The objective of this work is the study of adsorption of dye solution which is a dye malachite green
using corn cob. Removal of this dye from aqueous solution using corn cob has been investigated. Liquid phase
adsorption experiments were conducted. Batch adsorption studies are Carried out by observing the effect of
experimental parameters, namely, pH, and amount of adsorbents, contact time and initial concentration.
Optimum conditions for dye removal are studied like pH value, contact time required, amount of adsorbent,
initial concentration, etc. The results generated by this work can be used for determination of optimum
conditions for adsorption of dye in aqueous solutions. Dye is present in mixture form in various Industrial
effluents like Textile Industries, Sewage water, Water treatment plants. This work can have use in Design of
adsorption columns for dyes removal. The Freundlich adsorption model assumes that adsorption takes place on
heterogeneous surfaces. Adsorption increases with increase in pH. The adsorption of cationic dye is mainly
influenced by the amount of negative charges in the solution which is actually influenced by the solution pH. At
pH=2 there is net positive charge in the solution so adsorption is less whereas at pH=12there is increase in
negative charges increasing adsorption of malachite green. Maximum adsorption was found to take place at
pH=12. Adsorption tends to increase with contact time. At first the increase in adsorption is very rapid as there
are lots of free sites for the adsorption to take place. Adsorption decreases at later stages till saturation is reached
due to saturation of active sites. The optimum contact time for equilibrium was found to be 100 min.
A presentation done by Undergraduates in Chemical and Process Department in University of Moratuwa on engineering aspects of Sodium Hydroxide Production.
This document provides information for a feasibility study on sodium hydroxide production. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences or less:
Demand and supply - Sodium hydroxide has high global demand due to its many applications. Though Sri Lanka currently imports most of its sodium hydroxide, domestic production could meet demand by utilizing the country's sea water resources.
Raw material requirements - The main raw material is a brine solution, which can be obtained from rock salt, industrial salt, or solar salt. Industrial salt is recommended as it provides consistency of supply without requiring extensive on-site processing.
Energy requirements - Producing sodium hydroxide via electrolysis requires significant electricity, with an average consumption
The document describes the lime soda process, an obsolete method for softening hard water. It works by precipitating calcium and magnesium ions through the addition of lime (Ca(OH)2) and soda ash (Na2CO3). The process can be done hot or cold and involves a series of chemical reactions to remove carbonate, sulfate, and magnesium hardness. While once widely used to treat large volumes of water, the lime soda process has limitations and cannot produce completely soft water.
Diethyl ether can be prepared both in laboratories and on an industrial scale by the process called acid ether synthesis.
Ethanol is mixed with a strong acid like sulfuric acid (H2SO4).This strong acid dissociates in the aqueous environment producing H3O+(hydronium ions).
The document outlines the requirements and expectations for a chemical plant design project. It includes sections on the project scope, required deliverables, evaluation criteria, and technical considerations. Students will work in groups of up to 4 people to develop a complete design package for a chemical process. The project is due on December 1st and must include items such as a technology review, heat and material balances, process flow diagrams, equipment specifications, and a cost analysis. Updates on progress must be submitted every two weeks.
How to Manufacture Detergents (Detergent Manufacturing Business, Cleaning Pro...Ajjay Kumar Gupta
A detergent is a surfactant or a mixture of surfactants with "cleaning properties in dilute solutions. Detergents, as a constituent of the overall FMCG industry, accounts for a near 12% of the total demand for all FMCG products estimated at over Rs. 530 bn. Detergents, chemically known as alfa olefin sulphonates (AOS) are used as fabric brightening agent, anti-deposition agent, stain remover and as a bleacher. A major input for the production of detergents is a petrochemical, Linear Alkyl Benzene (LAB), while soaps rely more on an inorganic chemical, caustic soda, as a major input.
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Active Ingredients for Detergents, Analysis of Detergents, best small and cottage scale industries, book on detergent manufacturing, Business consultancy, Business consultant, Business Plan, Ideas, Small Scale Industry, Cleaning Products, components of detergents, detergent Business: Profitable Small Scale Manufacturing, detergent Flow sheet, Detergent Formulation Consulting In India, detergent Ingredients, detergent Making Formula, detergent Making Formula Pdf, Detergent making Ingredients, detergent making machine factory, detergent Making Plant, detergent Making Process Pdf, detergent Making Process Video, detergent Making Raw Material, detergent Making Small Business Manufacturing, Detergent Manufacturing Business, detergent Manufacturing Industry in India, detergent Manufacturing Plant, detergent Manufacturing: Small Business Idea, Detergent Production Line, Detergent Raw Material - Washing Powder Raw Material Suppliers, detergent soap manufacturing process, Formulations of Detergent, General Wash Powders, Get started in small-scale detergent manufacturing business, Household Detergent, Household Laundry Detergent Powders, How Laundry Detergent Is Made - Material, Manufacture, Making, How to Make Detergent, How to Manufacture Detergent and Cleaning Products, how to manufacture detergents in India, How to Set Up Start detergent Manufacturing Business in India, How to Start : Detergent & Washing Powder Business in India, How to Start a detergent manufacturing business?, How to Start a Powdered Detergent Plant, How to Start detergent Manufacturing Industry in India, Industrial Detergents, Ingredients - Laundry Detergent – Recipe, Introduction to Detergents, Laundry Detergent Production, Laundry Detergents Formulation - Chemistry in Surfactants, Liquid Detergents Manufacturing Process, Manufacturing Detergent Cakes, Manufacturing of detergent, modern small and cottage scale industries, Most Profitable detergent Manufacturing Business Ideas, New small scale ideas in detergent Manufacturing industry, Powder Detergent Manufacturing Process, process of Detergent, Process technology books, Profile on the Production of Detergent,
The document discusses the production of caustic soda and chlorine through the electrolysis of salt water. There are three main electrolytic cell types used: mercury cell, diaphragm cell, and membrane cell. In the electrolysis process, salt water is purified and passed through the cells, where an electric current decomposes the brine into chlorine gas at the anode and sodium at the cathode. The sodium and chlorine then undergo further reactions to produce caustic soda and chlorine. The membrane cell process produces high quality caustic soda without contamination from salt, and operates at low voltage and energy efficiency.
A presentation done by Undergraduates in Chemical and Process Department in University of Moratuwa on engineering aspects of Sodium Hydroxide Production.
This document provides information for a feasibility study on sodium hydroxide production. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences or less:
Demand and supply - Sodium hydroxide has high global demand due to its many applications. Though Sri Lanka currently imports most of its sodium hydroxide, domestic production could meet demand by utilizing the country's sea water resources.
Raw material requirements - The main raw material is a brine solution, which can be obtained from rock salt, industrial salt, or solar salt. Industrial salt is recommended as it provides consistency of supply without requiring extensive on-site processing.
Energy requirements - Producing sodium hydroxide via electrolysis requires significant electricity, with an average consumption
The document describes the lime soda process, an obsolete method for softening hard water. It works by precipitating calcium and magnesium ions through the addition of lime (Ca(OH)2) and soda ash (Na2CO3). The process can be done hot or cold and involves a series of chemical reactions to remove carbonate, sulfate, and magnesium hardness. While once widely used to treat large volumes of water, the lime soda process has limitations and cannot produce completely soft water.
Diethyl ether can be prepared both in laboratories and on an industrial scale by the process called acid ether synthesis.
Ethanol is mixed with a strong acid like sulfuric acid (H2SO4).This strong acid dissociates in the aqueous environment producing H3O+(hydronium ions).
The document outlines the requirements and expectations for a chemical plant design project. It includes sections on the project scope, required deliverables, evaluation criteria, and technical considerations. Students will work in groups of up to 4 people to develop a complete design package for a chemical process. The project is due on December 1st and must include items such as a technology review, heat and material balances, process flow diagrams, equipment specifications, and a cost analysis. Updates on progress must be submitted every two weeks.
How to Manufacture Detergents (Detergent Manufacturing Business, Cleaning Pro...Ajjay Kumar Gupta
A detergent is a surfactant or a mixture of surfactants with "cleaning properties in dilute solutions. Detergents, as a constituent of the overall FMCG industry, accounts for a near 12% of the total demand for all FMCG products estimated at over Rs. 530 bn. Detergents, chemically known as alfa olefin sulphonates (AOS) are used as fabric brightening agent, anti-deposition agent, stain remover and as a bleacher. A major input for the production of detergents is a petrochemical, Linear Alkyl Benzene (LAB), while soaps rely more on an inorganic chemical, caustic soda, as a major input.
