods are available for removal of contaminants like coagulation, adsorption, polyelectrolyte methods and biological methods. Most of them are cost prohibitive. The reduction of solids concentration in the effluent before disposal by using the techniques, coagulation followed by adsorption using natural adsorbents, like rice husk carbon and saw dust carbon, in contrast to the usage of activated carbon as it is costly. From a local Granite cutting plant near Anantapur, the effluent is collected and its physico-chemical characteristics are estimated and found to be pH(7.5), TS(4240mg/l), TSS(21560mg/l), TDS(12373mg/l).Effluent obtained is subjected to coagulation by potash alum followed by adsorption using saw dust carbon and rice husk carbon.
Decolourization of textile waste water and dye effluentمحمد حسنین شبیر
This document provides an overview of a seminar on decolorization of textile wastewater and dye effluents. It discusses the composition of textile wastewater, effects of dye effluents, and need for treatment. It then summarizes various treatment methods including chemical (oxidation, Fenton's reagent), physical (adsorption, membrane filtration), and biological treatments. It provides details on specific treatment processes and their advantages and disadvantages for dye removal.
Textile Wastewater Treatment in BangladeshMahmudul Hasan
What is wastewater, textile wastewater treatment, Major Pollutants in textile wastewater, Steps of textile wastewater treatment, Brief overview of textile wastewater in Bangladesh.
This document discusses treatment of wastewater from a water jet loom machine in the textile industry. It compares the efficiency of chemical coagulation and electrocoagulation methods. For chemical coagulation, the type and amount of coagulant and coagulant aids, pH, and stirring rate significantly impacted treatment efficiency. The optimum conditions removed 89% of turbidity, 85% of COD, and 71% of oil. For electrocoagulation, electrode material, electric potential, and contact time were significant. The optimum electrocoagulation conditions removed 99% of turbidity, 97% of COD, and 87% of oil.
This document discusses the treatment of tannery wastewater. Tannery wastewater is characterized by high levels of organic matter, sulfides, and heavy metals like chromium. The treatment regime involves a combination of physical, chemical, and biological processes. This includes processes like hair recovery, chrome recovery, screening, flocculation, sedimentation, and biological treatments using aeration or lagoon systems. The goal is to reduce pollutant levels and produce an effluent that can be safely discharged or reused.
This document discusses using fly ash alone or combined with wood ash to treat domestic laundry wastewater. Fly ash and wood ash were tested separately and in combinations to determine their effectiveness in reducing total suspended solids, biological oxygen demand, pH, soap content, and fats/oils/grease from wastewater. The study found that fly ash alone was most effective at reducing these contaminants, removing 80-90% when used at a dosage of 40g/L over 6-7 hours. The mechanism of absorption involves contaminants binding to active sites on fly ash particles and cenospheres. The results suggest fly ash is a promising low-cost option for domestic wastewater treatment.
This document summarizes research on using aerobic granular sludge to treat wastewater from azo dyes. Aerobic granular sludge was cultivated and its ability to simultaneously remove color and degrade aromatic amines through anaerobic and aerobic processes was investigated. The effects of granule size, dissolved oxygen, biomass concentration, and organic loading on treatment performance were evaluated. Under optimized conditions, over 60% equivalent dye removal and 80% removal of color and aromatic amines were achieved within 48 hours. Future work may focus on controlling granule size and applying the process to real textile wastewater.
Equilibrium Studies of Malachite Green from Aqueous Solution Using Corn Cob a...IJERD Editor
The objective of this work is the study of adsorption of dye solution which is a dye malachite green
using corn cob. Removal of this dye from aqueous solution using corn cob has been investigated. Liquid phase
adsorption experiments were conducted. Batch adsorption studies are Carried out by observing the effect of
experimental parameters, namely, pH, and amount of adsorbents, contact time and initial concentration.
Optimum conditions for dye removal are studied like pH value, contact time required, amount of adsorbent,
initial concentration, etc. The results generated by this work can be used for determination of optimum
conditions for adsorption of dye in aqueous solutions. Dye is present in mixture form in various Industrial
effluents like Textile Industries, Sewage water, Water treatment plants. This work can have use in Design of
adsorption columns for dyes removal. The Freundlich adsorption model assumes that adsorption takes place on
heterogeneous surfaces. Adsorption increases with increase in pH. The adsorption of cationic dye is mainly
influenced by the amount of negative charges in the solution which is actually influenced by the solution pH. At
pH=2 there is net positive charge in the solution so adsorption is less whereas at pH=12there is increase in
negative charges increasing adsorption of malachite green. Maximum adsorption was found to take place at
pH=12. Adsorption tends to increase with contact time. At first the increase in adsorption is very rapid as there
are lots of free sites for the adsorption to take place. Adsorption decreases at later stages till saturation is reached
due to saturation of active sites. The optimum contact time for equilibrium was found to be 100 min.
Biological treatment of leather tanning industrial wastewater using free livi...Alexander Decker
This document discusses the biological treatment of wastewater from leather tanning industries using free-living bacteria. Wastewater from a tanning factory in Saudi Arabia was collected and found to be highly polluted. Six bacterial isolates - three indigenous to the wastewater and three exogenous - were selected for their ability to remove pollutants. In batch experiments, the isolates effectively reduced levels of various pollutants over time, with most removal occurring within 24 hours. Pseudomonas stutzeri was the most effective isolate. Despite the high removal rates, residual pollutant levels remained above safe discharge limits. The study concludes the most promising bacteria should be used in a fixed-film system to fully treat the wastew
This document discusses the treatment and disposal of textile effluents. It begins by defining effluent and sludge. It then discusses various characteristics that determine the nature of textile effluents, such as pH, temperature, suspended solids, etc. It outlines the main pollution problems in the textile industry including color, dissolved solids, toxic metals, and other organic pollutants. It also categorizes waste generated in the textile industry and describes the various processes involved in textile effluent treatment, including primary treatment techniques like screening, sedimentation, and secondary biological treatment methods like activated sludge process and aerated lagoons.
The document summarizes a study that used a hollow fiber membrane bioreactor (MBR) system to treat municipal wastewater. The MBR consisted of influent and effluent tanks and submerged PVDF hollow fiber membrane modules. Over a 120-day period, the MBR achieved over 99.5% removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and 88.9% removal of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5). Results showed the MBR system is effective at treating high-strength wastewaters and can maintain performance during fluctuations in influent levels.
Current technologies for biological treatmentKen Kinamori
The document discusses textile wastewater and its treatment. Textile wastewater is one of the main sources of water pollution worldwide due to dyes and other chemicals used in the textile production process. Dyes can be detected in water at low concentrations and absorb light, inhibiting aquatic plant growth. Textile wastewater is difficult to treat due to fluctuations in pH, organic content, color, and other parameters depending on the chemicals used. Major pollutants come from dyeing and finishing steps. Anaerobic treatment is commonly used but produces aromatic amine byproducts, so sequential anaerobic-aerobic treatment is often employed for complete degradation.
This study investigated the use of modified wheat husk for removing Acid Orange 10 dye from aqueous solutions. The wheat husk was treated with perchloric acid to modify its properties. Batch experiments showed that adsorption reached equilibrium within 30 minutes and removal efficiency increased with contact time, adsorbent dosage, and ionic strength. Kinetic data fit the pseudo-second-order model and was governed by film diffusion. Equilibrium data fit the Freundlich isotherm model well. Thermodynamic studies indicated the adsorption was spontaneous and exothermic. The modified wheat husk could be reused for two cycles without significant loss of adsorption capacity, showing potential for cost-effective wastewater treatment.
The document discusses using low-cost walnut shells to remove two common pesticides, carbofuran and chloropyriphos, from aqueous solutions. Walnut shells were treated chemically and thermally to increase their surface area and porosity for effective adsorption. Batch and column adsorption methods were used to study the adsorption of pesticides under different conditions. Adsorption parameters like pH, contact time, concentration, and kinetics were analyzed. The treated walnut shells showed high adsorption capacity of 97-99% within 30 minutes. The adsorption process was found to be dependent on pH. The document also characterized the adsorbent material using SEM, FT-IR, and surface area analysis
Laboratory type textile ETP plant by Israfil Alam RanaMd. Alam
The document describes the design, construction, and validation of a laboratory-scale textile effluent treatment plant (ETP). It provides details on the construction materials, equipment used, and treatment process flow. Three textile wastewater samples were treated in the laboratory ETP. Before treatment, the samples had high pH and color, but after treatment, the pH was normalized and the color was reduced. While instruments were not available to fully analyze the samples, the laboratory ETP demonstrated it could treat textile wastewater and provide hands-on learning for students.
