This study examined the effect of yarn count and stitch length on spirality in single jersey knit fabrics. 12 fabric samples were produced with variations in count (30-40 Ne) and stitch length (2.6-2.95 mm). The samples were tested for spirality after scouring, bleaching, dyeing and finishing. The results showed that spirality increased as stitch length increased due to more yarn twisting. Spirality also increased with higher yarn counts due to less fabric compactness and more loops available for twisting. In conclusion, using lower yarn counts and stitch lengths can help manufacturers reduce spirality issues in knitted fabrics.
Hairiness is characterized by the quantity of freely moving fibre ends or fibre loops projecting from a yarn or textile fabric (woven, knitted or non woven fabrics).
In term of measurement Hairiness corresponds to the total length of the protruding fibres in unit length of one centimeter.
A basic introduction of Fabric manufacturing technology. Weaving is a very important manufacturing technology. Here is a basic knowledge of Weave fabric manufacturing.
Knowing the basics of raw material, yarn production process and the other factors influencing quality will put the sourcing manager at the same eye level as a spinner /supplier when negotiating quality issues.
As a consequence this puts the sourcing manager in the position to pay the right price for the corresponding quality level.
This kind of know-how supports a retailer enormously in his efforts to establish a reliable supply chain which is based on mutual understanding.
In which process yarn is conditioned for better performance (such as strength, serviceability, luster, handle etc) is called yarn conditioning. Textile fibers are subjected to various physical operations to make in to a yarn. For example cotton fiber passes through opening, carding, drawing and spinning to become a yarn. During these phases the original moisture content on the fiber would have been lost and some static electricity would be carried by the fiber. The amount of static current carried by yarn changes from fiber to fiber. Similarly the strength of any fiber depends up on how close the present moisture content is to the original natural value.
A terry towel is a textile product which is made with loop pile on one or both sides generally covering the entire surface or forming strips, checks or other patterns. Special type of weaving technique is required for terry towel manufacturing. Terry towels are often very complex with yarns of different types and colors, in combination with various loop pile and flat structures. The name "terry" comes from the word "tirer" which means to pull out, referring to the pulled out by hand to make absorbent traditional. Turkish toweling Latin "vellus" meaning hair has the derivation "velour" which is the toweling with cut loops.There are many types of towel. Baby Towel, Bath Towel, Beach Towels, Golf Towels ,Hand Towel and Hotel Towels now used commonly.
Combing is a very important process for a spinning mill. The object of combing is removal of short fibres, Neps, impurities and to improve the fibre length uniformity followed with improvement in mean length. The removal of immature cotton, foreign matter and improvement in fibre fineness and fibre bundle strength are the additional advantages of combing process. In totality combing process significantly improves the cotton characteristics by removing the useless fibres (i.e. Fibres which are not suitable for a particular end use) from the process. These fibres are extracted as comber Noil waste. This Complete combing process carried out by action of different combing elements. During combing process along with useless fibres good quality fibres are also removed especially in modern high speed combers which are huge raw material & financial losses for the industry. We have studied in detail the combing action of these different combing elements w.r.t. removal of Neps, SFC % & other impurities with mean length improvement. The object of this article is to present the effect of different combing elements on cotton processed and how we can perfectly set these combing elements to get the better combing process with respect to desire Quality, so we can achieve maximum removal of useless fibres with minimum losses of good fibres.
Cotton is a natural fibre available easily and abundant quantity. It is a most suitable fibre for textile spinning & clothing due to it’s good spinnability & human friendly characteristics. As cotton is a natural fibre hence it’s properties also affected with several other factors which create variation in fibre properties, these variations also affect spinning processes & it’s products Quality in multi dimensions. Each fibre characteristic impact individually and collectively on spinning process or at ultimate product quality. Revolutionary changes observed in last two decade in the field of spinning machineries where processing speeds greatly increased to enhance production rate. Not only production rate of spinning machines increased but speeds of it’s downstream processes also increased simultaneously which requires better quality of yarn for smooth process and without any interruption to get the maximum efficiency. Hence now it is most important to co-relate fibre properties with respect to it’s consumer process competency. In this article we will discuss the different cotton properties and it’s impact on spinning process and product quality in present prospective and will try to minimize the impact of poor fibre properties on process or product Quality through better Mixing plan selection.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Hairiness is characterized by the quantity of freely moving fibre ends or fibre loops projecting from a yarn or textile fabric (woven, knitted or non woven fabrics).