See more
http://goo.gl/TwPiMf
http://goo.gl/WRjquz
http://goo.gl/BxQIZY
http://www.entrepreneurindia.co/
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com ,
info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tags
Active Ingredients for Detergents, Analysis of Detergents, best small and cottage scale industries, book on detergent manufacturing, Business consultancy, Business consultant, Business Plan, Ideas, Small Scale Industry, Cleaning Products, components of detergents, detergent Business: Profitable Small Scale Manufacturing, detergent Flow sheet, Detergent Formulation Consulting In India, detergent Ingredients, detergent Making Formula, detergent Making Formula Pdf, Detergent making Ingredients, detergent making machine factory, detergent Making Plant, detergent Making Process Pdf, detergent Making Process Video, detergent Making Raw Material, detergent Making Small Business Manufacturing, Detergent Manufacturing Business, detergent Manufacturing Industry in India, detergent Manufacturing Plant, detergent Manufacturing: Small Business Idea, Detergent Production Line, Detergent Raw Material - Washing Powder Raw Material Suppliers, detergent soap manufacturing process, Formulations of Detergent, General Wash Powders, Get started in small-scale detergent manufacturing business, Household Detergent, Household Laundry Detergent Powders, How Laundry Detergent Is Made - Material, Manufacture, Making, How to Make Detergent, How to Manufacture Detergent and Cleaning Products, how to manufacture detergents in India, How to Set Up Start detergent Manufacturing Business in India, How to Start : Detergent & Washing Powder Business in India, How to Start a detergent manufacturing business?, How to Start a Powdered Detergent Plant, How to Start detergent Manufacturing Industry in India, Industrial Detergents, Ingredients - Laundry Detergent – Recipe, Introduction to Detergents, Laundry Detergent Production, Laundry Detergents Formulation - Chemistry in Surfactants, Liquid Detergents Manufacturing Process, Manufacturing Detergent Cakes, Manufacturing of detergent, modern small and cottage scale industries, Most Profitable detergent Manufacturing Business Ideas, New small scale ideas in detergent Manufacturing industry, Powder Detergent Manufacturing Process, process of Detergent, Process technology books, Profile on the Production of Detergent,
The document discusses the production of caustic soda and chlorine through the electrolysis of salt water. There are three main electrolytic cell types used: mercury cell, diaphragm cell, and membrane cell. In the electrolysis process, salt water is purified and passed through the cells, where an electric current decomposes the brine into chlorine gas at the anode and sodium at the cathode. The sodium and chlorine then undergo further reactions to produce caustic soda and chlorine. The membrane cell process produces high quality caustic soda without contamination from salt, and operates at low voltage and energy efficiency.
This document provides information about green chemistry. It discusses natural processes versus chemical processes and how green chemistry aims to make chemical processes more environmentally friendly. Some key points made include:
- Green chemistry seeks to prevent pollution by designing chemical synthesis and products to be benign.
- Natural processes are more environmentally friendly than traditional chemical processes which use toxic solvents and generate hazardous wastes.
- Green chemistry principles include using safer solvents like water or ionic liquids, performing solvent-free reactions, and using renewable feedstocks and benign catalysts.
- New techniques like microwave irradiation and ultrasound can help drive chemical reactions in a more energy efficient and atom economic manner.
The document describes three methods for manufacturing oxalic acid:
1) From sodium formate by reacting sodium hydroxide and carbon monoxide to form sodium formate, then converting it to calcium oxalate and precipitating oxalic acid. Yield is 80%.
2) From propylene by oxidizing it with nitric acid in two steps to form alpha-nitratolactic acid then oxalic acid.
3) From dimethyl oxalate by producing it from methyl nitrite, then hydrolyzing it to oxalic acid.
The document also discusses some applications of oxalic acid such as in dyeing, rust removal, and cleaning, and provides details on
6 methods of preparation of caustic sodarita martin
Sodium hydroxide, also known as caustic soda or lye, is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula NaOH. It is a white solid, and is a highly caustic metallic base and alkali salt. It is available in pellets, flakes, granules, and as prepared solutions at a number of different concentrations.
Manufacturing of sodium carbonate using solvay processrita martin
The Solvay process is the major industrial process for producing sodium carbonate. It involves purifying salt brine, dissolving ammonia in the brine, absorbing carbon dioxide in a reactor tower to form sodium bicarbonate, and heating the bicarbonate to produce sodium carbonate. The key reactions are: 1) NH3 + H2O + CO2 → NaHCO3, 2) 2NaHCO3 → Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2. The process recovers and recycles the ammonia.
This document discusses water treatment and hardness. It defines water as the most important requirement for life and describes its various sources like rain, ground, and surface water. It then explains the types of impurities found in water and defines hardness as the property that prevents soap from lathering, caused by the presence of calcium and magnesium salts. The document distinguishes between temporary hardness caused by bicarbonates that can be removed by boiling, and permanent hardness caused by sulfates and chlorides that require other treatment methods. It concludes by noting hardness is measured in terms of an equivalent amount of calcium carbonate for simplicity of calculations.
This document provides information about a design project on acetic acid undertaken by three students at VIT University. It includes a certificate signed by the project guide, Prof. K Rambabu, certifying the work done by the students. The document contains 8 chapters that cover various aspects of the acetic acid production process design including introduction, market analysis, process selection, material balance, energy balance, equipment design, cost estimation, and process flowsheet. It also includes acknowledgements and preface sections.
This document discusses various methods for evaluating the effectiveness of corrosion inhibitors, including wheel tests, bubble tests, static tests, and rotating electrode methods. Key evaluation steps include laboratory testing under simulated field conditions to screen inhibitors, evaluating compatibility factors like cost and environmental impact, and final field testing. Laboratory tests measure corrosion rates through weight loss or electrochemical techniques. Rotating electrode methods like the rotating cylinder electrode can model turbulent flow conditions and are well-suited for studying corrosion under pressure and temperature. The document also provides examples of corrosion inhibitor formulations and testing methods.
LABSA / LAS Production By Rhymer Chemical Industries LtdSaad Bin Hasan
Rhymer Chemical Industries Ltd produces LABSA (Linear Alkyl Benzene Sulphonic Acid) and oleum through a process involving drying air, melting sulfur, producing sulfur trioxide, reacting the sulfur trioxide with LAB in a reactor, aging and hydrolyzing the product, separating gases, scrubbing gases, precipitating remaining particles electrostatically, packaging the LABSA, and analyzing samples. The plant is located in Kashore, Bangladesh and has a production capacity of 50 metric tons.
Anodizing is an electrochemical process that converts the surface of metals like aluminum into a decorative, durable, corrosion-resistant finish through controlled oxidation. The metal acts as an anode in an electrolytic solution, forming a hard oxide layer on its surface. Depending on the process, this layer can be thicker than the natural oxide and provides benefits like improved aesthetics, hardness, and longevity. Common applications of anodized aluminum include architectural elements, appliances, vehicles, and aerospace and electronic components.
This document provides guidelines for collecting water and wastewater samples for analysis, including ensuring representative samples, clean sampling equipment, and proper sample containers. It discusses filling containers, composite sampling, and recording critical sample information. Special precautions are outlined for trace metals, organic compounds, and other unstable constituents. Safety considerations like personal protective equipment and hazardous sample labeling are also covered. The guidelines aim to obtain samples that accurately represent the water body and can be reliably analyzed without deterioration prior to testing.
tannery industry operation, process and treatmentmuzafar farooq
This document discusses the tannery industry and tannery effluent treatment. It describes the tanning process that converts raw hides into stable leather. It outlines the various preparatory and tanning stages including soaking, liming, unhairing, and pickling. It then analyzes the characteristics of tannery effluent, such as high levels of BOD, solids, salts, oils, and chromium. Finally, it discusses common treatment methods for removing solids, biodegradable organics, oils, and chromium from effluent through processes like sedimentation, filtration, and adsorption. The key challenges are high salinity levels after treatment and cost-effective sludge disposal or utilization
This document summarizes a student's industrial project report completed at Global Heavy Chemicals Ltd. in Bangladesh. The report details the membrane cell technology process used to produce sodium hydroxide from sodium chloride. The student declares that the report fulfills the requirements for a B.Sc. in Chemical Engineering. The student thanks their supervisor and others at Global Heavy Chemicals for their guidance and support during the project.
Formulas and Production Process of Surfactants, Disinfectants, Cleaners, Toil...Ajjay Kumar Gupta
Formulas and Production Process of Surfactants, Disinfectants, Cleaners, Toiletries, Sanitizers, Antibacterial and Beauty Products, Personal Care Products, Health Care Products (Body Lotion, Hair Gel, Floor Cleaner, Phenyl, Glass Cleaner, Liquid Detergent, Detergent Powder, Toilet Cleaner, Detergent Soap, Liquid Soap, Hand Wash, Hand Sanitizer, Herbal Shampoo, Mosquito Coil, Herbal Cream, Shaving Cream, Henna Based Hair Dye, Utensil Cleaning Bar, Air Freshener, Shoe Polish, Tooth Paste, Naphthalene Ball)
Household Cleaners are Some of The Most Widely Purchased Consumer Products. Other Than Plastic and Synthetic Fibers Materials, There is Probably Not another Class of Chemical Products that People Come into Contact With More Frequently. We Buy Them in Grocery Stores, Store Them in our Homes, Use Them Where We Eat, Sleep, Bathe, and Work, and Dispose of Them Down The Drain After Use.