Smart missile navigation in defence system using rc4 algorithm to detect targeteSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Treatment of Effluent from Granite Cutting Plant by Using Natural Adsorbents ...IJERD Editor
Granite cutting plant is one such industry that releases polluting and turbid effluent. The residue from all these processes is discharged with water as an effluent. The effluent mainly contains many solids that harm the environment. Hence it requires treatment techniques before disposal. Several conventional methods are available for removal of contaminants like coagulation, adsorption, polyelectrolyte methods and biological methods. Most of them are cost prohibitive. The reduction of solids concentration in the effluent before disposal by using the techniques, coagulation followed by adsorption using natural adsorbents, like rice husk carbon and saw dust carbon, in contrast to the usage of activated carbon as it is costly. From a local Granite cutting plant near Anantapur, the effluent is collected and its physico-chemical characteristics are estimated and found to be pH(7.5), TS(4240mg/l), TSS(21560mg/l), TDS(12373mg/l).Effluent obtained is subjected to coagulation by potash alum followed by adsorption using saw dust carbon and rice husk carbon.
Decolourization of textile waste water and dye effluentمحمد حسنین شبیر
This document provides an overview of a seminar on decolorization of textile wastewater and dye effluents. It discusses the composition of textile wastewater, effects of dye effluents, and need for treatment. It then summarizes various treatment methods including chemical (oxidation, Fenton's reagent), physical (adsorption, membrane filtration), and biological treatments. It provides details on specific treatment processes and their advantages and disadvantages for dye removal.
Textile Wastewater Treatment in BangladeshMahmudul Hasan
What is wastewater, textile wastewater treatment, Major Pollutants in textile wastewater, Steps of textile wastewater treatment, Brief overview of textile wastewater in Bangladesh.
This document discusses treatment of wastewater from a water jet loom machine in the textile industry. It compares the efficiency of chemical coagulation and electrocoagulation methods. For chemical coagulation, the type and amount of coagulant and coagulant aids, pH, and stirring rate significantly impacted treatment efficiency. The optimum conditions removed 89% of turbidity, 85% of COD, and 71% of oil. For electrocoagulation, electrode material, electric potential, and contact time were significant. The optimum electrocoagulation conditions removed 99% of turbidity, 97% of COD, and 87% of oil.
This document discusses the treatment of tannery wastewater. Tannery wastewater is characterized by high levels of organic matter, sulfides, and heavy metals like chromium. The treatment regime involves a combination of physical, chemical, and biological processes. This includes processes like hair recovery, chrome recovery, screening, flocculation, sedimentation, and biological treatments using aeration or lagoon systems. The goal is to reduce pollutant levels and produce an effluent that can be safely discharged or reused.
This document discusses using fly ash alone or combined with wood ash to treat domestic laundry wastewater. Fly ash and wood ash were tested separately and in combinations to determine their effectiveness in reducing total suspended solids, biological oxygen demand, pH, soap content, and fats/oils/grease from wastewater. The study found that fly ash alone was most effective at reducing these contaminants, removing 80-90% when used at a dosage of 40g/L over 6-7 hours. The mechanism of absorption involves contaminants binding to active sites on fly ash particles and cenospheres. The results suggest fly ash is a promising low-cost option for domestic wastewater treatment.
This document summarizes research on using aerobic granular sludge to treat wastewater from azo dyes. Aerobic granular sludge was cultivated and its ability to simultaneously remove color and degrade aromatic amines through anaerobic and aerobic processes was investigated. The effects of granule size, dissolved oxygen, biomass concentration, and organic loading on treatment performance were evaluated. Under optimized conditions, over 60% equivalent dye removal and 80% removal of color and aromatic amines were achieved within 48 hours. Future work may focus on controlling granule size and applying the process to real textile wastewater.
Equilibrium Studies of Malachite Green from Aqueous Solution Using Corn Cob a...IJERD Editor
The objective of this work is the study of adsorption of dye solution which is a dye malachite green
using corn cob. Removal of this dye from aqueous solution using corn cob has been investigated. Liquid phase
adsorption experiments were conducted. Batch adsorption studies are Carried out by observing the effect of
experimental parameters, namely, pH, and amount of adsorbents, contact time and initial concentration.
Optimum conditions for dye removal are studied like pH value, contact time required, amount of adsorbent,
initial concentration, etc. The results generated by this work can be used for determination of optimum
conditions for adsorption of dye in aqueous solutions. Dye is present in mixture form in various Industrial
effluents like Textile Industries, Sewage water, Water treatment plants. This work can have use in Design of
adsorption columns for dyes removal. The Freundlich adsorption model assumes that adsorption takes place on
heterogeneous surfaces. Adsorption increases with increase in pH. The adsorption of cationic dye is mainly
influenced by the amount of negative charges in the solution which is actually influenced by the solution pH. At
pH=2 there is net positive charge in the solution so adsorption is less whereas at pH=12there is increase in
negative charges increasing adsorption of malachite green. Maximum adsorption was found to take place at
pH=12. Adsorption tends to increase with contact time. At first the increase in adsorption is very rapid as there
are lots of free sites for the adsorption to take place. Adsorption decreases at later stages till saturation is reached
due to saturation of active sites. The optimum contact time for equilibrium was found to be 100 min.
Biological treatment of leather tanning industrial wastewater using free livi...Alexander Decker
This document discusses the biological treatment of wastewater from leather tanning industries using free-living bacteria. Wastewater from a tanning factory in Saudi Arabia was collected and found to be highly polluted. Six bacterial isolates - three indigenous to the wastewater and three exogenous - were selected for their ability to remove pollutants. In batch experiments, the isolates effectively reduced levels of various pollutants over time, with most removal occurring within 24 hours. Pseudomonas stutzeri was the most effective isolate. Despite the high removal rates, residual pollutant levels remained above safe discharge limits. The study concludes the most promising bacteria should be used in a fixed-film system to fully treat the wastew
This document discusses the treatment and disposal of textile effluents. It begins by defining effluent and sludge. It then discusses various characteristics that determine the nature of textile effluents, such as pH, temperature, suspended solids, etc. It outlines the main pollution problems in the textile industry including color, dissolved solids, toxic metals, and other organic pollutants. It also categorizes waste generated in the textile industry and describes the various processes involved in textile effluent treatment, including primary treatment techniques like screening, sedimentation, and secondary biological treatment methods like activated sludge process and aerated lagoons.
The document summarizes a study that used a hollow fiber membrane bioreactor (MBR) system to treat municipal wastewater. The MBR consisted of influent and effluent tanks and submerged PVDF hollow fiber membrane modules. Over a 120-day period, the MBR achieved over 99.5% removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and 88.9% removal of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5). Results showed the MBR system is effective at treating high-strength wastewaters and can maintain performance during fluctuations in influent levels.
Current technologies for biological treatmentKen Kinamori
The document discusses textile wastewater and its treatment. Textile wastewater is one of the main sources of water pollution worldwide due to dyes and other chemicals used in the textile production process. Dyes can be detected in water at low concentrations and absorb light, inhibiting aquatic plant growth. Textile wastewater is difficult to treat due to fluctuations in pH, organic content, color, and other parameters depending on the chemicals used. Major pollutants come from dyeing and finishing steps. Anaerobic treatment is commonly used but produces aromatic amine byproducts, so sequential anaerobic-aerobic treatment is often employed for complete degradation.
This study investigated the use of modified wheat husk for removing Acid Orange 10 dye from aqueous solutions. The wheat husk was treated with perchloric acid to modify its properties. Batch experiments showed that adsorption reached equilibrium within 30 minutes and removal efficiency increased with contact time, adsorbent dosage, and ionic strength. Kinetic data fit the pseudo-second-order model and was governed by film diffusion. Equilibrium data fit the Freundlich isotherm model well. Thermodynamic studies indicated the adsorption was spontaneous and exothermic. The modified wheat husk could be reused for two cycles without significant loss of adsorption capacity, showing potential for cost-effective wastewater treatment.
The document discusses using low-cost walnut shells to remove two common pesticides, carbofuran and chloropyriphos, from aqueous solutions. Walnut shells were treated chemically and thermally to increase their surface area and porosity for effective adsorption. Batch and column adsorption methods were used to study the adsorption of pesticides under different conditions. Adsorption parameters like pH, contact time, concentration, and kinetics were analyzed. The treated walnut shells showed high adsorption capacity of 97-99% within 30 minutes. The adsorption process was found to be dependent on pH. The document also characterized the adsorbent material using SEM, FT-IR, and surface area analysis
Laboratory type textile ETP plant by Israfil Alam RanaMd. Alam
The document describes the design, construction, and validation of a laboratory-scale textile effluent treatment plant (ETP). It provides details on the construction materials, equipment used, and treatment process flow. Three textile wastewater samples were treated in the laboratory ETP. Before treatment, the samples had high pH and color, but after treatment, the pH was normalized and the color was reduced. While instruments were not available to fully analyze the samples, the laboratory ETP demonstrated it could treat textile wastewater and provide hands-on learning for students.