In term of measurement Hairiness corresponds to the total length of the protruding fibres in unit length of one centimeter.
A basic introduction of Fabric manufacturing technology. Weaving is a very important manufacturing technology. Here is a basic knowledge of Weave fabric manufacturing.
Knowing the basics of raw material, yarn production process and the other factors influencing quality will put the sourcing manager at the same eye level as a spinner /supplier when negotiating quality issues.
As a consequence this puts the sourcing manager in the position to pay the right price for the corresponding quality level.
This kind of know-how supports a retailer enormously in his efforts to establish a reliable supply chain which is based on mutual understanding.
In which process yarn is conditioned for better performance (such as strength, serviceability, luster, handle etc) is called yarn conditioning. Textile fibers are subjected to various physical operations to make in to a yarn. For example cotton fiber passes through opening, carding, drawing and spinning to become a yarn. During these phases the original moisture content on the fiber would have been lost and some static electricity would be carried by the fiber. The amount of static current carried by yarn changes from fiber to fiber. Similarly the strength of any fiber depends up on how close the present moisture content is to the original natural value.
A terry towel is a textile product which is made with loop pile on one or both sides generally covering the entire surface or forming strips, checks or other patterns. Special type of weaving technique is required for terry towel manufacturing. Terry towels are often very complex with yarns of different types and colors, in combination with various loop pile and flat structures. The name "terry" comes from the word "tirer" which means to pull out, referring to the pulled out by hand to make absorbent traditional. Turkish toweling Latin "vellus" meaning hair has the derivation "velour" which is the toweling with cut loops.There are many types of towel. Baby Towel, Bath Towel, Beach Towels, Golf Towels ,Hand Towel and Hotel Towels now used commonly.
Combing is a very important process for a spinning mill. The object of combing is removal of short fibres, Neps, impurities and to improve the fibre length uniformity followed with improvement in mean length. The removal of immature cotton, foreign matter and improvement in fibre fineness and fibre bundle strength are the additional advantages of combing process. In totality combing process significantly improves the cotton characteristics by removing the useless fibres (i.e. Fibres which are not suitable for a particular end use) from the process. These fibres are extracted as comber Noil waste. This Complete combing process carried out by action of different combing elements. During combing process along with useless fibres good quality fibres are also removed especially in modern high speed combers which are huge raw material & financial losses for the industry. We have studied in detail the combing action of these different combing elements w.r.t. removal of Neps, SFC % & other impurities with mean length improvement. The object of this article is to present the effect of different combing elements on cotton processed and how we can perfectly set these combing elements to get the better combing process with respect to desire Quality, so we can achieve maximum removal of useless fibres with minimum losses of good fibres.