The Term Surfactant Comes from the Words Surface Active Agent. A Surfactant is Briefly Defined as a Material that Can Greatly Reduce the Surface Tension of Water when Used in Very Low Concentrations. Surfactants, or Surface Active Ingredients, are the Wetting and Foaming Agents Which form The Basis for Most Aqueous Cleaners.
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106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall
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Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886
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How To Start Detergent Manufacturing Industry In India, Phenyl Processing Industry In India, Most Profitable Surfactant Processing Business Ideas, Surfactant Processing & Cleanser Production Based Profitable Projects, Sanitizer Processing Projects, Small Scale Health Care Processing Projects, Starting A Shampoo Processing Business, How To Start A Soap Manufacturing Business, Personal Care Products Manufacturing Based Small Scale Industrial Projects, New Small Scale Ideas In Health Care Processing Industry, NPCS, Niir, Process Technology Books, Business Consultancy, Business Consultant, Project Identification And Selection, Preparation Of Project Profiles, Startup, Business Guidance, Business Guidance To Clients, Startup Project For Health Care Manufacturing Industries, Startup Project, Startup Ideas, Project For Startups, Startup Project Plan, Business Start-Up, Business Plan For A Startup Business, Great Opportunity For Startup, Small Start-Up Business Project, Start Up India, Stand Up India, Hair Dye Manufacturing Based Small Business, Small Scale Detergent Production Machine, Cosmetic Products Production Line,
The document describes a chemical process involving multiple steps: a reaction followed by cooling, filtration to separate solids from liquids, drying of the solids, pulverizing of the dried solids to form a product, distillation to separate chemicals, and scrubbing to treat waste before environmental disposal. The process appears aimed at developing processes in the chemical industry.
Nahco3 and na2co3 manufacturing by solvay process Usama Pervaiz
The document describes the production process of sodium carbonate (soda ash) through the Solvay process. Key raw materials include salt, limestone, coal, ammonia, and deionized water. The 7-step process involves ammonia absorption, burning limestone to produce carbon dioxide, carbonation in a Solvay tower, separation of sodium bicarbonate, thermal decomposition to sodium carbonate, production of milk lime, and regeneration of ammonia. Sodium carbonate can be classified as heavy or light forms with different properties and uses such as in glass and detergents.
The document describes the chlor-alkali process for producing chlorine and sodium hydroxide through the electrolysis of sodium chloride brine. Key aspects include:
- Sodium chloride brine is purified through processes like precipitation to remove impurities before electrolysis.
- During electrolysis, chlorine gas is produced at the anode, sodium hydroxide at the cathode, and hydrogen as a byproduct. A membrane separates the anode and cathode compartments.
- Weak brine leaving the anode contains dissolved chlorine which is removed through processes like acidification before recycling. Sodium hydroxide product is cooled and may be concentrated.
Introduction and preparation of salicylic acid (1)yagnesh96
Salicylic acid is obtained from the bark of willow trees. It has the formula C7H6O3 and is a colorless crystalline organic acid. It was first discovered in 1839 by fusing salicylic aldehyde with potassium hydroxide. Salicylic acid is used externally to treat skin conditions like athlete's foot and warts, and is also used in acne treatments. It is synthesized commercially via the Kolbe-Lautemann process, which involves reacting phenol with sodium and carbon dioxide to produce sodium salicylate, then converting it to salicylic acid.
The document describes the synthesis of hexaammine cobalt(III) chloride from cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate. Cobalt(II) is oxidized to cobalt(III) using air and activated carbon as a catalyst. The product is purified by recrystallization and characterized using IR spectroscopy. A 79.1% yield of the orange product was obtained, which matches literature values. The experiment provides students hands-on experience in synthesizing and characterizing a coordination compound.
Soap can be prepared in the laboratory by saponification, which is the process of boiling palm oil with a sodium hydroxide solution. This causes the palm oil to hydrolyze, producing glycerol and sodium salts of fatty acids known as soap. Sodium chloride is added to reduce the soap's solubility in water and precipitate it out of solution. Soap molecules have both hydrophilic sodium ion heads and hydrophobic fatty acid tails, allowing them to emulsify grease and suspend it in water for removal. Detergents are more effective than soap in hard water since soap reacts with calcium and magnesium ions to form insoluble scum, while detergents do not form scum.
This study investigated the removal of Rhodamine-B dye from an aqueous solution using activated carbon prepared from the bark of Vachellia Nilotica tree. Various process parameters including interaction time, adsorbent dose, pH, and initial dye concentration were analyzed. Equilibrium isotherm models including Freundlich, Langmuir, Toth, Redlich-Peterson, and Fritz-Schulender models were evaluated, and the Fritz-Schulender model provided the best fit for the adsorption of Rhodamine-B dye. Kinetic studies determined the adsorption followed pseudo-second order kinetics, indicating chemisorption was the rate-limiting step. The optimized parameters for dye removal were determined
This document provides information about green chemistry. It discusses natural processes versus chemical processes and how green chemistry aims to make chemical processes more environmentally friendly. Some key points made include:
- Green chemistry seeks to prevent pollution by designing chemical synthesis and products to be benign.
- Natural processes are more environmentally friendly than traditional chemical processes which use toxic solvents and generate hazardous wastes.
- Green chemistry principles include using safer solvents like water or ionic liquids, performing solvent-free reactions, and using renewable feedstocks and benign catalysts.
- New techniques like microwave irradiation and ultrasound can help drive chemical reactions in a more energy efficient and atom economic manner.
The document describes three methods for manufacturing oxalic acid:
1) From sodium formate by reacting sodium hydroxide and carbon monoxide to form sodium formate, then converting it to calcium oxalate and precipitating oxalic acid. Yield is 80%.
2) From propylene by oxidizing it with nitric acid in two steps to form alpha-nitratolactic acid then oxalic acid.
3) From dimethyl oxalate by producing it from methyl nitrite, then hydrolyzing it to oxalic acid.
The document also discusses some applications of oxalic acid such as in dyeing, rust removal, and cleaning, and provides details on
6 methods of preparation of caustic sodarita martin
Sodium hydroxide, also known as caustic soda or lye, is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula NaOH. It is a white solid, and is a highly caustic metallic base and alkali salt. It is available in pellets, flakes, granules, and as prepared solutions at a number of different concentrations.
Manufacturing of sodium carbonate using solvay processrita martin
The Solvay process is the major industrial process for producing sodium carbonate. It involves purifying salt brine, dissolving ammonia in the brine, absorbing carbon dioxide in a reactor tower to form sodium bicarbonate, and heating the bicarbonate to produce sodium carbonate. The key reactions are: 1) NH3 + H2O + CO2 → NaHCO3, 2) 2NaHCO3 → Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2. The process recovers and recycles the ammonia.
This document discusses water treatment and hardness. It defines water as the most important requirement for life and describes its various sources like rain, ground, and surface water. It then explains the types of impurities found in water and defines hardness as the property that prevents soap from lathering, caused by the presence of calcium and magnesium salts. The document distinguishes between temporary hardness caused by bicarbonates that can be removed by boiling, and permanent hardness caused by sulfates and chlorides that require other treatment methods. It concludes by noting hardness is measured in terms of an equivalent amount of calcium carbonate for simplicity of calculations.
This document provides information about a design project on acetic acid undertaken by three students at VIT University. It includes a certificate signed by the project guide, Prof. K Rambabu, certifying the work done by the students. The document contains 8 chapters that cover various aspects of the acetic acid production process design including introduction, market analysis, process selection, material balance, energy balance, equipment design, cost estimation, and process flowsheet. It also includes acknowledgements and preface sections.
This document discusses various methods for evaluating the effectiveness of corrosion inhibitors, including wheel tests, bubble tests, static tests, and rotating electrode methods. Key evaluation steps include laboratory testing under simulated field conditions to screen inhibitors, evaluating compatibility factors like cost and environmental impact, and final field testing. Laboratory tests measure corrosion rates through weight loss or electrochemical techniques. Rotating electrode methods like the rotating cylinder electrode can model turbulent flow conditions and are well-suited for studying corrosion under pressure and temperature. The document also provides examples of corrosion inhibitor formulations and testing methods.
LABSA / LAS Production By Rhymer Chemical Industries LtdSaad Bin Hasan
Rhymer Chemical Industries Ltd produces LABSA (Linear Alkyl Benzene Sulphonic Acid) and oleum through a process involving drying air, melting sulfur, producing sulfur trioxide, reacting the sulfur trioxide with LAB in a reactor, aging and hydrolyzing the product, separating gases, scrubbing gases, precipitating remaining particles electrostatically, packaging the LABSA, and analyzing samples. The plant is located in Kashore, Bangladesh and has a production capacity of 50 metric tons.
Anodizing is an electrochemical process that converts the surface of metals like aluminum into a decorative, durable, corrosion-resistant finish through controlled oxidation. The metal acts as an anode in an electrolytic solution, forming a hard oxide layer on its surface. Depending on the process, this layer can be thicker than the natural oxide and provides benefits like improved aesthetics, hardness, and longevity. Common applications of anodized aluminum include architectural elements, appliances, vehicles, and aerospace and electronic components.