Smart missile navigation in defence system using rc4 algorithm to detect targeteSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Detection of hazard prone areas in the upper himalayan region in gis environmenteSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a study that used GIS and remote sensing tools to identify hazard-prone areas in the Alakananda River basin located in Uttarakhand, India. The study analyzed digital elevation data, soil maps, and extracted river networks to determine areas vulnerable to flooding from cloudbursts and heavy rainfall. Slope maps showed that over 50% of the region has moderate to steep slopes unsuitable for development. Soil maps indicated the presence of thin, coarse soils that are easily eroded. Overlaying village locations on river networks revealed that many villages are situated directly in stream paths, exposing them to flood risks. The integrated analysis identified highly vulnerable regions for future disaster mitigation planning.
Design of v slotted microstrip patch antenna for yielding improved gain bandw...eSAT Publishing House
This document describes the design of a V-slotted microstrip patch antenna to improve gain and bandwidth. The antenna was designed to operate at 5.9 GHz for WLAN and Wi-Max applications. It uses a single layer substrate with dielectric constant of 2.2. Three V-slots were cut into the rectangular patch to reduce the size while maintaining performance. Simulation results showed the antenna achieved a maximum bandwidth of 1.04 GHz and gain of 6.22 dBi. The V-slotted design improved the gain-bandwidth product over a basic rectangular patch antenna.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Effect of count and stitch length on spirality of single jersey knit fabriceSAT Publishing House
This study examined the effect of yarn count and stitch length on spirality in single jersey knit fabrics. 12 fabric samples were produced with variations in count (30-40 Ne) and stitch length (2.6-2.95 mm). The samples were tested for spirality after scouring, bleaching, dyeing and finishing. The results showed that spirality increased as stitch length increased due to more yarn twisting. Spirality also increased with higher yarn counts due to less fabric compactness and more loops available for twisting. In conclusion, using lower yarn counts and stitch lengths can help manufacturers reduce spirality issues in knitted fabrics.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document presents a new design method for a low-speed torus type axial flux permanent magnet machine intended for hybrid electric vehicle applications. A torus-NS type machine structure with a coreless stator is selected to reduce losses and volume. A multi-speed design strategy is proposed and analyzed using finite element analysis. This method aims to improve machine efficiency over the vehicle's operating cycles. Both multi-speed and single-speed designed machines are simulated in urban and highway cycles, showing better performance from the multi-speed designed machine. Experimental results from a prototype confirm the analytical design method.
This document summarizes a study on the performance of microbial fuel cells (MFCs) for wastewater treatment and electricity generation. The study constructed a dual-chamber MFC with carbon electrodes and a cation exchange membrane. Experiments tested the impact of microbes, substrate type and concentration, and substrate refilling on voltage output. Phenol and a mixed culture of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Shewanella putrefaciens produced the highest stable voltage of 134mV, demonstrating MFC potential for wastewater treatment and energy recovery from toxic phenol-containing wastewater.
Bearing fault detection using acoustic emission signals analyzed by empirical...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document summarizes previous work on optimizing firewall performance by removing redundant rules. It discusses how previous approaches identified redundant rules between adjoining firewalls without revealing the firewall policies. However, these approaches required the firewalls to know each other's policies or be administered under one domain. The document also reviews literature on anomaly detection techniques, traffic-aware firewall optimization, and analysis tools for modeling and checking firewall configurations. Overall, it provides context on the challenges of optimizing firewalls through redundancy removal while preserving the privacy of each firewall's policies.
Resourceful fast dht algorithm for vlsi implementation by split radix algorithmeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Nesting of five modulus method with improved lsb subtitution to hide an image...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
- The document describes the design and testing of an automobile exhaust system. It discusses modeling and simulation of the exhaust system to better understand its dynamics and performance.
- A newly designed exhaust system is compared to an existing system. The new design shows lower back pressure, which improves engine performance. Various tests are conducted on the system, including material testing and leak testing, to evaluate its durability and ability to withstand internal pressures.
- The design aims to minimize exhaust noise while withstanding high temperatures and pressures from the engine. Finite element analysis is used to optimize the muffler design to maximize gas storage capacity within weight constraints. Test results show the material and design meet required specifications.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Detection of crossover & bifurcation points on a retinal fundus image by anal...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Voltage sag mitigation using supercapacitor based dynamic voltage restorereSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IRJET- Use of Fly Ash from Soybean Husk and Maize Husk as an Adsorbent for Re...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on using activated carbon extracted from soybean husk and maize husk as an adsorbent for removing fluoride from water. The study examines the effect of various parameters like pH, contact time, adsorbent dose, and stirring rate on fluoride removal efficiency. Batch experiments were conducted to determine the optimum conditions for maximum fluoride removal. Results showed that 50 minutes was sufficient contact time to reach equilibrium for both adsorbents. An adsorbent dose of 2g was found to be the equilibrium dosage. Maximum efficiency of 50.47% and 51.66% was observed for maize husk and soybean husk activated carbon respectively.
Tinospora cordifolia – AS BIOADSORBENT FOR REMOVAL OF FLUORIDE FROM WATERIRJET Journal
1) The document presents a study on using Tinospora cordifolia as a bio-adsorbent for removing fluoride from water through batch and column experiments.
2) In batch experiments, the effects of adsorbent size, dosage, initial fluoride concentration, and contact time were evaluated. 150 μm adsorbent size with 2.5 g/l dosage removed fluoride most efficiently.
3) Column experiments evaluated the effects of initial concentration, bed depth, and flow rate on fluoride removal. A 15 cm bed depth and 14 ml/min flow rate column removed 87.97% of fluoride.
The document summarizes research on using activated carbon derived from Phoenix Dactylifera (Date Palm) seeds to remove fluoride from water. Batch tests were conducted to determine the optimum contact time, adsorbent dosage, and pH for fluoride removal. The maximum removal efficiency of 94.5% was achieved with a contact time of 40 minutes, adsorbent dosage of 140mg, and pH of 7. Activated carbon with higher impregnation ratios during production had higher removal rates. The research demonstrates the effectiveness of using activated carbon from date palm seeds for defluoridation.
Adsorption studies of fluoride on activated carbon derived from phoenix dacty...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The removal of Fluoride from synthetic sample by adsorption on chemical activated carbon (CaCl2) prepared from Phoenix
Dactylifera (Date Plam) seeds have been carried out at room temperature 32 ± 1oC. Batch tests were conducted for the removal of
Fluoride on chemically activated carbon with Impregnation ratio’s (I.R) 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75 for optimum time, optimum dosage and
optimum pH. The maximum removal efficiency was obtained at an I.R. ratio of 0.75. The optimum contact time, adsorbent dose and
pH for carbon with I.R-0.75 was 40min, 140mg and 7.00 respectively, with fluoride removal efficiency of 93%, 93.5% and 94.5%
respectively has been observed.
Keywords: Fluoride, Activated carbon, Contact time, Dosage, pH, Phoenix Dactylifera (Date Plam) seeds.
Nano-adsorbent for fluoride removal from drinking waterPranjalSaheb
Fluoride occurs naturally in most water supplies.
Main sources of fluoride in groundwater-
The weathering and leaching of fluorinated minerals.
Industrial wastewater discharges .
With increased human industrial activities, high fluoride-content water has become a widespread problem in the world.
WHO has given a guideline limitation of less than 1.5 mg/L of fluoride in drinking water.
Various industries such as glass and ceramic production, fertilizer and semiconductor manufacturing contribute to fluoride pollution to a large extent. The effluents of these industries may reach to thousands of mg per L, which is higher than natural water.Depending on the concentration and water temperature, the effect of fluoride in drinking water can be beneficial or harmful to mankind. The presence of small quantities of fluoride in ingested water is often considered to have a beneficial effect on human health and helps in the normal mineralization of bones and dental formation.
On the contrary, excessive intake of fluoride leads to osteoporosis, Alzheimers syndrome, skeletal fluorosis, dental fluorosis, cancer, infertility, and thyroid disorder.
REMOVAL EFFICIENCY OF METHYLENE BLUE DYE USING CHEMICALLY ACTIVATED WATERMELO...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that investigated using chemically activated watermelon rinds as a low-cost adsorbent to remove methylene blue dye from water. The researchers prepared activated carbon from watermelon rinds using sulfuric acid treatment. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to determine the effects of contact time, dye concentration, pH, and adsorbent dosage on dye removal efficiency. The results showed maximum removal efficiencies of 95-99.6% for sulfuric acid-treated activated watermelon rind. Optimum conditions were determined to be a contact time of 180 minutes, pH of 9, and increasing adsorbent dosage with increasing dye concentration.