Cotton is a natural fibre available easily and abundant quantity. It is a most suitable fibre for textile spinning & clothing due to it’s good spinnability & human friendly characteristics. As cotton is a natural fibre hence it’s properties also affected with several other factors which create variation in fibre properties, these variations also affect spinning processes & it’s products Quality in multi dimensions. Each fibre characteristic impact individually and collectively on spinning process or at ultimate product quality. Revolutionary changes observed in last two decade in the field of spinning machineries where processing speeds greatly increased to enhance production rate. Not only production rate of spinning machines increased but speeds of it’s downstream processes also increased simultaneously which requires better quality of yarn for smooth process and without any interruption to get the maximum efficiency. Hence now it is most important to co-relate fibre properties with respect to it’s consumer process competency. In this article we will discuss the different cotton properties and it’s impact on spinning process and product quality in present prospective and will try to minimize the impact of poor fibre properties on process or product Quality through better Mixing plan selection.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Influence of land use land cover in simulating the thunderstorm event using ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Modeling the wettability alteration tendencies of bioproducts during microbia...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Potential utilisation of untreatedtreated textile effluent in concreteeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Cloud service architecture for education system under object oriented methodo...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Information security risk assessment under uncertainty using dynamic bayesian...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Effect of stitch length on physical and mechanical properties of single jerse...Elias Khalil (ইলিয়াস খলিল)
The physical and mechanical properties of knitted fabric can be changed due to use of various count of yarn, type of yarn
(ring, rotor, and compact), quality of yarn, stitch length / loop length, structural geometry, fiber composition of yarn etc. This study
focused on the various stitch length effect of grey single jersey. With an increase in stitch length, the dimensional properties like CPI,
WPI, GSM, thickness & tightness factor will be decreased for all the structures; while comfort properties like air permeability & water
absorbency will be increased. Again shrinkage & spirality will be decreased with increased stitch length at grey stage. Other properties
such as bursting strength, abrasion resistance & pilling resistance improved with increased stitch length. Though all the tests for fabric
properties were carried out for grey stage, there properties can considerably vary after further finishing of the fabrics. As finishing is
mandatory for fabric production, so now-a-days, these kinds of tests are carried out after finishing stage & proper controlling is done
according to desired quality. Sometimes, controlling of some properties of finished fabrics are beyond our trial. In that case, analysis of
fabric properties at grey stage can help us to take various control & corrective actions when necessary.
Evaluation of physico mechanical properties of 1×1 interlock cotton knitted f...Elias Khalil (ইলিয়াস খলিল)
The Physico-Mechanical properties of knitted fabric can be changed due to use of various count of yarn, type of yarn (ring, rotor, and compact), quality of yarn, Loop length / Stitch length, structural geometry, fibre composition of yarn etc. This study focused on the various Loop length effect of grey interlock knit structure. With an increase in Loop length, the dimensional properties like CPI, WPI, GSM, thickness & tightness factor will be decreased; while comfort properties like air permeability & water absorbency will be increased. Again shrinkage & spirality will be decreased with increased Loop length at grey stage. Other properties such as bursting strength, abrasion resistance & pilling resistance improved with increased Loop length. Though all the tests for fabric properties were carried out for grey stage, there properties can considerably vary after further finishing of the fabrics. As finishing is mandatory for fabric production, so now-a-days, these kinds of tests are carried out after finishing stage & proper controlling is done according desired quality. Sometimes, controlling of some properties of finished fabrics are beyond our trial. In that case, analysis of fabric properties at grey stage can help us to take various control & corrective actions when necessary.
Effect of Stitch Length on Different Properties of Plain Single Jersey FabricIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The works reported in this paper present the effects of stitch length on different properties of plain single jersey fabric. Fabric properties can be changed due to use of various counts of yarn, type (ring, rotor, and compact), quality, stitch length, structural geometry, fiber composition, etc. With an increase in stitch length, the properties like Courses Per Inch (CPI), Wales Per Inch (WPI), GSM and stitch density will be decreased when the remaining other parameters are constant. Again shrinkage and spirality will be increased and bursting strength decreased with the increased stitch length. Pilling and abrasion resistance show lower grading when stitch length increases.