This document provides guidelines for collecting water and wastewater samples for analysis, including ensuring representative samples, clean sampling equipment, and proper sample containers. It discusses filling containers, composite sampling, and recording critical sample information. Special precautions are outlined for trace metals, organic compounds, and other unstable constituents. Safety considerations like personal protective equipment and hazardous sample labeling are also covered. The guidelines aim to obtain samples that accurately represent the water body and can be reliably analyzed without deterioration prior to testing.
tannery industry operation, process and treatmentmuzafar farooq
This document discusses the tannery industry and tannery effluent treatment. It describes the tanning process that converts raw hides into stable leather. It outlines the various preparatory and tanning stages including soaking, liming, unhairing, and pickling. It then analyzes the characteristics of tannery effluent, such as high levels of BOD, solids, salts, oils, and chromium. Finally, it discusses common treatment methods for removing solids, biodegradable organics, oils, and chromium from effluent through processes like sedimentation, filtration, and adsorption. The key challenges are high salinity levels after treatment and cost-effective sludge disposal or utilization
This document summarizes a student's industrial project report completed at Global Heavy Chemicals Ltd. in Bangladesh. The report details the membrane cell technology process used to produce sodium hydroxide from sodium chloride. The student declares that the report fulfills the requirements for a B.Sc. in Chemical Engineering. The student thanks their supervisor and others at Global Heavy Chemicals for their guidance and support during the project.
Formulas and Production Process of Surfactants, Disinfectants, Cleaners, Toil...Ajjay Kumar Gupta
Formulas and Production Process of Surfactants, Disinfectants, Cleaners, Toiletries, Sanitizers, Antibacterial and Beauty Products, Personal Care Products, Health Care Products (Body Lotion, Hair Gel, Floor Cleaner, Phenyl, Glass Cleaner, Liquid Detergent, Detergent Powder, Toilet Cleaner, Detergent Soap, Liquid Soap, Hand Wash, Hand Sanitizer, Herbal Shampoo, Mosquito Coil, Herbal Cream, Shaving Cream, Henna Based Hair Dye, Utensil Cleaning Bar, Air Freshener, Shoe Polish, Tooth Paste, Naphthalene Ball)
Household Cleaners are Some of The Most Widely Purchased Consumer Products. Other Than Plastic and Synthetic Fibers Materials, There is Probably Not another Class of Chemical Products that People Come into Contact With More Frequently. We Buy Them in Grocery Stores, Store Them in our Homes, Use Them Where We Eat, Sleep, Bathe, and Work, and Dispose of Them Down The Drain After Use.
The Term Surfactant Comes from the Words Surface Active Agent. A Surfactant is Briefly Defined as a Material that Can Greatly Reduce the Surface Tension of Water when Used in Very Low Concentrations. Surfactants, or Surface Active Ingredients, are the Wetting and Foaming Agents Which form The Basis for Most Aqueous Cleaners.
See more
https://goo.gl/1Ew0Zv
https://goo.gl/WRjquz
https://goo.gl/BxQIZY
Contact us:-
Niir Project Consultancy Services
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website :
www.niir.org
www.entrepreneurindia.co
Take a look at NIIR PROJECT CONSULTANCY SERVICES on #StreetView
https://goo.gl/VstWkd
Tags
How To Start Detergent Manufacturing Industry In India, Phenyl Processing Industry In India, Most Profitable Surfactant Processing Business Ideas, Surfactant Processing & Cleanser Production Based Profitable Projects, Sanitizer Processing Projects, Small Scale Health Care Processing Projects, Starting A Shampoo Processing Business, How To Start A Soap Manufacturing Business, Personal Care Products Manufacturing Based Small Scale Industrial Projects, New Small Scale Ideas In Health Care Processing Industry, NPCS, Niir, Process Technology Books, Business Consultancy, Business Consultant, Project Identification And Selection, Preparation Of Project Profiles, Startup, Business Guidance, Business Guidance To Clients, Startup Project For Health Care Manufacturing Industries, Startup Project, Startup Ideas, Project For Startups, Startup Project Plan, Business Start-Up, Business Plan For A Startup Business, Great Opportunity For Startup, Small Start-Up Business Project, Start Up India, Stand Up India, Hair Dye Manufacturing Based Small Business, Small Scale Detergent Production Machine, Cosmetic Products Production Line,
The document describes a chemical process involving multiple steps: a reaction followed by cooling, filtration to separate solids from liquids, drying of the solids, pulverizing of the dried solids to form a product, distillation to separate chemicals, and scrubbing to treat waste before environmental disposal. The process appears aimed at developing processes in the chemical industry.
Nahco3 and na2co3 manufacturing by solvay process Usama Pervaiz
The document describes the production process of sodium carbonate (soda ash) through the Solvay process. Key raw materials include salt, limestone, coal, ammonia, and deionized water. The 7-step process involves ammonia absorption, burning limestone to produce carbon dioxide, carbonation in a Solvay tower, separation of sodium bicarbonate, thermal decomposition to sodium carbonate, production of milk lime, and regeneration of ammonia. Sodium carbonate can be classified as heavy or light forms with different properties and uses such as in glass and detergents.
The document describes the chlor-alkali process for producing chlorine and sodium hydroxide through the electrolysis of sodium chloride brine. Key aspects include:
- Sodium chloride brine is purified through processes like precipitation to remove impurities before electrolysis.
- During electrolysis, chlorine gas is produced at the anode, sodium hydroxide at the cathode, and hydrogen as a byproduct. A membrane separates the anode and cathode compartments.
- Weak brine leaving the anode contains dissolved chlorine which is removed through processes like acidification before recycling. Sodium hydroxide product is cooled and may be concentrated.
Introduction and preparation of salicylic acid (1)yagnesh96
Salicylic acid is obtained from the bark of willow trees. It has the formula C7H6O3 and is a colorless crystalline organic acid. It was first discovered in 1839 by fusing salicylic aldehyde with potassium hydroxide. Salicylic acid is used externally to treat skin conditions like athlete's foot and warts, and is also used in acne treatments. It is synthesized commercially via the Kolbe-Lautemann process, which involves reacting phenol with sodium and carbon dioxide to produce sodium salicylate, then converting it to salicylic acid.
The document describes the synthesis of hexaammine cobalt(III) chloride from cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate. Cobalt(II) is oxidized to cobalt(III) using air and activated carbon as a catalyst. The product is purified by recrystallization and characterized using IR spectroscopy. A 79.1% yield of the orange product was obtained, which matches literature values. The experiment provides students hands-on experience in synthesizing and characterizing a coordination compound.
Soap can be prepared in the laboratory by saponification, which is the process of boiling palm oil with a sodium hydroxide solution. This causes the palm oil to hydrolyze, producing glycerol and sodium salts of fatty acids known as soap. Sodium chloride is added to reduce the soap's solubility in water and precipitate it out of solution. Soap molecules have both hydrophilic sodium ion heads and hydrophobic fatty acid tails, allowing them to emulsify grease and suspend it in water for removal. Detergents are more effective than soap in hard water since soap reacts with calcium and magnesium ions to form insoluble scum, while detergents do not form scum.
This study investigated the removal of Rhodamine-B dye from an aqueous solution using activated carbon prepared from the bark of Vachellia Nilotica tree. Various process parameters including interaction time, adsorbent dose, pH, and initial dye concentration were analyzed. Equilibrium isotherm models including Freundlich, Langmuir, Toth, Redlich-Peterson, and Fritz-Schulender models were evaluated, and the Fritz-Schulender model provided the best fit for the adsorption of Rhodamine-B dye. Kinetic studies determined the adsorption followed pseudo-second order kinetics, indicating chemisorption was the rate-limiting step. The optimized parameters for dye removal were determined
Adsorption Studies of an Acid Dye From Aqueous Solution Using Lagerstroemia ...IJMER
The effectiveness of adsorption for acid dye removal from wastewaters has made it an ideal alternative to other expensive treatment options. The removal of acid Violet 4BS onto seeds of Lagerstroemia indica (LIS) from aqueous solutions was investigated using parameters such as contact time, pH, temperature, adsorbent doses, and initial dye concentration. Adsorption isotherms of dyes onto LIS were determined and correlated with common isotherm equations such as the Langmuir and
Freundlich models. It was found that the Langmuir isotherm appears to fit the isotherm data better than
the Freundlich isotherm. Parameters of the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were determined using adsorption data. The maximum removal of Acid Violet 4BS by the adsorbent was obtained at pH 2. The maximum percentage of dye removal (86.67%) was obtained at an initial dye concentration of 10mg/L with adsorbent dosage of 50 mg per 50 ml of dye solution. The adsorption kinetics of acid violet 4BS could be described by the pseudo-second order reaction model. The data obtained from adsorption
isotherms at different temperatures were used to calculate several thermo-dynamic quantities such as the
Gibbs energy (ΔG0), enthalpy (ΔH0), and entropy (ΔS
0) of adsorption. The adsorption process was found
to be spontaneous, exothermic and physical in nature. Locally available adsorbent LIS was found to have
a low cost and was promising for the removal of acid violet 4BS from aqueous solutions
2017 understanding the adsorption behaviour of acid yellow 99 on aspergillu...Bianca Mella
This document summarizes a study on the adsorption of the textile dye Acid Yellow 99 onto Aspergillus niger biomass. The maximum adsorption capacity of the biomass for Acid Yellow 99 was found to be 544.30 mg/g. Response surface methodology analysis showed that adsorption was dependent on pH, temperature, and biomass concentration, with optimum values being pH 3.0, 30°C, and 2 g/L, respectively. Adsorption reached equilibrium within 245 minutes and followed pseudo-second order kinetics. Isotherm data best fit the Redlich-Peterson model, suggesting both physical and chemical adsorption. FTIR analysis indicated that amino and carboxyl
REMOVAL EFFICIENCY OF METHYLENE BLUE DYE USING CHEMICALLY ACTIVATED WATERMELO...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that investigated using chemically activated watermelon rinds as a low-cost adsorbent to remove methylene blue dye from water. The researchers prepared activated carbon from watermelon rinds using sulfuric acid treatment. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to determine the effects of contact time, dye concentration, pH, and adsorbent dosage on dye removal efficiency. The results showed maximum removal efficiencies of 95-99.6% for sulfuric acid-treated activated watermelon rind. Optimum conditions were determined to be a contact time of 180 minutes, pH of 9, and increasing adsorbent dosage with increasing dye concentration.