IRJET- Experimental Study of Fluoride Removal from Drinking Water through the...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental study on removing fluoride from drinking water using a solar still with sand as an adsorbent. The study found that the solar still effectively removes over 90% of fluoride from water. For water with initial fluoride concentrations up to 5 mg/L, the still removed all fluoride, producing distilled water below detection limits. For higher initial concentrations from 10-15 mg/L, most fluoride was removed, though some distilled water samples exceeded the 1 mg/L limit. The volume of distilled water did not depend on initial fluoride levels and distilled water quality was independent of feed water pH and temperature variations tested. Therefore, the study shows that a simple solar still design using sand can help provide
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Mass Transfer, Kinetic, Equilibrium, and Thermodynamic Study on Removal of Di...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Three distinct agricultural waste materials, viz., casuarina fruit powder (CFP), sorghum stem powder
(SSP), and banana stem powder (BSP) were used as low-cost adsorbents for the removal of toxic lead(II)
from aqueous solutions. Acid treated adsorbents were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM),
energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The
effects of parameters like adsorbent dose, pH, temperature, initial metal ion concentration, and time of
adsorption on the removal of Pb(II) were analyzed for each adsorbent individually and the efficiency order
was BSP > SSP > CFP. Based on the extent of compatibility to Freundlich/Langmuir/Dubinin–Radushkevich/
Temkin adsorption isotherms and different models (pseudo-first and second order, Boyd, Weber’s, and
Elovich), chemisorption primarily involved in the case of BSP and SSP, whereas simultaneous occurrence of
chemisorption and physisorption was proposed in the case of CFP correlating with the thermodynamic study
results conducted at different temperatures. Based on the observations, it was proposed that three kinetic
stages involve in the adsorption process, viz., diffusion of sorbate to sorbent, intra particle diffusion, and then
establishment of equilibrium. These adsorbents have a promising role towards the removal of Pb(II) from
industrial wastewater to contribute environmental protection
This document summarizes a study that investigated the removal of nitrate from groundwater using activated carbon prepared from rice husk and sludge from a paper industry wastewater treatment plant. The key findings are:
- Activated carbon from rice husk achieved a maximum nitrate removal of 93.5 mg/g at pH 4 and 4 hours of contact time. Activated carbon from paper industry sludge achieved 79.5 mg/g removal under the same conditions.
- Adsorption was best fitted by the Langmuir isotherm model and followed pseudo-second order kinetics.
- Increasing the ratio of ZnCl2 used for activation improved adsorption capacity, with a 1:
This document assesses the effectiveness of different freshwater microalgae strains for phenol removal from wastewater. It tests the ability of Chlorella sp., Pseudochlorococcum sp., and an indigenous strain to grow in water containing phenol concentrations from 100-450 ppm and reduce phenol levels. The study finds that Pseudochlorococcum sp. has the highest specific growth and phenol removal rates within the tested concentration range, and that the strains show substrate inhibition at phenol levels above 250 ppm. Kinetic models incorporating substrate inhibition are tested to describe the growth.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effectiveness of using activated carbon produced from snail shells for treating wastewater from beverage industries. Snail shells were pyrolyzed and activated with phosphoric acid. Characterization of the activated samples showed they had higher surface area, porosity, and pH than the non-activated sample. Treatment of beverage wastewater with the activated carbon significantly reduced parameters like BOD, COD, turbidity and phosphate over treatment times of 10-40 minutes. The study concluded that activated carbon from snail shells is effective for wastewater treatment from beverage industries.
Defluoridation of Ground Water Using Corn Cobs Powdertheijes
Most of the adsorbent used for removal of fluoride from drinking water is activated carbons. It is an expensive material, and so the use of alternative, which is a cheaper adsorbent, is required. Hence in the present work, an attempt has been made to remove the fluoride in drinking water using corn cobs powder as a natural adsorbent using a fabricated filter. The Bureau of Indian Standard has recommended the limit of fluoride content of 1mg/l (BIS: 10500-2012). The water samples were collected in different places namely Uppinahally, Doddagatta and Yadapura in Arsikere taluk of Hassan district. The defluoridation is done with corn cobs powder and then the results were compared. Filtration with corn cobs powder reduces the fluoride content for the samples from Uppinahally, Doddagatta and Yadapura with initial fluoride content 2.5mg/l, 1.2mg/l, and 1.4mg/l respectively to 1.01mg/l, 0.9mg/l and 0.8mg/l respectively
Microbial Decolorization of Leather Dye Effluentijtsrd
As we know 71% of Earths Surface is covered with water. Water is one of the most essential element for the persistence of life on this planet. Pure and contamination free water is the dire necessity of every living being present on Earth but today water pollution has posed great threat to the existence of life. The discharge of effluents from various industries into the water bodies are mainly responsible for water pollution specially effluents from leather industry are the most contaminating as along with the harmful chemicals they contain organic matter as well. The dyes disposed by the leather industry are the most harmful for the environment. The conventional physicochemical methods used for the treatment of leather dyes in the contaminated water i.e. coagulation, precipitation, oxidation etc have disadvantages and limitations. This study presents microbial decolorization of leather dye effluents from Shigella sp. isolated from effluent samples collected from leather industry. Different parameters such as temperature and pH were optimized for decolorization of Methylene Blue, Crystal Violet, EosinYellow, Safranine dyes by using bacterial isolates. Optimum temperature for decolorization was observed to be 300c, the optimum pH range for decolorization was found to be from pH6-pH8. All the samples were incubated at 30-°C 150 rpm. The decolorization was measured as decrease in absorbance maxima at 663 nm, 590 nm, 518nm, 530 nm for mehtylene blue, crystal violet, eosin yellow, safranine respectively. Dr. Jitender Kumar | Navleen Kaur Chopra"Microbial Decolorization of Leather Dye Effluent" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-5 , August 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2405.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/2405/microbial-decolorization-of-leather-dye-effluent/dr-jitender-kumar
A Low Cost Material, Banana Peel for the Removal of Lead (II) from Aqueous S...IRJET Journal
This study investigated the use of banana peel as a low-cost adsorbent for removing lead (II) ions from aqueous solutions. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to determine the effects of pH, contact time, initial metal concentration, and adsorbent dosage on lead removal. The results showed that adsorption was highly dependent on pH, with maximum removal occurring at pH 7. Optimal contact time was 80 minutes. Adsorption capacity decreased with increasing initial metal concentration due to saturation of binding sites. Removal efficiency increased with higher adsorbent dosages up to 0.5g, but remained constant above this dosage. Overall, banana peel proved to be an effective and inexpensive adsorbent for
Applications of Ultrasound to modify and dried fruitsPoojaHorti
This document discusses applications of ultrasound to modify and improve dried fruits. It begins with definitions of ultrasound and discusses fruits that are suitable for drying. It explains that ultrasound drying can reduce energy consumption and drying times for fruits compared to conventional drying methods. Various ultrasound drying methods are described, including ultrasound-assisted convective drying, osmotic dehydration, vacuum drying, and freeze drying. Case studies demonstrate how ultrasound pretreatments and drying can increase the drying rate of fruits like strawberries, improve the quality of dried fruits, and retain polyphenols in apples. The conclusion is that ultrasound is effective for accelerating fruit drying processes and maintaining fruit quality compared to conventional drying.
While trace amounts of fluorine are essential for life, its excessive intake
leads to a disease known as fluorosis. It is a predominant ailment in majority of the
countries inclusive of India. It is caused also by drinking fluoride containing water.
Retention of fluorine in bones and teeth occurs through F−–(OH−) exchange on their
inorganic component known as hydroxylapatite. Endeavour of the present study is to
design a column using activated alumina as an adsorbent for continuous defluoridation
ofwater for domestic purpose. As a part of it, operational defluoridation capacity
of aluminawas determined by variation of different factors (amount of alumina, time,
temperature, added salts). A family of four members was taken as a model. The initial
and final fluoride concentrations were taken as 2.0 and 0.7 ppm, respectively.
Dimension of the unit (adsorbent bed diameter and height) was determined.
This document summarizes research on using Fe3O4 nanoparticles loaded onto wheat straw (NP-WS) as an adsorbent for removing Basic Blue 9 dye from aqueous solutions. Key points:
- Fe3O4 nanoparticles were synthesized via chemical precipitation and then loaded onto wheat straw. The NP-WS adsorbent was characterized using various techniques.
- Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to study the effect of environmental parameters like temperature, and to analyze adsorption isotherms and kinetics.
- The Langmuir adsorption capacity was found to be 627.1 mg/g. Kinetic data fitted well to a pseudo-second order model, indicating chemisorption.
Studies on removal of acid orange 7 by advanced oxidation process using uv an...prjpublications
This document summarizes a study on using advanced oxidation processes (AOP) involving UV light and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to remove the synthetic dye Acid Orange 7 from wastewater. Experiments were conducted to determine the optimized pH, H2O2 dosage, UV contact time, and their combined effects on decolorization efficiency. The study found that 100% color removal was achieved with a H2O2 dosage of 30ml/1000ml and a UV contact time of 90 minutes. A continuous flow experiment also achieved 100% removal after 4 hours using these conditions. When applied to treating an industrial textile wastewater, 100% color removal was obtained after 24 hours of UV contact time with 30
Similar to Removal of fluoride from synthetic waste water by using “bio adsorbents” (20)
Hudhud cyclone caused extensive damage in Visakhapatnam, India in October 2014, especially to tree cover. This will likely impact the local environment in several ways: increased air pollution as trees absorb less; higher temperatures without tree canopy; increased erosion and landslides. It also created large amounts of waste from destroyed trees. Proper management of solid waste is needed to prevent disease spread. Suggested measures include restoring damaged plants, building fountains to reduce heat, mandating light-colored buildings, improving waste management, and educating public on health risks. Overall, changes are needed to water, land, and waste practices to rebuild the environment after the cyclone removed green cover.
Impact of flood disaster in a drought prone area – case study of alampur vill...eSAT Publishing House
1) In September-October 2009, unprecedented heavy rainfall and dam releases caused widespread flooding in Alampur village in Mahabub Nagar district, a historically drought-prone area.
2) The flood damaged or destroyed homes, buildings, infrastructure, crops, and documents. It displaced many residents and cut off the village.
3) The socioeconomic conditions and mud-based construction of homes in the village exacerbated the flood's impacts, making damage more severe and recovery more difficult.
The document summarizes the Hudhud cyclone that struck Visakhapatnam, India in October 2014. It describes the cyclone's formation, rapid intensification to winds of 175 km/h, and landfall near Visakhapatnam. The cyclone caused extensive damage estimated at over $1 billion and at least 109 deaths in India and Nepal. Infrastructure like buildings, bridges, and power lines were destroyed. Crops and fishing boats were also damaged. The document then discusses coping strategies and improvements needed to disaster management plans to better prepare for future cyclones.
Groundwater investigation using geophysical methods a case study of pydibhim...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes the results of a geophysical investigation using vertical electrical sounding (VES) methods at 13 locations around an industrial area in India. The VES data was interpreted to generate geo-electric sections and pseudo-sections showing subsurface resistivity variations. Three main layers were typically identified - a high resistivity topsoil, a weathered middle layer, and a basement rock. Pseudo-sections revealed relatively more weathered areas in the northwest and southwest. Resistivity sections helped identify zones of possible high groundwater potential based on low resistivity anomalies sandwiched between more resistive layers. The study concluded the electrical resistivity method was useful for understanding subsurface geology and identifying areas prospective for groundwater exploration.
Flood related disasters concerned to urban flooding in bangalore, indiaeSAT Publishing House
1. The document discusses urban flooding in Bangalore, India. It describes how factors like heavy rainfall, population growth, and improper land use have contributed to increased flooding in the city.
2. Flooding events in 2013 are analyzed in detail. A November rainfall caused runoff six times higher than the drainage capacity, inundating low-lying residential areas.
3. Impacts of urban flooding include disrupted daily life, damaged infrastructure, and decreased economic activity in affected areas. The document calls for improved flood management strategies to better mitigate urban flooding risks in Bangalore.
Enhancing post disaster recovery by optimal infrastructure capacity buildingeSAT Publishing House
This document discusses enhancing post-disaster recovery through optimal infrastructure capacity building. It presents a model to minimize the cost of meeting demand using auxiliary capacities when disaster damages infrastructure. The model uses genetic algorithms to select optimal capacity combinations. The document reviews how infrastructure provides vital services supporting recovery activities and discusses classifying infrastructure into six types. When disaster reduces infrastructure services, a gap forms between community demands and available support, hindering recovery. The proposed research aims to identify this gap and optimize capacity selection to fill it cost-effectively.
Effect of lintel and lintel band on the global performance of reinforced conc...eSAT Publishing House
This document analyzes the effect of lintels and lintel bands on the seismic performance of reinforced concrete masonry infilled frames through non-linear static pushover analysis. Four frame models are considered: a frame with a full masonry infill wall; a frame with a central opening but no lintel/band; a frame with a lintel above the opening; and a frame with a lintel band above the opening. The results show that the full infill wall model has 27% higher stiffness and 32% higher strength than the model with just an opening. Models with lintels or lintel bands have slightly higher strength and stiffness than the model with just an opening. The document concludes lintels and lintel
Wind damage to trees in the gitam university campus at visakhapatnam by cyclo...eSAT Publishing House
1) A cyclone with wind speeds of 175-200 kph caused massive damage to the green cover of Gitam University campus in Visakhapatnam, India. Thousands of trees were uprooted or damaged.
2) A study assessed different types of damage to trees from the cyclone, including defoliation, salt spray damage, damage to stems/branches, and uprooting. Certain tree species were more vulnerable than others.
3) The results of the study can help in selecting more wind-resistant tree species for future planting and reducing damage from future storms.
Wind damage to buildings, infrastrucuture and landscape elements along the be...eSAT Publishing House
1) A visual study was conducted to assess wind damage from Cyclone Hudhud along the 27km Visakha-Bheemli Beach road in Visakhapatnam, India.
2) Residential and commercial buildings suffered extensive roof damage, while glass facades on hotels and restaurants were shattered. Infrastructure like electricity poles and bus shelters were destroyed.
3) Landscape elements faced damage, including collapsed trees that damaged pavements, and debris in parks. The cyclone wiped out over half the city's green cover and caused beach erosion around protected areas.
1) The document reviews factors that influence the shear strength of reinforced concrete deep beams, including compressive strength of concrete, percentage of tension reinforcement, vertical and horizontal web reinforcement, aggregate interlock, shear span-to-depth ratio, loading distribution, side cover, and beam depth.
2) It finds that compressive strength of concrete, tension reinforcement percentage, and web reinforcement all increase shear strength, while shear strength decreases as shear span-to-depth ratio increases.
3) The distribution and amount of vertical and horizontal web reinforcement also affects shear strength, but closely spaced stirrups do not necessarily enhance capacity or performance.
Role of voluntary teams of professional engineers in dissater management – ex...eSAT Publishing House
1) A team of 17 professional engineers from various disciplines called the "Griha Seva" team volunteered after the 2001 Gujarat earthquake to provide technical assistance.
2) The team conducted site visits, assessments, testing and recommended retrofitting strategies for damaged structures in Bhuj and Ahmedabad. They were able to fully assess and retrofit 20 buildings in Ahmedabad.
3) Factors observed that exacerbated the earthquake's impacts included unplanned construction, non-engineered buildings, improper prior retrofitting, and defective materials and workmanship. The professional engineers' technical expertise was crucial for effective post-disaster management.
This document discusses risk analysis and environmental hazard management. It begins by defining risk, hazard, and toxicity. It then outlines the steps involved in hazard identification, including HAZID, HAZOP, and HAZAN. The document presents a case study of a hypothetical gas collecting station, identifying potential accidents and hazards. It discusses quantitative and qualitative approaches to risk analysis, including calculating a fire and explosion index. The document concludes by discussing hazard management strategies like preventative measures, control measures, fire protection, relief operations, and the importance of training personnel on safety.
Review study on performance of seismically tested repaired shear wallseSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes research on the performance of reinforced concrete shear walls that have been repaired after damage. It begins with an introduction to shear walls and their failure modes. The literature review then discusses the behavior of original shear walls as well as different repair techniques tested by other researchers, including conventional repair with new concrete, jacketing with steel plates or concrete, and use of fiber reinforced polymers. The document focuses on evaluating the strength retention of shear walls after being repaired with various methods.
Monitoring and assessment of air quality with reference to dust particles (pm...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a study on monitoring and assessing air quality with respect to dust particles (PM10 and PM2.5) in the urban environment of Visakhapatnam, India. Sampling was conducted in residential, commercial, and industrial areas from October 2013 to August 2014. The average PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations were within limits in residential areas but moderate to high in commercial and industrial areas. Exceedance factor levels indicated moderate pollution for residential areas and moderate to high pollution for commercial and industrial areas. There is a need for management measures like improved public transport and green spaces to combat particulate air pollution in the study areas.