Effect of wale wise increased tuck and miss loops on spirality of single jers...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Effect of wale wise increased tuck and miss loops on spirality of single jers...eSAT Journals
Abstract Derivatives of single jersey can be produced by combining the tuck and miss loops in both wale and course direction. But wale wise increment of tuck and miss loops are mostly practiced. This paper focused on spirality which is a common fault of knit fabrics. The wale wise increment of tuck and miss loops, individually have effects on spirality. Total nine single jersey derivatives were knitted to observe the changes. From total study it was perceived with the increment of tuck and miss loops spirality increases and higher spirality was found for miss loop fabrics (10%, 12.8%, 4.8% and 6.3%) than tuck loop fabrics (2%, 4%, 0.9% and 2%). It was also found that an all knit course insertion on pique and cross miss designs reduce the spirality almost to half for lacoste and locknit designs. It means that higher presence of knit loops can reduce the spirality. Keywords: Tuck loop, Miss Loop, spirality, and single jersey derivatives
Effect of gauge variation of circular knitting machine on physical and mechan...Elias Khalil (ইলিয়াস খলিল)
This paper deals with the results of an investigation of various gauges of circular knitting machines with a view to producing same single jersey fabric with different parameters. All parameters including machine diameter, stitch length, yarn count, yarn lot, yarn tension etc. but gauges are used for this work is different. Even dyeing has been done at the same time on the same machine by stitching one with other, finishing parameters and processes are also same and done at same time as well to minimize the effects of other variable which can be responsible for changing the physical and mechanical properties like finished width of the fabric, finished GSM (Grams per Square Meter), shrinkage, spirality, bursting strength etc. This is done for finding only the effects which actually affects the fabric properties. Finally the findings or results are as expected with some variations with the results that are thought theoretically.
An Investigation on Different Physical Properties of Cotton Woven Fabrics IJERA Editor
In this study, “An Investigation on Different Physical Properties of Cotton Woven Fabrics”, some sample fabrics were produced with plain, 2/2 twill, 3/1 twill and 4-end satin weave structure using four different weft counts. By means of regression, the correlation coefficient and correlation between different properties of fabrics were investigated. The findings of this study revealed that the crease recovery angle and the bending length are inversely proportional to each other. It was also found that with the increasing of weft yarn counts lead to a decreasing in stiffness, abrasion resistance and increasing in crease recovery angle. The pilling and wrinkle recovery affected very low by the increase of weft yarn count and for the variation of weave structure. Plain weave was superior to other structures in stiffness where as twill weave showed higher crease recovery.
Variation in linear density of combed yarn due to dyeing with reactive dye in...eSAT Journals
Abstract Though yarn dyeing is a significant part of wet processing, it still has some major obstacles. It loses its weight as well as strength due to wet treatment. A study on the changes of linear density in combed yarn due to different shade percentages of reactive dye has been conducted and the results are statistically analyzed. Remazol Red RR, Remazol Yellow RR and Remazol Blue RR were used for this experiment. The study reveals that dye shade percentage effects on the linear density negatively. Before 2.5% shade the yarn loss is greater and after 3.5% shade linear density also decreases. 2.5% to 3.5% shade percentage can be taken as the range where loss of linear density is much less than the other percentages. The lowest loss percentage was found for 3% shade for every dyestuff among which Remazol Red RR was the least. Key Words: Combed yarn, Loss percentage, Shade, Linear density.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Influence of Gas Yarn Singeing On Viscose Spun Yarn Characteristicsiosrjce
Viscose spun yarnhas more hairiness and poses problem in the subsequent processes like yarn dyeing,
fabric production and fabric processing due to protruding of hairs. In this research work, an attempt has been
made to singe the viscose spun yarns of most commonly used yarn counts. Its influence on yarn quality
characteristics were compared and studied with its parent un-singed yarns. It has been found that the primary
objective of hairiness reduction was well achieved with singeing processes; however there isan impact on other
quality characteristics such as yarn imperfections, tenacity and yarn elongation. There is overall improvement
in yarn imperfection results by singeing process. Yarn tenacity is also improved after singeing, but there is drop
in yarn elongation due to singeing.
Investigation on the Changes of Areal Density of Knit Fabric with Stitch Leng...iosrjce
Stitch length and GSM (gram per square meter) are the two major parameters for making a knit
fabric. The relationship between stitch length (S.L) and GSM is inversely proportional if the other parameter
remain constant. Again the presence of tuck loop in knit fabric structure make the fabric heavier than the plain
single jersey fabric having all knit loop because of the accumulation of yarn in the tucking place. In this study,
an experimental work was offered to understand the influence of different stitch length on the GSM of knit fabric
with respect to the change of tuck loop percentage in the knit fabric structure. Here three fabric (single jersey,
single lacoste and polo pique) having different tuck loops percentage with five different stitch lengths were
selected where the other parameters were constant. With the increment of tuck loop percentage and descending
of stitch length, a measurable increase in areal density was observed, where the GSM increment percentage was
maximum at 2.70 mm stitch length for every tuck loop percentage. After that the gradual reduction of stitch
length resulted in the lower rate of GSM increment.