Removal of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solution by Adsorption using Low Cost ...ijsrd.com
The present study deals with removal of methylene blue (basic dye)from aqueous solution using a low cost activated carbon prepared from Delonix regia(gulmohar seed pods).Batch adsorption studies were conducted by varying the contact time adsorbent dosage and pH
Kinetic, Thermodynamic and Isotherm Studies on the Removal of Methylene Blue ...IOSR Journals
The research of the present work was to investigate the removal of methylene blue dyes from aqueous solution by using Acid Activated Abutilon Indicum Leaves (AAAI). Generally, dyes are organic compounds used as colouring products in chemical, textile, paper, printing, leather, plastics and various food industries. The need for the treatment of dye contaminated waste water passed out from the industry. In this study, Abutilon Indicum Leaves were studied for its potential use as an adsorbent for removal of a cationic dye methylene blue. The various factors affecting adsorption, such as initial dye concentration, contact time, adsorbent dose and effect of temperature, were evaluated. The experimental data were fitted into the pseudo-second order kinetic model. The equilibrium of adsorption was modeled by using the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The objective of the present work suggests the AAAI may be utilized as a low cost adsorbent for methylene blue dye removal from aqueous solution.
Adsorption Studies of an Acid Dye From Aqueous Solution Using Lagerstroemia I...IJMER
The effectiveness of adsorption for acid dye removal from wastewaters has made it an ideal
alternative to other expensive treatment options. The removal of acid Violet 4BS onto seeds of
Lagerstroemia indica (LIS) from aqueous solutions was investigated using parameters such as contact
time, pH, temperature, adsorbent doses, and initial dye concentration. Adsorption isotherms of dyes onto
LIS were determined and correlated with common isotherm equations such as the Langmuir and
Freundlich models. It was found that the Langmuir isotherm appears to fit the isotherm data better than
the Freundlich isotherm. Parameters of the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were determined using
adsorption data. The maximum removal of Acid Violet 4BS by the adsorbent was obtained at pH 2. The
maximum percentage of dye removal (86.67%) was obtained at an initial dye concentration of 10mg/L
with adsorbent dosage of 50 mg per 50 ml of dye solution. The adsorption kinetics of acid violet 4BS
could be described by the pseudo-second order reaction model. The data obtained from adsorption
isotherms at different temperatures were used to calculate several thermo-dynamic quantities such as the
Gibbs energy (ΔG
0
), enthalpy (ΔH
0
), and entropy (ΔS
0
) of adsorption. The adsorption process was found
to be spontaneous, exothermic and physical in nature. Locally available adsorbent LIS was found to have
a low cost and was promising for the removal of acid violet 4BS from aqueous solutions
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Comparative Study for Adsorptive Removal of Coralene Blue BGFS Dye from Aqueo...IJERA Editor
Textile industries represent biggest impact on the environment due to high water consumption and waste water discharge as government control water pollution by setting strength regulation for waste water discharge, removal of color from waste water becomes more and more essential and attractive. Adsorption technology is very efficient in treatment of textile effluent. In this paper comparison of adsorption phenomena of textile dye Anthraquinone blue onto two different adsorbents MgO nano powder and Fe2O3 amorphous powder has been studied for removal of said dye from aqueous solutions. The adsorption of Anthraquinone blue on adsorbents occurs by studying the effects of adsorbent amount, dye concentration, contact time and pH of solution. All results found that MgO nano powder and Fe2O3 provide a fairly high dye adsorption capacity, which combined with their fulfilment of pollution control board’s standards, lack of pollution, lower environmental hazard and low-cost makes them promising for future applications. The present work also provides information on optimum value of different operating parameter for dye removal by two adsorbent.
The document describes an experiment to study the adsorption of Congo Red dye from aqueous solutions using pine bark as an adsorbent. Batch experiments were conducted by varying adsorbent dosage, initial dye concentration, pH, contact time and temperature. The effects of these parameters on dye removal efficiency were analyzed. Equilibrium adsorption isotherms and kinetic models were applied to the experimental data to understand the adsorption mechanism. The overall aim was to determine the efficiency of pine bark for removing toxic Congo Red dye from wastewater.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
This document summarizes a study on using the bacteria Lactobacillus delbruckii to remove synthetic dyes from wastewater. The study explored how effectively the bacteria could decolorize two common reactive dyes, Reactive Orange 16 and Reactive Black 5, under different pH, temperature, and initial dye concentration conditions. The results showed that L. delbruckii was able to decolorize both dyes, with optimum decolorization occurring at a pH of 10, temperature of 37°C, and initial dye concentration of 10 ppm. Therefore, this bacteria shows potential for use in treating textile wastewater and meeting Malaysian wastewater standards in an environmentally friendly and low-cost
Dye removal by adsorption on waste biomass - sugarcane bagasseMadhura Chincholi
This document discusses the use of bagasse as an adsorbent for removing dyes from wastewater. It provides background on dyes, their usage, and the issues they cause when discharged in wastewater. The document examines using raw and chemically activated bagasse to adsorb the dye methylene blue. It explores the adsorption process and how parameters like pH, contact time, adsorbent dose, and dye concentration affect adsorption. The results found chemically activated bagasse was more effective at lower pH levels, and equilibrium was reached within 45 minutes with optimal removal achieved using 12g/L of the chemically activated bagasse.
This document discusses using fly ash alone or combined with wood ash to treat domestic laundry wastewater. Fly ash and wood ash were tested separately and in combinations to determine their effectiveness in reducing total suspended solids, biological oxygen demand, pH, soap content, and fats/oils/grease from wastewater. The study found that fly ash alone was most effective at reducing these contaminants, removing 80-90% when used at a dosage of 40g/L over 6-7 hours. The mechanism of absorption involves contaminants binding to active sites on fly ash particles and cenospheres. The results suggest fly ash is a promising low-cost option for domestic wastewater treatment.
Adsorption Studies of Arsenic Removal on Activated Carbon Derived from Deloni...ijsrd.com
This study evaluated the use of activated carbon derived from Delonix regia (gulmohar seed pods) for removing arsenic from aqueous solutions. Batch adsorption studies were conducted to determine the optimal contact time, adsorbent dosage, and pH. The results showed that arsenic removal increased with contact time until reaching equilibrium at 10 minutes. Higher adsorbent dosages also increased removal efficiency, with optimal dosages of 150, 125, and 100 mg for different impregnation ratios. Maximum adsorption occurred at a slightly alkaline pH of 8.5. Overall, the activated carbon demonstrated good removal efficiency for arsenic and has potential as a low-cost adsorbent for treating contaminated water.
This document summarizes research on removing acidic dye from water using modified kaolinite clay. It discusses the history and types of dyes. The study examines removing Congo Red dye, a toxic acidic dye, using modified kaolinite clay. Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of initial dye concentration, contact time, and amount of adsorbent on removal efficiency. Adsorption isotherms were also analyzed. Results showed over 95% removal was achieved under optimal conditions, with adsorption following Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The conclusion is that modified kaolinite clay is a promising adsorbent for wastewater treatment.
Removal of basic dye from aqueous solution by adsorption on melon husk inAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that investigated the adsorption behavior of the cationic dye methylene blue in single, binary, and ternary solutions using melon husk as an adsorbent. Experiments showed that adsorption equilibrium was reached within 120 minutes for all systems. Kinetic data fit best to a pseudo-second order model. Isotherm data fit best to the Langmuir model for single systems and Freundlich model for binary and ternary systems. Adsorption was found to be thermodynamically feasible and exothermic for single and binary systems but endothermic for ternary systems.
