This document summarizes a study on using Pongamia pinnata seed shell as an adsorbent for removing copper from simulated wastewater. Batch experiments were conducted to analyze the effect of parameters like pH, initial copper concentration, amount of adsorbent, and contact time on adsorption capacity. Maximum removal of 98.3% was achieved at pH 8. Adsorption decreased with increasing initial copper concentration but increased with greater adsorbent amounts. Equilibrium was reached within 120 minutes of contact time. Column experiments confirmed the adsorption behavior predicted by batch studies.
Removal of fluoride from synthetic waste water by using “bio adsorbents”eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
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It is generally accepted that a low level of fluorine in mains water 0.4 to 1 mg -¢ L – 1 depending on the climate of the country concerned promotes the formation of tooth enamel and protects teeth from decay. On the other hand, too much fluorine will destroy this enamel and cause a range of endemic type disorders that are generally called “fluoroses- malformed teeth, staining of the enamel, decalcification, tendon mineralisation, digestive and nervous disorders, etc. These problems can appear in individuals for widely variable quantities of the product. Water must be discharged or treated as soon as it contains more than 1 to 1.5 mg -¢ L – 1 of F – . Some natural waters contain more than 10 mg -¢ L – 1 of fluorine. This concentration has to be reduced to approximately 1 mg -¢ L – 1 the acceptable concentration falling as the average annual temperature rises the European standard has set 1.5 mg -¢ L – 1. Many studies have been carried out to address the issue however little success has been reported up to date. Layered double hydroxides LDHs which readily undergo anion exchange reactions have been used as a suitable candidate for defluorination. Also there is regeneration of the material after removal of fluoride ions without releasing flouride ions back in to the water cycle. F elimination using a nanofiltration NF operation will solve problems for large scale pilot plants in the future.Many defluorination projects have significant effectiveness on the prevention of endemic fluorosis. The concentrations of water fluoride were below 1 mg L. Advanced on site methods, such as under sink reserve osmosis units, can remove fluoride but are too expensive for developing areas. Calcium carbonate as a cost effective sorbent for an onsite defluorination drinking water system. Batch and column experiments have been performed to characterize F removal properties. The present review discusses various techniques of defluorination of water. Dr. Atul Kumar Sharma | Dr. Harsukh Ram Chharang "Defluorination of Drinking Water" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46324.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/46324/defluorination-of-drinking-water/dr-atul-kumar-sharma
Equilibrium Studies of Malachite Green from Aqueous Solution Using Corn Cob a...IJERD Editor
The objective of this work is the study of adsorption of dye solution which is a dye malachite green
using corn cob. Removal of this dye from aqueous solution using corn cob has been investigated. Liquid phase
adsorption experiments were conducted. Batch adsorption studies are Carried out by observing the effect of
experimental parameters, namely, pH, and amount of adsorbents, contact time and initial concentration.
Optimum conditions for dye removal are studied like pH value, contact time required, amount of adsorbent,
initial concentration, etc. The results generated by this work can be used for determination of optimum
conditions for adsorption of dye in aqueous solutions. Dye is present in mixture form in various Industrial
effluents like Textile Industries, Sewage water, Water treatment plants. This work can have use in Design of
adsorption columns for dyes removal. The Freundlich adsorption model assumes that adsorption takes place on
heterogeneous surfaces. Adsorption increases with increase in pH. The adsorption of cationic dye is mainly
influenced by the amount of negative charges in the solution which is actually influenced by the solution pH. At
pH=2 there is net positive charge in the solution so adsorption is less whereas at pH=12there is increase in
negative charges increasing adsorption of malachite green. Maximum adsorption was found to take place at
pH=12. Adsorption tends to increase with contact time. At first the increase in adsorption is very rapid as there
are lots of free sites for the adsorption to take place. Adsorption decreases at later stages till saturation is reached
due to saturation of active sites. The optimum contact time for equilibrium was found to be 100 min.