This paper deals with the result of an investigation by using different count yarn but same
parameters of knitting machine to produce cotton-elastane single jersey fabric. Here,the all parameters of
knitting machine including gauge, dia ,Stitch length, rpm, machine tension etcare same. Dyeing process also
carried out at same parameter for all fabrics. Finishing process like Heat setting, Stentering, compacting are
done in same condition But we use different count cotton yarn. In this paper, we mainly deal with the physical
properties of single jersey cotton fabric. we try to identify how the properties of single jersey knitted fabric like
fabric diameter(gray& finished condition) ,WPI&CPI(gray& finished condition),Fabric GSM(gray& finished
condition),Shrinkage (%) length &width wise, spiralityare changing with Count .Finally the findings are as
expected with some variation with the result that are thought theoretically.
Effect of wale wise increasing of tuck and miss loops on bursting strength of...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Similar to Effect of count and stitch length on spirality of single jersey knit fabric (20)
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
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Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
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Effect of count and stitch length on spirality of single jersey knit fabric
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 10 | Oct-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 363
EFFECT OF COUNT AND STITCH LENGTH ON SPIRALITY OF
SINGLE JERSEY KNIT FABRIC
Md. Azharul Islam1
, Md. Faizul Haque2
, Abu Naser Md. Ahsanul Haque3
, Dewan Murshed Ahmed4
1
Senior Lecturer, Daffodil International University, Shukrabad, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh
2
Senior Lecturer, Daffodil International University, Shukrabad, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh
3
Senior Lecturer, Daffodil International University, Shukrabad, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh
4
Assistant Professor, National Institute of Textile Engineers and Researches, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Abstract
The following paper focuses on change in spirality due to stitch length and count variation .This work was carried out with 12
samples of single jersey knit fabrics which were scoured and bleached with NaOH and H2O2 (35% strength), dyed with reactive
dye (Remazol Yellow RR reactive class) and were finished as standard procedure . After finishing the samples were tested for
spirality and compared between different stitch length and count. The result obtained in this research indicated that spirality
increases strongly due to increase of stitch length when count of yarn is fixed and on fixed stitch length spirality increases with the
increment of count.
Keywords: Spirality, Count, Stitch length.
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1. INTRODUCTION
Spirality is a common problem in weft and warp knitted
fabric. Generally is the compactness of fabric which reduces
the spirality tendency of it. Spirality appears mostly in
single jersey knitted fabrics. In case of double jersey fabrics
spirality level is found very much low. If samples are tested
before compacting and after compacting, spirality will be
greater in the previous one [1]. But fact is that, spirality can
be reduced in different ways but cannot be removed from
fabric.
Akter N. et al. [2] mentioned that spirality is described by
the size of the angle made between the wales of a fabric and
a line drawn perpendicular to the courses of that fabric.
They have noted that spirality in a fabric is caused by the
relaxation of torsion forces in the yarn and a fabric which is
knitted with a highly twisted yarn will have higher spirality
problem in result.
Count is a numerical value, which express the coarseness or
fineness (diameter) of the yarn and also indicate the
relationship between length and weight (the mass per unit
length or the length per unit mass) of that yarn [3].
Therefore the concept of yarn count has been introduced
which specifies a certain ratio of length to weight. He
mentioned that fineness of the yarn is usually expressed in
terms of count. Most of the knitted yarn is expressed by
English cotton count system (Ne).
The following formula is used to calculate count, Ne =
(L*w)/(W*l). Where, Ne = Yarn count or numbering system,
W = Weight of the sample at the official regain in the unit of
the system, L = Length of the sample, l = Unit of length of
the sample and w = Unit of weight of the sample.
Celik O. et al. [4] in their article had proposed a method
based on image-processing techniques, specifically the Fast
Fourier Transform, for obtaining the directions of wale and
course for measuring the angle of spirality. And they
experimented with the method and said that the algorithm
was quite satisfactory for determining the angle of spirality
in knitted fabrics.