Use of incinerated rice husk for adsorption of reactive dye from aqueous solu...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the use of incinerated rice husk for adsorbing the reactive dye Reactive Yellow 15 from an aqueous solution. Rice husk was incinerated at 300°C for 4 hours to increase its surface area and pore volume. Batch adsorption experiments showed that dye removal was most effective at pH 2 and equilibrium was reached within 4 hours. Adsorption data fit the Freundlich isotherm model better than the Langmuir model, indicating heterogeneous surface binding sites. Incinerated rice husk is a low-cost adsorbent that can effectively remove reactive dyes from wastewater.
Similar to Equilibrium Studies of Malachite Green from Aqueous Solution Using Corn Cob as Adsorbent (20)
A Novel Method for Prevention of Bandwidth Distributed Denial of Service AttacksIJERD Editor
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks became a massive threat to the Internet. Traditional
Architecture of internet is vulnerable to the attacks like DDoS. Attacker primarily acquire his army of Zombies,
then that army will be instructed by the Attacker that when to start an attack and on whom the attack should be
done. In this paper, different techniques which are used to perform DDoS Attacks, Tools that were used to
perform Attacks and Countermeasures in order to detect the attackers and eliminate the Bandwidth Distributed
Denial of Service attacks (B-DDoS) are reviewed. DDoS Attacks were done by using various Flooding
techniques which are used in DDoS attack.
The main purpose of this paper is to design an architecture which can reduce the Bandwidth
Distributed Denial of service Attack and make the victim site or server available for the normal users by
eliminating the zombie machines. Our Primary focus of this paper is to dispute how normal machines are
turning into zombies (Bots), how attack is been initiated, DDoS attack procedure and how an organization can
save their server from being a DDoS victim. In order to present this we implemented a simulated environment
with Cisco switches, Routers, Firewall, some virtual machines and some Attack tools to display a real DDoS
attack. By using Time scheduling, Resource Limiting, System log, Access Control List and some Modular
policy Framework we stopped the attack and identified the Attacker (Bot) machines
Hearing loss is one of the most common human impairments. It is estimated that by year 2015 more
than 700 million people will suffer mild deafness. Most can be helped by hearing aid devices depending on the
severity of their hearing loss. This paper describes the implementation and characterization details of a dual
channel transmitter front end (TFE) for digital hearing aid (DHA) applications that use novel micro
electromechanical- systems (MEMS) audio transducers and ultra-low power-scalable analog-to-digital
converters (ADCs), which enable a very-low form factor, energy-efficient implementation for next-generation
DHA. The contribution of the design is the implementation of the dual channel MEMS microphones and powerscalable
ADC system.
Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural Behaviour of shear c...IJERD Editor
-A composite beam is composed of a steel beam and a slab connected by means of shear connectors
like studs installed on the top flange of the steel beam to form a structure behaving monolithically. This study
analyzes the effects of the tensile behavior of the slab on the structural behavior of the shear connection like slip
stiffness and maximum shear force in composite beams subjected to hogging moment. The results show that the
shear studs located in the crack-concentration zones due to large hogging moments sustain significantly smaller
shear force and slip stiffness than the other zones. Moreover, the reduction of the slip stiffness in the shear
connection appears also to be closely related to the change in the tensile strain of rebar according to the increase
of the load. Further experimental and analytical studies shall be conducted considering variables such as the
reinforcement ratio and the arrangement of shear connectors to achieve efficient design of the shear connection
in composite beams subjected to hogging moment.
Gold prospecting using Remote Sensing ‘A case study of Sudan’IJERD Editor
Gold has been extracted from northeast Africa for more than 5000 years, and this may be the first
place where the metal was extracted. The Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS) is an exposure of Precambrian
crystalline rocks on the flanks of the Red Sea. The crystalline rocks are mostly Neoproterozoic in age. ANS
includes the nations of Israel, Jordan. Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Yemen, and Somalia.
Arabian Nubian Shield Consists of juvenile continental crest that formed between 900 550 Ma, when intra
oceanic arc welded together along ophiolite decorated arc. Primary Au mineralization probably developed in
association with the growth of intra oceanic arc and evolution of back arc. Multiple episodes of deformation
have obscured the primary metallogenic setting, but at least some of the deposits preserve evidence that they
originate as sea floor massive sulphide deposits.
The Red Sea Hills Region is a vast span of rugged, harsh and inhospitable sector of the Earth with
inimical moon-like terrain, nevertheless since ancient times it is famed to be an abode of gold and was a major
source of wealth for the Pharaohs of ancient Egypt. The Pharaohs old workings have been periodically
rediscovered through time. Recent endeavours by the Geological Research Authority of Sudan led to the
discovery of a score of occurrences with gold and massive sulphide mineralizations. In the nineties of the
previous century the Geological Research Authority of Sudan (GRAS) in cooperation with BRGM utilized
satellite data of Landsat TM using spectral ratio technique to map possible mineralized zones in the Red Sea
Hills of Sudan. The outcome of the study mapped a gossan type gold mineralization. Band ratio technique was
applied to Arbaat area and a signature of alteration zone was detected. The alteration zones are commonly
associated with mineralization. The alteration zones are commonly associated with mineralization. A filed check
confirmed the existence of stock work of gold bearing quartz in the alteration zone. Another type of gold
mineralization that was discovered using remote sensing is the gold associated with metachert in the Atmur
Desert.
Reducing Corrosion Rate by Welding DesignIJERD Editor
This document summarizes a study on reducing corrosion rates in steel through welding design. The researchers tested different welding groove designs (X, V, 1/2X, 1/2V) and preheating temperatures (400°C, 500°C, 600°C) on ferritic malleable iron samples. Testing found that X and V groove designs with 500°C and 600°C preheating had corrosion rates of 0.5-0.69% weight loss after 14 days, compared to 0.57-0.76% for 400°C preheating. Higher preheating reduced residual stresses which decreased corrosion. Residual stresses were 1.7 MPa for optimal X groove and 600°C
Router 1X3 – RTL Design and VerificationIJERD Editor
Routing is the process of moving a packet of data from source to destination and enables messages
to pass from one computer to another and eventually reach the target machine. A router is a networking device
that forwards data packets between computer networks. It is connected to two or more data lines from different
networks (as opposed to a network switch, which connects data lines from one single network). This paper,
mainly emphasizes upon the study of router device, it‟s top level architecture, and how various sub-modules of
router i.e. Register, FIFO, FSM and Synchronizer are synthesized, and simulated and finally connected to its top
module.
Active Power Exchange in Distributed Power-Flow Controller (DPFC) At Third Ha...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a component within the flexible ac-transmission system (FACTS) family, called
distributed power-flow controller (DPFC). The DPFC is derived from the unified power-flow controller (UPFC)
with an eliminated common dc link. The DPFC has the same control capabilities as the UPFC, which comprise
the adjustment of the line impedance, the transmission angle, and the bus voltage. The active power exchange
between the shunt and series converters, which is through the common dc link in the UPFC, is now through the
transmission lines at the third-harmonic frequency. DPFC multiple small-size single-phase converters which
reduces the cost of equipment, no voltage isolation between phases, increases redundancy and there by
reliability increases. The principle and analysis of the DPFC are presented in this paper and the corresponding
simulation results that are carried out on a scaled prototype are also shown.
Mitigation of Voltage Sag/Swell with Fuzzy Control Reduced Rating DVRIJERD Editor
Power quality has been an issue that is becoming increasingly pivotal in industrial electricity
consumers point of view in recent times. Modern industries employ Sensitive power electronic equipments,
control devices and non-linear loads as part of automated processes to increase energy efficiency and
productivity. Voltage disturbances are the most common power quality problem due to this the use of a large
numbers of sophisticated and sensitive electronic equipment in industrial systems is increased. This paper
discusses the design and simulation of dynamic voltage restorer for improvement of power quality and
reduce the harmonics distortion of sensitive loads. Power quality problem is occurring at non-standard
voltage, current and frequency. Electronic devices are very sensitive loads. In power system voltage sag,
swell, flicker and harmonics are some of the problem to the sensitive load. The compensation capability
of a DVR depends primarily on the maximum voltage injection ability and the amount of stored
energy available within the restorer. This device is connected in series with the distribution feeder at
medium voltage. A fuzzy logic control is used to produce the gate pulses for control circuit of DVR and the
circuit is simulated by using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Study on the Fused Deposition Modelling In Additive ManufacturingIJERD Editor
Additive manufacturing process, also popularly known as 3-D printing, is a process where a product
is created in a succession of layers. It is based on a novel materials incremental manufacturing philosophy.
Unlike conventional manufacturing processes where material is removed from a given work price to derive the
final shape of a product, 3-D printing develops the product from scratch thus obviating the necessity to cut away
materials. This prevents wastage of raw materials. Commonly used raw materials for the process are ABS
plastic, PLA and nylon. Recently the use of gold, bronze and wood has also been implemented. The complexity
factor of this process is 0% as in any object of any shape and size can be manufactured.