Treatment of Effluent from Granite Cutting Plant by Using Natural Adsorbents ...IJERD Editor
Granite cutting plant is one such industry that releases polluting and turbid effluent. The residue from all these processes is discharged with water as an effluent. The effluent mainly contains many solids that harm the environment. Hence it requires treatment techniques before disposal. Several conventional methods are available for removal of contaminants like coagulation, adsorption, polyelectrolyte methods and biological methods. Most of them are cost prohibitive. The reduction of solids concentration in the effluent before disposal by using the techniques, coagulation followed by adsorption using natural adsorbents, like rice husk carbon and saw dust carbon, in contrast to the usage of activated carbon as it is costly. From a local Granite cutting plant near Anantapur, the effluent is collected and its physico-chemical characteristics are estimated and found to be pH(7.5), TS(4240mg/l), TSS(21560mg/l), TDS(12373mg/l).Effluent obtained is subjected to coagulation by potash alum followed by adsorption using saw dust carbon and rice husk carbon.
Removal of fluoride from synthetic waste water by using “bio adsorbents”eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
It is generally accepted that a low level of fluorine in mains water 0.4 to 1 mg -¢ L – 1 depending on the climate of the country concerned promotes the formation of tooth enamel and protects teeth from decay. On the other hand, too much fluorine will destroy this enamel and cause a range of endemic type disorders that are generally called “fluoroses- malformed teeth, staining of the enamel, decalcification, tendon mineralisation, digestive and nervous disorders, etc. These problems can appear in individuals for widely variable quantities of the product. Water must be discharged or treated as soon as it contains more than 1 to 1.5 mg -¢ L – 1 of F – . Some natural waters contain more than 10 mg -¢ L – 1 of fluorine. This concentration has to be reduced to approximately 1 mg -¢ L – 1 the acceptable concentration falling as the average annual temperature rises the European standard has set 1.5 mg -¢ L – 1. Many studies have been carried out to address the issue however little success has been reported up to date. Layered double hydroxides LDHs which readily undergo anion exchange reactions have been used as a suitable candidate for defluorination. Also there is regeneration of the material after removal of fluoride ions without releasing flouride ions back in to the water cycle. F elimination using a nanofiltration NF operation will solve problems for large scale pilot plants in the future.Many defluorination projects have significant effectiveness on the prevention of endemic fluorosis. The concentrations of water fluoride were below 1 mg L. Advanced on site methods, such as under sink reserve osmosis units, can remove fluoride but are too expensive for developing areas. Calcium carbonate as a cost effective sorbent for an onsite defluorination drinking water system. Batch and column experiments have been performed to characterize F removal properties. The present review discusses various techniques of defluorination of water. Dr. Atul Kumar Sharma | Dr. Harsukh Ram Chharang "Defluorination of Drinking Water" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46324.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/46324/defluorination-of-drinking-water/dr-atul-kumar-sharma
Equilibrium Studies of Malachite Green from Aqueous Solution Using Corn Cob a...IJERD Editor
The objective of this work is the study of adsorption of dye solution which is a dye malachite green
using corn cob. Removal of this dye from aqueous solution using corn cob has been investigated. Liquid phase
adsorption experiments were conducted. Batch adsorption studies are Carried out by observing the effect of
experimental parameters, namely, pH, and amount of adsorbents, contact time and initial concentration.
Optimum conditions for dye removal are studied like pH value, contact time required, amount of adsorbent,
initial concentration, etc. The results generated by this work can be used for determination of optimum
conditions for adsorption of dye in aqueous solutions. Dye is present in mixture form in various Industrial
effluents like Textile Industries, Sewage water, Water treatment plants. This work can have use in Design of
adsorption columns for dyes removal. The Freundlich adsorption model assumes that adsorption takes place on
heterogeneous surfaces. Adsorption increases with increase in pH. The adsorption of cationic dye is mainly
influenced by the amount of negative charges in the solution which is actually influenced by the solution pH. At
pH=2 there is net positive charge in the solution so adsorption is less whereas at pH=12there is increase in
negative charges increasing adsorption of malachite green. Maximum adsorption was found to take place at
pH=12. Adsorption tends to increase with contact time. At first the increase in adsorption is very rapid as there
are lots of free sites for the adsorption to take place. Adsorption decreases at later stages till saturation is reached
due to saturation of active sites. The optimum contact time for equilibrium was found to be 100 min.