De Araujo M. D. et al. [5] studied the effect of spinning
technology on the spirality of jersey fabrics for some 100%
cotton and 50/50 cotton/polyester blend yarns. They found
that the blend yarns produce less spirality than 100% cotton
yarns. Moreover, they have mentioned that each spinning
technology influences on the degree of spirality of knit
fabrics.
According to Lord P. R. [6] the autoclaving of the yarns can
be a solution of reducing twist liveliness as well as the
associated difficulties in fabric manufacturing. This can
improve different properties of the fabric and properly
relaxed, open-end yarn produces a fabric with good appeal
and reasonable shrinkage with acceptable strength and
abrasion resistance. And twist less yarns result good handle,
luster and zero spirality.
Islam A. M. et al [7] studied the spirality along with
shrinkage and GSM to observe the suitable machine gauge.
Better and acceptable spirality was found for 24 gauge
machine with different counts and stitch length of fabric.
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 10 | Oct-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 364
Fig 1: Dyeing recipe
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 10 | Oct-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 365
2. MATERIALS & METHODS
2.1 Fabric Production Unit
Total 12 (twelve) samples were knitted differently having 3
kg for each by keeping same machine settings. A 22 inch
diameter and 24 gauge circular knitting machine (Orizio,
Italy) was selected for producing these samples. After
knitting, all the samples were conveyed to dyeing section for
wet treatments.
2.2 Wet Processing Unit
A sample dyeing machine (Fong’s, Taiwan) was selected for
dyeing all the samples at a time. A suitable recipe was
selected. All the samples were dyed and sent to finishing
section for drying and compacting. A fixed setting was
chosen for drying (Santex, Switzerland) and compacting
(Santex, Switzerland) in open form. The dyeing recipe that
was used is given in figure 1. Compaction confirms the
quality and specific dimensions of samples. After finishing
samples were sent for spirality test.
2.2 Spirality Tests for Knitted Fabrics
Spirality of the tested sample is appeared after washing. As
a result one of the side seams comes at front of the sample.
Spirality percentage depends on fabric torque and garment
structure. Two pieces of 50cm × 50cm fabric was taken for
test. Conditioning was done by putting the sample in the
table for 4 hours before starting test. The benchmark was
given as 35cm × 35cm. Then the sample was stitched in
three sides by over lock sewing machine and one side
remained unstitched. After that the sample was washed in
washing machine (LG, China) and dried on tumble dryer.
The calculation was done in the following method.
Fig 2: Spirality calculation
In figure 2, if total length, S= X cm, twist in one end S1= Y
cm, twist in another end S2= Z cm, average spirality =
(Y+Z)/2= M cm, then- Spirality = M/X*100.
Table 1: Spirality in stitch variation
Fabric type Count (Ne)
Stitch length
(mm)
Spirality%
Single
Jersey
(Plain)
34 2.6 0.9
34 2.65 1
34 2.7 1.5
34 2.75 2
34 2.8 2.1
34 2.9 3.1
34 2.95 4.2
Graph 1: Graphical representation of spirality in stitch
length variation
Table 2: Spirality in count variation
Fabric type Count (Ne)
Stitch length
(mm)
Spirality%
Single
Jersey
(Plain)
40 2.6 4.7
34 2.6 4
30 2.6 3.50
28 2.6 2.7
26 2.6 2
Graph 2: Graphical representation of spirality in count
variation
3. RESULTS & DISCUSSION
3.1 Spirality in Stitch Variation
It can be seen in table 1 and graph 1 that spirality is
increased due to increase of stitch length. This was due to
the fact that higher stitch length has more chance to twisting
tendency for their loop height than loop height of lower
stitch length.
3.2 Spirality in Count Variation
Table 2 and graph 2 shows that spirality also increased due
to increase of yarn count. This was due to the fact that
higher count means more no of loop density per inch present
in the fabric so more number of loops has changed to twist
than coarser yarn in the fabric.