Spyware triggering system by particular string valueIJERD Editor
This computer programme can be used for good and bad purpose in hacking or in any general
purpose. We can say it is next step for hacking techniques such as keylogger and spyware. Once in this system if
user or hacker store particular string as a input after that software continually compare typing activity of user
with that stored string and if it is match then launch spyware programme.
A Blind Steganalysis on JPEG Gray Level Image Based on Statistical Features a...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a blind steganalysis technique to effectively attack the JPEG steganographic
schemes i.e. Jsteg, F5, Outguess and DWT Based. The proposed method exploits the correlations between
block-DCTcoefficients from intra-block and inter-block relation and the statistical moments of characteristic
functions of the test image is selected as features. The features are extracted from the BDCT JPEG 2-array.
Support Vector Machine with cross-validation is implemented for the classification.The proposed scheme gives
improved outcome in attacking.
Secure Image Transmission for Cloud Storage System Using Hybrid SchemeIJERD Editor
- Data over the cloud is transferred or transmitted between servers and users. Privacy of that
data is very important as it belongs to personal information. If data get hacked by the hacker, can be
used to defame a person’s social data. Sometimes delay are held during data transmission. i.e. Mobile
communication, bandwidth is low. Hence compression algorithms are proposed for fast and efficient
transmission, encryption is used for security purposes and blurring is used by providing additional
layers of security. These algorithms are hybridized for having a robust and efficient security and
transmission over cloud storage system.
Application of Buckley-Leverett Equation in Modeling the Radius of Invasion i...IJERD Editor
A thorough review of existing literature indicates that the Buckley-Leverett equation only analyzes
waterflood practices directly without any adjustments on real reservoir scenarios. By doing so, quite a number
of errors are introduced into these analyses. Also, for most waterflood scenarios, a radial investigation is more
appropriate than a simplified linear system. This study investigates the adoption of the Buckley-Leverett
equation to estimate the radius invasion of the displacing fluid during waterflooding. The model is also adopted
for a Microbial flood and a comparative analysis is conducted for both waterflooding and microbial flooding.
Results shown from the analysis doesn’t only records a success in determining the radial distance of the leading
edge of water during the flooding process, but also gives a clearer understanding of the applicability of
microbes to enhance oil production through in-situ production of bio-products like bio surfactans, biogenic
gases, bio acids etc.
Gesture Gaming on the World Wide Web Using an Ordinary Web CameraIJERD Editor
- Gesture gaming is a method by which users having a laptop/pc/x-box play games using natural or
bodily gestures. This paper presents a way of playing free flash games on the internet using an ordinary webcam
with the help of open source technologies. Emphasis in human activity recognition is given on the pose
estimation and the consistency in the pose of the player. These are estimated with the help of an ordinary web
camera having different resolutions from VGA to 20mps. Our work involved giving a 10 second documentary to
the user on how to play a particular game using gestures and what are the various kinds of gestures that can be
performed in front of the system. The initial inputs of the RGB values for the gesture component is obtained by
instructing the user to place his component in a red box in about 10 seconds after the short documentary before
the game is finished. Later the system opens the concerned game on the internet on popular flash game sites like
miniclip, games arcade, GameStop etc and loads the game clicking at various places and brings the state to a
place where the user is to perform only gestures to start playing the game. At any point of time the user can call
off the game by hitting the esc key and the program will release all of the controls and return to the desktop. It
was noted that the results obtained using an ordinary webcam matched that of the Kinect and the users could
relive the gaming experience of the free flash games on the net. Therefore effective in game advertising could
also be achieved thus resulting in a disruptive growth to the advertising firms.
Hardware Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Isolated Circuits And...IJERD Editor
-LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region[5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits.
Simulated Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Different Tank Circu...IJERD Editor
LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region [5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits. The supported simulation
is done through PSIM 6.0 software tool
Amateurs Radio operator, also known as HAM communicates with other HAMs through Radio
waves. Wireless communication in which Moon is used as natural satellite is called Moon-bounce or EME
(Earth -Moon-Earth) technique. Long distance communication (DXing) using Very High Frequency (VHF)
operated amateur HAM radio was difficult. Even with the modest setup having good transceiver, power
amplifier and high gain antenna with high directivity, VHF DXing is possible. Generally 2X11 YAGI antenna
along with rotor to set horizontal and vertical angle is used. Moon tracking software gives exact location,
visibility of Moon at both the stations and other vital data to acquire real time position of moon.
“MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to Extract Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chrom...IJERD Editor
Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR), also known as Microsatellites, have been extensively used as
molecular markers due to their abundance and high degree of polymorphism. The nucleotide sequences of
polymorphic forms of the same gene should be 99.9% identical. So, Microsatellites extraction from the Gene is
crucial. However, Microsatellites repeat count is compared, if they differ largely, he has some disorder. The Y
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Equilibrium Studies of Malachite Green from Aqueous Solution Using Corn Cob as Adsorbent
1. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
e-ISSN: 2278-067X, p-ISSN: 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com
Volume 10, Issue 11 (November 2014), PP.41-48
41
Equilibrium Studies of Malachite Green from Aqueous Solution
Using Corn Cob as Adsorbent
1
K. Rajasekhar *2
B.saritha
1
Assistant professor Department of civil EngineeringKITS:markapur
2
Assistant professor Department of civil Engineering BIST: Chennai
Abstract:-The objective of this work is the study of adsorption of dye solution which is a dye malachite green
using corn cob. Removal of this dye from aqueous solution using corn cob has been investigated. Liquid phase
adsorption experiments were conducted. Batch adsorption studies are Carried out by observing the effect of
experimental parameters, namely, pH, and amount of adsorbents, contact time and initial concentration.
Optimum conditions for dye removal are studied like pH value, contact time required, amount of adsorbent,
initial concentration, etc. The results generated by this work can be used for determination of optimum
conditions for adsorption of dye in aqueous solutions. Dye is present in mixture form in various Industrial
effluents like Textile Industries, Sewage water, Water treatment plants. This work can have use in Design of
adsorption columns for dyes removal. The Freundlich adsorption model assumes that adsorption takes place on
heterogeneous surfaces. Adsorption increases with increase in pH. The adsorption of cationic dye is mainly
influenced by the amount of negative charges in the solution which is actually influenced by the solution pH. At
pH=2 there is net positive charge in the solution so adsorption is less whereas at pH=12there is increase in
negative charges increasing adsorption of malachite green. Maximum adsorption was found to take place at
pH=12. Adsorption tends to increase with contact time. At first the increase in adsorption is very rapid as there
are lots of free sites for the adsorption to take place. Adsorption decreases at later stages till saturation is reached
due to saturation of active sites. The optimum contact time for equilibrium was found to be 100 min.
Keywords:-corn cob, adsorption, malachite green, dye, adsorbent.
I. INTRODUCTION
A dye is generally a substance that bears an affinity to the substrate to which it is being applied. It is
often applied in aqueous solution. It requires a mordant to improve its binding with the fabrics. It appears to be
colored because they absorb some wavelengths of light in particular than other. Various industries discharge
wastewaters like chemical, refineries, textile, plastic and food processing plants .These wastewaters include dyes
as residues which cause many hazards. Such residual dyes are non-biodegradable due to their complex
molecular structures making them more stable and hard to biodegrade. They cause water pollution and also pose
a serious threat to environment. These colored stuffs along with being aesthetically displeasing also inhibit
sunlight penetration into water bodies and thus affect aquatic ecosystem. Many of them are also toxic in nature
and can cause direct destruction or can affect catalytic capabilities of various microorganisms. The main source
of discharge of dyes is textile industries where they are used to color products. Today there are over 1, 00,000
dyes for commercial use and around 700 tons of dyestuffs are produced annually. The types of dyes are mainly
basic dyes, acid dyes, direct dyes, reactive dyes, mordant dyes, azo dyes, disperse dyes and sulphur dyes .Most
of the dyes are toxic and have carcinogenic properties so they make water bodies inhibitory to aquatic systems.
They don’t fade by water or sunlight and owing to their complexity in structures; they can’t be adequately
treated in conventional treatment plants for waste waters. There are innumerous harmful effects of dyes on
ecosystem such as: (1) they pose acute as well as chronic effects on most of the exposed organisms. These
effects vary depending on the time of exposure and the concentration of dyes. (2) They can absorb or reflect
sunlight which enters the water bodies and thus affect the growth of bacteria and cause an imbalance in their
biological activities. (3) They are highly visible and even a minor amount may cause abnormal coloration of
water bodies which appears displeasing to eyes. (4) They have complex molecular structures which makes them
difficult to treat with common municipal treatment operations. (5) Consume dissolved oxygen and affect aquatic
ecosystem. (5) Sequester metal ions which produce micro toxicity to aquatic lives. There are various ways to
remove dyes from wastewater discharges like coagulation, electrochemical process, membrane separation
process, chemical oxidation, reverse osmosis and aerobic and anaerobic microbial degradation. Many of these
processes are not so popular due to their economic disadvantages and inefficiency. Coagulations and chemical
and electrochemical oxidations have low feasibility on large scale plants. Adsorption is preferred over these
processes and is widely used due to low cost and high performance. Common adsorbents are activated carbon,
2. Equilibrium Studies of Malachite Green from Aqueous Solution Using Corn Cob as Adsorbent
42
alumina silica and metal hydroxides. Economic advantages, performance efficiencies and environment are the
main concerns when selecting an adsorbent, thus researchers generally goes for using low-cost adsorbents like
char from agricultural wastes and others.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
1.1. Preparation of adsorbent
Corn cob collected from local agricultural field and dried. Then the corn is grinded using grinder. Then
the grinded powder is sieved at a size of 150 µm. Then it is washed with distilled water. Then it is dried using
hot air oven at 100c for 5hrs. Now the corn cob absorbent is stored in vacuum desiccators.