Low cost wireless sensor networks and smartphone applications for disaster ma...eSAT Publishing House
This document describes a low-cost wireless sensor network and smartphone application system for disaster management. The system uses an Arduino-based wireless sensor network comprising nodes with various sensors to monitor the environment. The sensor data is transmitted to a central gateway and then to the cloud for analysis. A smartphone app connected to the cloud can detect disasters from the sensor data and send real-time alerts to users to help with early evacuation. The system aims to provide low-cost localized disaster detection and warnings to improve safety.
Coastal zones – seismic vulnerability an analysis from east coast of indiaeSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes an analysis of seismic vulnerability along the east coast of India. It discusses the geotectonic setting of the region as a passive continental margin and reports some moderate seismic activity from offshore in recent decades. While seismic stability cannot be assumed given events like the 2004 tsunami, no major earthquakes have been recorded along this coast historically. The document calls for further study of active faults, neotectonics, and implementation of improved seismic building codes to mitigate vulnerability.
Can fracture mechanics predict damage due disaster of structureseSAT Publishing House
This document discusses how fracture mechanics can be used to better predict damage and failure of structures. It notes that current design codes are based on small-scale laboratory tests and do not account for size effects, which can lead to more brittle failures in larger structures. The document outlines how fracture mechanics considers factors like size effect, ductility, and minimum reinforcement that influence the strength and failure behavior of structures. It provides examples of how fracture mechanics has been applied to problems like evaluating shear strength in deep beams and investigating a failure of an oil platform structure. The document argues that fracture mechanics provides a more scientific basis for structural design compared to existing empirical code provisions.
This document discusses the assessment of seismic susceptibility of reinforced concrete (RC) buildings. It begins with an introduction to earthquakes and the importance of vulnerability assessment in mitigating earthquake risks and losses. It then describes modeling the nonlinear behavior of RC building elements and performing pushover analysis to evaluate building performance. The document outlines modeling RC frames and developing moment-curvature relationships. It also summarizes the results of pushover analyses on sample 2D and 3D RC frames with and without shear walls. The conclusions emphasize that pushover analysis effectively assesses building properties but has limitations, and that capacity spectrum method provides appropriate results for evaluating building response and retrofitting impact.
A geophysical insight of earthquake occurred on 21 st may 2014 off paradip, b...eSAT Publishing House
1) A 6.0 magnitude earthquake occurred off the coast of Paradip, Odisha in the Bay of Bengal on May 21, 2014 at a depth of around 40 km.
2) Analysis of magnetic and bathymetric data from the area revealed the presence of major lineaments in NW-SE and NE-SW directions that may be responsible for seismic activity through stress release.
3) Movements along growth faults at the margins of large Bengal channels, due to large sediment loads, could also contribute to seismic events by triggering movements along the faults.
Effect of hudhud cyclone on the development of visakhapatnam as smart and gre...eSAT Publishing House
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Removal of fluoride from synthetic waste water by using “bio adsorbents”
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Issue: 04 | Apr-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 776
REMOVAL OF FLUORIDE FROM SYNTHETIC WASTE WATER BY
USING “BIO-ADSORBENTS”
AashMohammad1
, CB Majumder2
1
Department of chemical engineering, IIT roorkee, Roorkee, Uttrakhand 247667,
2
Associate professor, Department of chemical engineering, IIT roorkee, Roorkee, Uttrakhand 247667
Abstract
The aim of this research work is to design and develop a novel, cost effective strategy for fluoride removal from industrial waste
water. This study investigates the feasibility of three low-cost biomass based adsorbents namely: banana peel, groundnut shell and
sweet lemon peel for industrial waste water defluoridation at neutral PH range. Action of these adsorbents on fluoride was compared
with commercially available adsorbents. It was found to be much better, high removal efficiency at higher concentration (20 mg/l) of
fluoride in industrial waste water. The banana peel, groundnut shell and sweet lemon peel removed 94.34, 89.9 and 59.59
%respectively. Contact time for banana peel, groundnut shell, and sweet lemon peel are 60.0, 75.0, and 40 min respectively at doses
of 14, 12 and 16 gm/l respectively. Mechanism of adsorption kinetics was found pseudo-second order reaction, and the mechanism of
fluoride removal on adsorbents was found to be complex. The surface adsorption as well as intra-particle diffusion contributes to the
rate-determining step.
Keywords: Sodium Fluoride, hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide, pore milli water, Bio-adsorbents, SPDNS solution
----------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
Fluoride is important as well as toxic for the human health. Its
higher concentration in water creates health problems. The
concentration between the ranges of 0.8 mg/l to 1.0 mg/l is
beneficial for reducing dental caries and helps in improvement
of bones [1-4]. Many evidences prove that higher
concentration of fluoride in water produces harmful effects on
dental system. The lack of Ca, protein and vitamins in the diet
are due the adverse effect of high concentration of fluoride [5-
6].High F-
concentration also leads to various diseases like
osteoporosis, arthritis, brittle bones, cancer, infertility, brain
damage, alzheimer syndrome, and thyroid disorder [7-8].The
suitable fluoride concentration in drinking water is in the
range of 0.5 mg/l to 1.5 mg/l (WHO). World-wide 200 million
people are affected by the dental fluorosis (Mohan et al.,
2012).In India, the maximum permissible limit of fluoride
according to World Health Organization is 1.5 mg/l. Safe
disposal of fluoride from the industrial waste water is very
critical environmental task for the industries. Large part of the
waste water is treated by lime softening method to reduce the
excess fluoride concentration. It reduces the fluoride
concentration by approximately 10-20 mg/l from the waste
water. Thus, further operation is necessary to reduce the
fluoride concentration to acceptable level (1.5 mg/l). For
further removal of F -
, co-precipitation of fluoride with
Al3+
isextensively employed but this method generates very
large amount of sludge [9-10]. Glass and ceramic production,
semiconductor manufacturing, electroplating, coal fired power
stations, beryllium extraction plants, brick and iron works, and
aluminium smelters etc release high fluoride concentration in
waste water [11-12].
Ion exchange method and membrane technologies including
reverse osmosis and nano-filtration have been successfully
implemented in the removal of trace fluoride concentrations.
However, these methods are expensive and energy consuming
[13–14]. All these processes are not much efficient as
comparable to the adsorption techniques. Adsorption process,
quite attractive, simple and low cost of design and more
variety of adsorbent make its convenient method for
defluoridation. Conventional adsorbents have been used for
defluoridation for long. These adsorbents cause adverse effect
on health and are highly costly but the use of bio-adsorbents
have no adverse effects on health and render good water
quality.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Preparation of Banana Peel Adsorbent Treated
with Hydrochloric Acid
Banana peels are collected from the local seller of banana.
After the collection of peel it is washed three times from the
tape water to remove the dust. Banana peels are primarily
dried in the sun light for two days and then dried in hot air
oven in the range of 80o
C-100 0
C for 36 h. Dried banana peels
crushed in a jaw crusher and then sieved by 510 µm ASTM
mesh. Screened material is treated with 0.1 M hydrochloric
acid for 24 h. After treatment with acid, treated material is
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Issue: 04 | Apr-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 777
washed many times to make it neutral. Washed material is
then dried in hot air oven at 110o
C for 24 h. The material is
subsequently placed in an airtight container for further use.
2.2 Preparation of Sweet Lemon Peel Adsorbent
It’s collected from the juice making shop of Rookie, washed in
tape water and dried in sun light for four days. This material is
dried in the hot air oven for two days at 120 c
o. Dried Material
crushed in jaw crusher and then sieved in 510 µm mesh
ASTM. Sieved material is collected for further use.
2.3 Preparation of Groundnut Shell Adsorbent
Collected shell of groundnut simply washed with tape water
and dried in sun light for two days. Dried sample is again
dried in hot air oven at 100 c
o for 24 hr. This material is
crushed in jaw crusher and screened in 510 µm mesh ASTM,
screened material is then placed in container for further use.
2.4 Adsorption Experiments
The stock solution of 100 mg L-1
fluoride was prepared by
dissolving 221 mg of anhydrous NaF in one litre of distilled
water. Test solution of 20 mg L-1
fluoride concentration was
prepared from stock solution. Selected concentration is the
normal fluoride concentration in industrial waste water.250 ml
conical flask is used for the experimental work for batch
studies .Experiment is carried out with 50 ml of the test
solution at (30±1) c
o in conical flask in horizontal incubator
shaker. At the end of desired contact time, the conical flasks
were removed from the shaker. Subsequently, samples were
filtered using Whatman No. 42 filter paper and filtrate was
analysed for residual fluoride concentration by SPADNS
method. Batch study was conducted to determine the optimum
condition for the fluoride removal to make the efficient
technique. Optimization and the effects of adsorbent dose, pH,
contact time and initial fluoride concentration on adsorption
were studied by varying various parameters. pH was adjusted
using 0.1 N HCl or 0.1 N NaOH.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Effect of pH
The effect of pH on removal of fluoride was studies in the
range of 2-12 and results are illustrated in the Fig-1.