Treatment of Effluent from Granite Cutting Plant by Using Natural Adsorbents ...IJERD Editor
Granite cutting plant is one such industry that releases polluting and turbid effluent. The residue from all these processes is discharged with water as an effluent. The effluent mainly contains many solids that harm the environment. Hence it requires treatment techniques before disposal. Several conventional methods are available for removal of contaminants like coagulation, adsorption, polyelectrolyte methods and biological methods. Most of them are cost prohibitive. The reduction of solids concentration in the effluent before disposal by using the techniques, coagulation followed by adsorption using natural adsorbents, like rice husk carbon and saw dust carbon, in contrast to the usage of activated carbon as it is costly. From a local Granite cutting plant near Anantapur, the effluent is collected and its physico-chemical characteristics are estimated and found to be pH(7.5), TS(4240mg/l), TSS(21560mg/l), TDS(12373mg/l).Effluent obtained is subjected to coagulation by potash alum followed by adsorption using saw dust carbon and rice husk carbon.
Fluoride is a typical component of natural waters and its concentration varies depending on the water resource. Water may be contaminated by natural sources like more alkaline ions (CO32-+HCO3->10.4 meq/l water) reacts with halite which comes from industrial effluents. This is ensuing in fluoride concentrations up to 12.7 mg F–/l where ground level of water is low. WHO standards and BIS: 105000, 1991 permit only 0.5-1.5 mg/dl as the upper permissible limit for fluoride in drinking water for the Indian context. Fluoride in excess of the permissible limits in drinking water causes a number of endemic conditions referred to collectively as “fluorosis”. This paper explores the sorptive answer of a recently developed adsorbent, Activated alumina finely grinded with coconut shell powder. The efficiency of the sorption of fluoride ion is affected by pH, contact time, adsorbent dose, type and size of adsorbents. The adsorption equilibrium is well correlated by Freundlich and Langmuir models
Removal of fluoride from drinking water by adsorption onto Activated Alumina ...IJERA Editor
The ability of activated alumina and activated carbon to remove Fluoride from aqueous solution has been investigated. The studies were carried out as functions of contact time, concentration and pH. The data indicate that activated alumina surface sites are heterogeneous in nature and that fits into a heterogeneous site binding model. The optimum pH for complete removal of Fluoride from aqueous solution were described. The rate of fluoride removal was rapid during several time intervals of time, and equilibrium was attained were described in detailed.
Equilibrium and Kinetic Studies of Zinc (II) Ion Adsorption from Aqueous Solu...IRJESJOURNAL
Abstract:- Water used in industries creates a wastewater that has potential hazards for our environment, because of introducing various contaminates such as heavy metals in to soil and water resources. In this study, a modification method was adopted to enhance metal ion adsorption on soybean hulls using NaOH and citric acid. The batch experiments were carried out to optimize parameters like pH, adsorbent dose, initial concentration and contact time. Equilibrium data were best represented by Freundlich isotherms. The adsorption kinetic data were adequately fitted to the pseudo-second order kinetic model. At optimum conditions of the parameters investigated, 99% removal of Zn (II) was achieved. On the basis of experimental results MSH was found to be an excellent adsorbent for the Zn (II) removal from wastewater.
Parametric Studies on Detergent Using Low Cost SorbentIOSR Journals
: Water is a valued natural resource for the existence of all living organisms. Indian rivers are
polluted due to the discharge of untreated sewage and industrial effluents. Management of the quality of this
precious resource is, therefore, of special importance. In these study industrial effluents samples from the
various detergent factories were collected and analyzed for physicochemical and bacteriological evaluation of
pollution. The use and effectiveness of granular and powder activated carbon made from agricultural waste i.e.