1.2. Preparation of dye solution
Stock solution of malachite green was prepared by dissolved 500mg of dye in 1Lt of distilled water to
give concentration of 500mg/L. The pH of dye
Solution were adjusted with o.1 normal NaOH or H2So4 using a pH meter.
2.3Calibration curve for malachite green:
2.4. Batch adsorption experiment
Batch mode experiment were carried out in orbital shaker at a constant speed of 120rpm at 30c using
250ml conical flask containing 50mg of adsorbent with 10ml of dye solution after predetermined time intervals
sample were withdrawn from the flask. The adsorbent were separated from the solution by centrifuge (REMI
make) at 6000rpm for 5 min.The dye concentration was determined spectrophotometric ally using Ellico make
UV visible spectrophotometer at λ
max
=617nm.
III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
3.1. Effect of contact time
The study of effect of contact time on adsorption uptake, dye solution with initial concentration
10mg/L was agitated with 50mg of adsorbent. In this case the solution pH was kept natural without any pH
adjustments. The experimental results of adsorption of dye onto adsorbent at constant initial concentration or
showed in fig.1. As shown in fig.1, the contact time needed for dye solution to reach equilibrium was 100min.
The results indicated that there was no change in adsorption capacity after 100min.
y = 0.056x - 0.079
R² = 0.993
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
adsorbance
conc(mg/l)
Malachite Green Calibration
curve (617nm)
adsorbance
Linear
(adsorbance)
3. Equilibrium Studies of Malachite Green from Aqueous Solution Using Corn Cob as Adsorbent
43
3.2. Effect of pH
The effect of pH was investigated by employing initial concentration of dye 10mg/L. The initial pH
values were adjusted with 0.1N H2So4 and 0.1N NaOH to form a series of pH from 2 to 12. The result shows
that there was no significant change in the present removal of dye over the entire pH range. This indicates that
either H+ or OH- ions could not influence the dye adsorption onto adsorbent.
3.3. Effect of initial concentration
The adsorption experiment was carried out. The initial concentration of dye increased from 10mg/L to
100mg/L it is because of the fact that at lower concentration the ratio of the initial number of dye molecules to
the available surface area is low subsequently the fractional adsorption becomes independent of initial
concentration. However at higher concentration the available sites of adsorption becomes fewer and hence the
percentage removal of dye is dependent upon initial concentrations.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
%Removalofreactivedye
Contact Time(min)
Effect of contact time on adsorbtion
removal
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
2 4 6 8 10 12
%Removalofdye
pH
Effect of pH
removal
4. Equilibrium Studies of Malachite Green from Aqueous Solution Using Corn Cob as Adsorbent
44
3.4. Effect of adsorbent dosage
The effect of adsorbent dosage on removal of dye at constant concentration 10mg/L were investigated
by agitating with different adsorbent dosage over the range 50 to 500mg. The study reveals that percentage of
adsorption increases with increasing the adsorbent dosage. This attributes the increased corn cob powder surface
area and availability of more adsorption sites.
3.5 Adsorption studies
The prologue investigations were carried out in batches at different conditions of pH, concentration,
and time, amount of adsorbent and to check the tendency of adsorption process. In each experiment 250 mL
measuring flasks containing 100 mL of dye solution of known concentration was mixed with known amount of
adsorbent and mixture was sporadically shaken (100 rpm) and then kept for different time intervals (min) for
saturation. The supernatant was harvested by centrifugation at 10000g for 20 min and amount of dye adsorbed
was determined spectrophotometric ally at the λmax 617 nm.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
%removalofdye
Initial concentration (mg/L)
Effect of initinal concentration
removal
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
%Removalofdye
Adsorbent dosage (mgL)
Effect of adsorbent dosage
% removal
5. Equilibrium Studies of Malachite Green from Aqueous Solution Using Corn Cob as Adsorbent
45
3.5.1 Equilibrium isotherms
3.5.2 Langmuir isotherm
The linear form of Langmuir isotherm assumes monolayer adsorption onto a surface Containing a finite number
of adsorption sites of uniform strategies of adsorption Without interaction between adsorbed molecules
commonly expressed as (Uma et al., 2013; Hameed, 2009).
Ce/qe=1/bQo+Ce/Qo
Where,
Qo is a constant related to adsorption capacity (mg/g) b is Langmuir constant related to energy of adsorption
(mg/L) Ce is equilibrium constant of dye (mg/L)Qe is amount of dye adsorbed at equilibrium (mg/g)
The linear plot of Ce/qe versus Ce .the constant Qo and b can be calculated from slop and intercept of
the plot. The shape of the Langmuir isotherm was investigated by the dimensionless constant separation term
(RL) to determine high affinity adsorption and is expressed as RL=1/ (1+bC0). RL value indicates the nature of
adsorption process as given below.
RL value Adsorption
RL>1 Unfavorable
RL=1 Linear
0<RL<1 Favorable
RL=0 Irreversible
b =22.93, C=1.99
RL =1/1+b*C0
RL =0.0214
In the present investigation the RL value less than one which shows the adsorption process was favorable.
3.5.3 Freundlich isotherm
The Freundlich isotherm is applicable to non-ideal adsorption on heterogeneous surfaces result of the
assumption that the adsorption occurs and non-uniform distribution of the heat of adsorption over the adsorbent
surface takes place (Freundlich, 1885). The linear form of the isotherm can be represented as: The Freundlich
isotherm is based on multilayer adsorption on heterogeneous surface. Linear from of Freundlich equation islog
qe=logkf+1/n log Ce
Where,
qe is dye concentration is solid at equilibrium (mg/g)
Ce is dye concentration in solution at equilibrium (mg/L)
Kf is measure of adsorption capacity (mg/g)
n is adsorption intensity
The values of 1/n and kf can be calculated from the slop and intercept respectively and the result are given
below .When 1/n is>1.0, the change in adsorbed dye concentration is greater than the change in the
concentration in solution.
y = 0.022x - 1.99
R² = 0.992
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.008 0.03 0.05 0.08 0.11 0.13 0.149 0.163 0.163 0.196
Ce/qe(gL)
Ce(mgL)
Langmuir isotherm
6. Equilibrium Studies of Malachite Green from Aqueous Solution Using Corn Cob as Adsorbent
46
Slope=1/n=0.353
Intercept=logkf =0.068
MODELS
ISOTHERM
CINSTANTS
Langmuir
isotherm
Qm(mg/g) b R2
45.45 22.93 0.992
Freundlishisotherm Kf( mg/g) n R2
0.068 0.353 0.950
IV. CONCLUSIONS
Removal of malachite green from aqueous solutions by adsorption with Corn Cob has been
experimentally determined and the following observations are made. The percentage of colour removed increase
with increasing adsorbent dosage, increase. With increasing contact time and varied with dye solution pH.The
adsorption rates increases with increasing initial concentration. Optimum contact time for equilibrium to be
achieved is found to be 100 min. It is basically due to saturation of the active site which does not allow further
adsorption to take place. For malachite green maximum adsorption found to be at pH = 12.The adsorption of
these positively charged dye groups on the adsorbent surface is primarily influenced by the surface charge on
the adsorbent which in turn is influenced by the solution pH. The Langmuir equation assumes that there is no
interaction between the adsorbate molecules and that the sorption is localized in a monolayer. It is then assumes
that once a dye molecule occupies a site, no further adsorption can take place at that site. The Freundlich
adsorption model assumes that adsorption takes place on heterogeneous surfaces. Adsorption increases with
increase in pH. The Freundlich adsorption model assumes that adsorption takes place on heterogeneous
surfaces. Adsorption increases with increase in pH. The adsorption of cationic dye is mainly influenced by the
amount of negative charges in the solution which is actually influenced by the solution pH. At pH=2 there is net
positive charge in the solution so adsorption is less whereas at pH=12there is increase in negative charges
increasing adsorption of malachite green. Maximum adsorption was found to take place at pH=12. Adsorption
tends to increase with contact time. At first the increase in adsorption is very rapid as there are lots of free sites
for the adsorption to take place. Adsorption decreases at later stages till saturation is reached due to saturation of
active sites. The optimum contact time for equilibrium was found to be 100 min.
y = 0.068x + 0.353
R² = 0.950
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
logqe
log ce
Freundlich isotherm
log qe
Linear (log qe)
8. Equilibrium Studies of Malachite Green from Aqueous Solution Using Corn Cob as Adsorbent
48
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