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Removalefficiency,%
pH
groundnut shell
sweet lemon peel
banana peel
Fig-1: Removal efficiency verses pH
pH plays an important role in adsorption process on bio
adsorbents. The removal efficiency of the adsorbents is
concluded that, it is depending on the pH of the test sample of
fluoride, as shown in Fig.1. The results confirm a strong
dependence between the adsorption of fluoride and pH,
whereby adsorption appears to increases with increasing pH,
within a pH range of 1–7. Maximum adsorption was observed
at a pH of 7, 6and 4 for groundnut shell, banana peel and
sweet lemon peel respectively in 1.5 hr. Several researchers
reported that biosorption process is reliant on the aqueous
phase pH, and the functional groups on the biosorbent, and
their ionic states (at particular pH) [15, 16, 17].In most of the
biosorption process micro molecules have groups such as
amino, carboxyl, thiol, alcohol, phenol, and phosphate.
Biosorption is carried out by the protonation and
deprotonation of functional groups on the surface of bio
adsorbent [18].pH of the solution governed the ionic form of
fluoride in solution and the electrical charge (i.e. functional
groups carrying polysaccharides and proteins) on the
biosorbent. Where it shows that the overall charge on the
surface of bioadsorbent is positive. Positive charge binds the
negatively charged fluoride ions. In the case of groundnut no
effect of pH was observed because it shows the adsorption at
neutral pH of 7.It means the surface of groundnut is cationic
type (H+)
[19]. At the lower value of pH (< 7) the surface of
the adsorbent gets positively charged and sorption of fluoride
occurred, probably anionic exchange sorption. In acidic
medium because of the protonation, action on the surface
functional groups such as amino, carboxyl, thiol, etc., imparts
positive charge on the surface.
Relative sorption inhibition occurred at basic pH (>7) range,
might be assign to the increase of hydroxyl ion leading to
formation of aqua-complexes; thereby, desorption occurred
[19].
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According to the study of pH optimization, adsorption of bio
adsorbent mostly observed in the acidic range of the pH But
removal of fluoride in our case has observed in less acidic
range which is more beneficial and cost effective for the
removal.
3.2 Dose Optimization
Removal efficiency of fluoride is strongly dependent on
concentration of adsorbent dose in test sample. Removal of
fluoride increases as increasing dose of adsorbent in the
sample as shown in Fig-2.
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Removalefficiency(%)
Dose (gm/l)
banana peel
groundnut shell
sweet lemon peel
Fig-2: Removal efficiency verses dose
At the starting, removal of fluoride increases as increasing the
dose until a some extent after that very slightly change in the
removal of fluoride it means, the curve lapse as flat indicating
the higher fluoride adsorption occurs at their maximum dose
and the removal remains constant. Adsorbents have a higher
availability of surface and pore volume because of this
adsorption increases after that adsorption of fluoride is
constant at higher dose because of saturation of pore volume
and surface. Efficiency for groundnut, banana peel and sweet
lemon peel increases from 62.79 to 76.59, 70.23 to 80.95 and
40.47 to 50.59 respectively for the dose range 2-20 gm/l. But
there are no significant changes in removal efficiency for
fluoride from the dose 12-20,16-20 and 14-20 gm/l for
groundnut, sweet lemon peel and banana peel respectively.
This is happened because of the overlapping of active sites at
higher dosage, thus reducing of the net surface area [20].
3.3 Effect of Contact Time
It is observed that the exclusion of fluoride ions increases with
increase in contact time to some level at optimum pH and
dose. Further increase in contact time does not increase the
uptake due to deposition of fluoride ions on the available
adsorption pore volume and surface area on bio adsorbent
materials as shown in Fig.3
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
RemovalEfficiency,%
Time (min)
Banana Peel
Groundnut Shell
Sweet Lemon Peel
Fig-3: Removal efficiency verses time
Fig-3 explains the optimum percentage removal of fluoride by
three considered bio adsorbents at different contact times.
However, it progressively approached an almost steady value,
denoting accomplishment of equilibrium. In the current case,
the equilibrium times were obtained at 40, 60, and 75 min for
sweet lemon peel, banana peel and groundnut shell
correspondingly. The initial peak portion revealed the high
sorption uptake of the fluoride ions on to adsorbents. The
second stage assigns the sluggish uptake of fluoride ions that
showed the utilization of all active sites over the adsorbents
surface and accomplishment of saturation or equilibrium stage.
The third stage indicated the equilibrium stage in which, the
sorption uptake was relatively small [21].
3.4 Effect of Initial Fluoride Concentration
The outcome of initial fluoride concentration was investigated
at their optimum dose, pH and contact time on adsorbents onto
different concentration of fluoride solutions (10, 15, 20, 25, 30
mg L-1
). Fig.4 describes the effect of initial fluoride
concentration on the fluoride removal efficiency, the results
illustrated that fluoride removal efficiency was decreased by
increasing the initial fluoride concentration because of the
fixed dose of adsorbent capacity adsorbents gets saturated at
high concentration.
Pore volume and active sites of the adsorbents filled by the
fluoride finally its removal is decreased. Similar trend has
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Volume: 03 Issue: 04 | Apr-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 779
been reported for fluoride removal by using Neem charcoal
(Chakrabarty and Sarma, 2012) [22].
5 10 15 20 25 30 35
50
60
70
80
90
100
Removalefficiency%
Inicial Con.(mg/l)
Banana peel
groundnut shell
sweet lemon peel
Fig-4.1: Removal efficiency verses Initial concentration
The adsorption capacity of fluoride adsorbed per unit
adsorbent (qe) (mg g-1
) was calculated according to following
Equation:
𝑞 𝑒 =
(𝐶𝑜 − 𝐶𝑒)
𝑚
𝑉
Where Ci and Ce are initial and final fluoride concentrations
respectively is the volume of the solution (L), and m is mass
of the adsorbent (g).
5 10 15 20 25 30 35
0.7
1.4
2.1
Removalefficiency%
Capacity qe (mg/g)
groundnut shell
banana peel
sweet lemon peel
Fig-4.2: Removal efficiency verses Equilibrium capacity
The results of Fig. 4.2 reveal that the quantity of adsorbed
fluoride increased with the increase in fluoride initial
concentrations. Adsorption capacity of groundnut shell is
maximum out of three adsorbent because of its lower
adsorbent dose (mg) and high removal efficiency of banana
peel
Table-1: Table for optimization parameters for different adsorbents
Adsorbents pH
Contact
time(min)
Dose
(gm/l)
Concentration (mg/l)
Adsorption
Capacity
(mg/g)
Removal
Efficiency
(%)
Groundnut shell 7.0 75 12.0 20.0 1.498 89.90
Banana peel 6.0 60 16.0 20.0 1.340 59.55
Sweet lemon peel 4.0 40 14.0 20.0 0.744 94.34
3.5 Adsorption Kinetics
Mechanism of adsorption of fluoride is explained by the
adsorption kinetics. Adsorption kinetics models are pseudo-
first-order, pseudo-second-order and intraparticle diffusion.
Studies of these models explain the adsorption behaviour of
fluoride on bio adsorbents.
Pseudo-first order model:
log 𝑞𝑒 − 𝑞𝑡 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑞𝑒 −
𝐾1
2.303
𝑡
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0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
-3
-2
-1
0
log(qe-qt)
t (min.)
banana peel
groundnut shell
sweet lemon peel
Fig-5: Plot for pseudo first order kinetics
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
t/qt
t (min.)
banana peel
groundnut shell
sweet lemon peel
Fig-6: Plot for pseudo second order kinetics
Pseudo-second-order model:
𝑡
𝑞𝑡
=
𝑡
𝑞 𝑒
+
1
𝐾2 𝑞 𝑒
2
Where qe and qt (both in mg g−1) are the amount of fluoride
adsorbed at equilibrium and at time correspondingly. K1
(min−1) and K2 (g mg−1
min−1
) are the kinetics rate constants
for the pseudo first- and second order models,
correspondingly.