0
1
2
3
4
5
2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3
SPIRALITY
STITCH LENGTH
0
1
2
3
4
5
0 10 20 30 40 50
SPIRALITY
YARN COUNT (Ne)
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 10 | Oct-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 366
Higher count means long staple fibre is present in the yarn
but more free space will found in the fabric than lower yarn
count (when stitch length is fixed). It focused that the
compactness of lower count fabric will be higher than that
of higher count fabric. As the higher count fabric has low
compactness than lower count fabric. That’s why higher
count fabric has more twisting tendency than lower count
fabric.
4. CONCLUSIONS
Finally this paper reveals the relation among yarn count,
stitch length and spirality. Following decisions can be made
from this experimental work-
1. Spirality of knitted fabric increases with stitch
length. Because higher stitch length gets more
chance of twisting.
2. Spirality also increases with higher count or in
higher density of loops for fixed stitch length and
machine gauge.
To manufacture a fabric which has less spirality problem, it
is suggested to always maintain a keep an eye on the stitch
length of fabric and count of the yarn. Using lower count of
yarn as well as a lower stitch length according as far as
possible can be a good solution for the fabric manufacturers
to get rid of the headache of spirality problem.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors gratefully acknowledge the help & support from
Mr. Shankar Dayal Biswas, Deputy General Manager and
Mr. Sumon Chandra Das, Deputy Manager, Impress-Newtex
Composite Textile Ltd, Gorai, Mirzapur, Tangail,
Bangladesh.
REFERENCES
[1]. M. A. Shahid, F. Ahmed, A. K. M.
Mahabubuzzaman, M. A. Hannan, A. N. Khan, Spirality
in cotton knit fabrics before and after compacting using
selected yarn count and stitch length, 2010, Journal of
Innovation and Development Strategy, Vol. 4(2), pp. 11-17.
[2]. Nasrin Akter, Nahida Akter, Effects of combed and
carded yarn on weft knitted finished fabric quality, 2011,
International Journal of Engineering & Technology (IJET-
IJENS), Vol. 11(6), pp. 113-119.
[3]. Thomas Woodhouse, Yarn Counts and Calculations,
1921, Oxford Technical Manual, pp. 1-17.
[4]. Ozkan Celik, Nuray Ucar, Seniz Ertugrul,
Determination of spirality in knitted fabrics by image
analysis, 2005, Fibres and Textiles in Eastern Europe, Vol.
13 No. 3(51), pp 47-49.
[5]. De Araujo M. D., Smith G. W., Spirality of knitted
fabrics, part II: the effect of yarn spinning technology on
spirality, 1989, Textile Research Journal, Vol. 59 (6), pp.
350-356.
[6]. Lord P. R., Mohamed M. H., Ajgaonkar D. B., The
performance of open-end, twistless, and ring yarns in weft
knitted fabrics, 1974, Textile Research Journal, Vol. 44(6),
pp. 405-414.
[7]. Md. Azharul Islam, Abu Naser Md. Ahsanul Haque,
Selection of suitable machine gauge by considering the
GSM, shrinkage and spirality of single jersey knit fabric. 3,
January 2014, Research Journal of Science & IT
management, Vol. 3, pp. 50-55.
BIOGRAPHIES
Md. Azharul Islam had completed his
M.Sc from Mawlana Bhashani Science
and Technology University and B.Sc
from College of Textile Technology,
University of Dhaka. He has more than
five years of teaching experience.
Md. Faizul Haque had completed B.Sc
from College of Textile Technology,
University of Dhaka and M.Sc from
Daffodil International University. He had
4 years of industrial experience and more
than 4 years of teaching experience.
Abu Naser Md. Ahsanul Haque had
completed his M.Sc from Mawlana
Bhashani Science and Technology
University and B.Sc from College of
Textile Technology, University of Dhaka.
He has more than five years of teaching
experience.
Dewan Murshed Ahmed Had completed
B.Sc from College of Textile
Technology, University of Dhaka and
continuing M.Sc from Bangladesh
University of Textiles (BUTEX). He has
5 years’ experience in teaching area.