By using the above graph the rate contant (k) of fluoride
sorption for all adsorbents were calculated with the help of
ploting the graphwhich are given below in table
Table 2:kinetics parameters for pseudo first order and second order reaction
Adsorbents Pseudo first order Pseudo second order
K1 qecal R2
K2 qecal R2
Banana peel 0.039 0.202 0.974 0.434 1.369 0.999
Groundnut shell 0.053 0.485 0.948 0.254 1.557 0.999
Sweet lemon peel 0.086 0.509 0.966 0.295 0.795 0.998
From the above table, data show that the best model for the
adsorption for all adsorbent is pseudo-second-order.
Adsorption follows the pseudo-second-order kinetic because
of the better result for all adsorbents
Rate limiting step is necessary to determine for adsorption
study. External mass transfer, Intra-particle diffusion are two
methods to explain the solid –liquid adsorption process for a
solute. Intra-particle diffusion occurs in the case of high speed
of agitation (120 rpm) of solid liquid test sample during the
experiment. At very high agitation speed, it was reasonable to
assume that mass transfer occurred from bulk of liquid to the
particle adsorbents, external surface was not limiting the rate.
Yadov et al. explain the rate limiting step might be both
surface and Intra particle diffusion [24]. The double nature of
the diffusion was explained by the McKay in his research, first
linear portion of the plot depicts the boundary layer diffusion
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and second part of the linear portion depicts the intra-particle
diffusion[25]
𝑞 𝑡 = 𝑋𝑖 + 𝐾𝑝 ∗ 𝑡0.5
Where q (t) adsorption capacity (mg/g), Kp(mg×g−1×min−0.5
)
diffusion constant and Xi (mg/g) is maximum capacity in case
of intra particle diffusion.
From the Fig-7 we have calculated the values of equation
parameters (Xi, Kp) for all the adsorbents which are given in
table 3
3.0 4.5 6.0 7.5 9.0
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
q(t)
t
0.5
banana peel
groundnut shell
sweet lemon peel
Fig-7: Adsorption Capacity verses time.
Table 3: Model parameter for intraparticle diffusion
Adsorbent Kp Xi R2
Banana peel 0.026 1.1320.921
Groundnut peel 0.033 1.221 0.929
Sweet lemon peel 0.494 0.494 0.803
3.6 Isotherm Model
All the models are explained in their linearized form. We have
study three models for the adsorption characteristics,
Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin.
Langmuir model in linearized form:
𝐶𝑒
𝑞𝑒
=
𝐶𝑒
𝑞 𝑚
+
1
𝑏𝑞 𝑚
Where Ce (mg/l) is equilibrium concentration,
qm(mg/g)maximum adsorption capacity b is a constant. The
magnitude of b reflects the slope of the adsorption isotherm
which is a measure of adsorption affinity coefficient (Lmg−1
).
0 1 2 3 4
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Banana peel
Ce/qe
Ce(mg/l)
Fig-8 a: Langmuir isotherm model plot for banana peel
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0 1 2 3 4 5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Groungnut shell
Ce/qe
Ce(mg/l)
Fig-8 b: Langmuir isotherm model plot for grountnut shell
0 3 6 9 12 15
0
3
6
9
12
15
Ce/qe
Ce (mg/l)
sweet lemon peel peel
Fig-8 c: Langmuir isotherm model plot for sweet lemon peel
Fig-8a,b and c linear plots of the langmuir isotherm model for
banana peel, ground nut shell and sweet lemon peel.
By comparing the slope of the line (1/qm) and intercept (1/bqm)
with above plots, we have calculated the values of adsorption
parameters qm (mg/g) and b (Lmg-1
) for all adsorbents which
are tabulated in table 4.
The linearized Freundlich equation is given as:
log 𝑥
𝑚 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐾𝑓 +
1
𝑛
log(𝐶𝑒)
where x is the amount of solute adsorbed (mg), m the mass of
adsorbent used (g), Ce the equilibrium solute concentration in
solution (mg/l) and Kf (g-1
) a constant, which is a measure of
adsorption capacity and 1/n is a measure of adsorption
intensity. The values of Kf and n were obtained from the slope
and intercept of the plot between log (x/m) and logCe. The
Freundlich equation deals with physico-chemical adsorption
on heterogeneous surfaces.
-0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
banana peel
log(qe)
log(Ce)
Fig-9 a: Fruendlitch isotherm model plot for banana peel
0.0 0.3 0.6
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
log(qe)
log(Ce)
groundnut shell
Fig-9 b: Fruendlitch isotherm model plot for groundnut shell
0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0.0
sweet lemon peel
log(qe)
log(Ce)
Fig-9 c: Fruendlitch isotherm model plot for sweet lemon peel
8. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Issue: 04 | Apr-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 783
Fig.9.a,9.b and 9.c linear plots of the freundlich isotherm
model for banana peel, ground nut shell and sweet lemon peel.
By comparing the slope of the line (1/n) and intercept (log kf)
with above plots, we have calculated the values of adsorption
parameters n and Kf (g-1
) for all adsorbents which are
tabulated in table 4.
Temkin model equation is given as:
𝑞𝑒 =
𝑅𝑇
𝑏 𝑇
ln 𝐴 𝑇 +
𝑅𝑇
𝑏 𝑇
ln(𝐶𝑒)
Where R is the gas Constant, T is temperature (K), Ce
equilibrium concentration (mg/l) and AT,bT are the adsorption
constants.
-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
banana peel
qe
ln(Ce)
Fig-10 a: Temkin isotherm model plot for banana peel
0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6
0.6
1.2
1.8
qe
ln(Ce)
grountnut shell
Fig-10 b: Temkin isotherm model plot for groundnut shell
Fig-10 a, 10 b and 10 c linear plots of the Temkin isotherm
model for banana peel, ground nut shell and sweet lemon
peel.By comparing the slope of the line (RT/bT) and intercept
(RT/bTln(AT)) with above plots, we have calculated the values
of adsorption
0 1 2 3
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
qe
ln(Ce)
sweet lemon peel
Fig-10 c: Temkin isotherm model plot for sweet lemon peel
Parameters bT and AT for all adsorbents which are tabulated in
table 4.
All the adsorption parameters have calculated from the linear
plots of models which are given below in table 4.
9. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 04 | Apr-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 784
Table-4: Isotherm parameter for all adsorbents
Adsorbent Langmuir Freundlich Temkin
b qm R2
KF n R2
AT bT R2
Banana peel 0.993 2.283 0.989 1.037 2.314 0.914 9.032 4860.86 0.967
Groundnut shell 0.359 3.344 0.979 0.893 1.709 0.959 3.060 3207.55 0.992
Sweet lemon peel 0.544 1.037 0.971 0.500 4.291 0.883 16.693 14987.6 0.872
By comparing the correlation coefficients R2
values, we can
see the correlation coefficients are more than 0.97 for
Langmuir and other rest of the model have less value as
compare to langmuir isotherm model. So the best fit model for
all adsorbents is Langmuir adsorption model. It informs the
adsorption experimental data was fitted well by the Langmiur
isotherm.
4. COMPARATIVE DATA OF DIFFERENT BIO
ADSORBENTS
Table-5: Comparison of the defluoridation efficiency of different biomass based sorbents
Adsorbent Initial Fluoride
Conc.(mg/l)
pH % Removal References
Sawdust raw 5 6.0 49.80 K.Y.Ashishet.al
Wheat straw raw 5 6.0 60.20 K.Y.Ashishet.al
Activated bagasse carbon 5 6.0 56.40 K.Y.Ashishet.al
Neem peepal 5 2.0 84.90 A.R.Tembalkar
Available activated Carbon 5 6.0 57.60 K.Y.Ashishet.al
Sweet lemon peel 20 4.0 59.55 Current
Groundnut shell 20 7.0 89.90 Current
Banana peel 20 6.0 94.34 Current
5. CONCLUSIONS
Biomass adsorbents were studied for the removal of fluoride
on synthetic waste water assuming as industrial waste water.
The conclusion drained from the experiment is given below:
1. The banana peel, groundnut shell and sweet lemon peel
removed 94.34, 89.9 and 59.59 %respectively from an
aqueous solution of 20 mg L−1
fluoride at pH of 6.0, 7.0
and 4.0 respectively.Contact time for banana peel,
groundnut shell, and sweet lemon peel are 60.0, 75.0
and 40 min and dose 14,12 and 16 gm/l respectively.
2. Mechanism of adsorption kinetics was found pseudo-
second order reaction, and themechanism of fluoride
removal on adsorbents was found to be complex. The
surface adsorption as well as intra-particle diffusion
contributes to the rate-determining step.
3. High removal efficiency of adsorbent banana peel and
groundnut shell,andpresence of others ions in
groundwater did not significantly affect the
deflouridation process
4. Adsorption isotherm models langmuir, fruendlich and
temkin were studies,out of these the best plots for
adsorption isotherm was langmuir model.
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