coconut husk and that coconut husk is a suitable adsorbent for such an effluent. Maximum adsorption capacity
is a derived from Langmuir isotherm. A series of fixed bed experiments was carried out and the results were
applied to a bed-depth/service time model for column adsorption. The validity of such a model is discussed. In
the removal of organic matter in wastewater effluents from a industry waste water were investigated. The effect
of process variables such as carbonization temperature, carbonization duration and activation temperature on
the production and quality of activated carbon was studied as well as adsorption capacity was studied
Study of Adsorption Isotherm Model and Kinetics on Removal of Zinc Ion from I...IJERA Editor
The removal of Zinc (Zn) metal ion from aqueous solution by using novel bioadsornbent. The impact of beginning metal particle fixation and adsorbent measurements on the adsorption of Zinc (zn) by waste water was researched. The leftover zinc ions was then broke down utilizing Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) (240AA). The adsorption harmony was accomplished when zinc arrangement was 800mg/L. The rate of metal evacuation is of most prominent criticalness for building up a characteristic adsorbent-based watertreatment innovation. The greatest evacuation rate is to be 95.37%. The harmony was accomplished essentially at pH of 7 at 120 minutes and 250 rpm evacuation effectiveness of zinc at steady beginning fixation with 1.25gm measurement infers the capability of gooseberry seeds to adsorb and recoup substantial metals from watery arrangement was effectively exhibited with zinc (zn) test arrangements. The adsorption isotherm studies was done by using Langmuir, Freundlich, temkin, Hill, Jovanovich models and kinetics reaction was studied by pseudo 1st and 2 nd order kinetic reaction. The bioadsorption information fit well with the Temkin isotherm model than the other isotherm model. The kinetics 2nd order reaction was fit to this bioadsorbent than the first order kinetics. Removal of zinc ions from crackers industry waste water was found to be 84%. These outcomes have exhibited the gigantic capability of waste water as an option adsorbent for dangerous metal particles remediation in contaminated wastewater. This paper surveys and investigation the innovative parts of expulsion of zinc from the industrial waste water
Removal of Cu(II) Ions from Aqueous Solutions by Adsorption Onto Activated Ca...IJERA Editor
This paper studied the ability of using local activated carbon (LAC) derived from olive waste cakes as an
adsorbent for the removal of Cu(II) ions from aqueous solution by batch operation. Various operating parameters
such as solution pH, adsorbent dosage, initial metal ions concentration, and equilibrium contact time have been
studied. The results indicated that the adsorption of Cu(II) increased with the increasing pH, and the optimum
solution pH for the adsorption of Cu(II) was found to be 5. The adsorption process increases with increasing
dosage of LAC, also the amount of Cu(II) removed changes with Cu(II) initial concentration and contact time.
Adsorption was rapid and occurred within 25 min. for Cu(II) concentration range from 60 to 120 mg/l
isothermally at 30±1 oC. Maximum adsorption occurs at Cu(II) initial concentration lesser than 100 mg/l by
using adsorbent dosage (1.2 g/l). The equilibrium adsorption data for Cu(II) were fitted well with the Langmuir
and Freundlich adsorption isotherm models. The maximum adsorption capacity of LAC was found to be 106.383
mg/g. So, the results indicated the suitability use of the activated carbon derived from olive waste cakes (LAC)
as low cost and natural material for reliable removal of Cu(II) from water and wastewater effluents.
REMOVAL OF DISSOLVED SOLIDS IN WASTE WATER USING ACTIVATED CARBON FROM COCONU...Journal For Research
Effective removal of dissolved solids in drinking water as well as waste water has gained considerable significance these days because of the high level of TDS. Adsorbents are popular and effective in the removal of dissolved solids in water. Activated carbon is one of the most effective media for removing a wide range of contaminants from waste water. Activated carbon prepared from waste materials is effective in removing the dissolved solids in water. This paper present the effectiveness of activated carbon prepared from coconut shell in waste water purification especially for the removal of dissolved solids. Amount of dissolved solids in waste water collected from the college premises was estimated before and after treatment with activated carbon. Waste water was treated with activated carbon prepared from coconut shell for a period of 5 minutes, 30 minutes and 60 minutes. Treatment for 5 minutes was not enough for the effective removal of dissolved solids. Amount of dissolved solids decreases with increase in time of treatment, and stirring for 20 to 30 minutes could bring it to a level well below the permitted value. Treatment for 60 minutes has reduced the TDS to a considerable extent.
Fluoride is a typical component of natural waters and its concentration varies depending on the water resource. Water may be contaminated by natural sources like more alkaline ions (CO32-+HCO3->10.4 meq/l water) reacts with halite which comes from industrial effluents. This is ensuing in fluoride concentrations up to 12.7 mg F–/l where ground level of water is low. WHO standards and BIS: 105000, 1991 permit only 0.5-1.5 mg/dl as the upper permissible limit for fluoride in drinking water for the Indian context. Fluoride in excess of the permissible limits in drinking water causes a number of endemic conditions referred to collectively as “fluorosis”. This paper explores the sorptive answer of a recently developed adsorbent, Activated alumina finely grinded with coconut shell powder. The efficiency of the sorption of fluoride ion is affected by pH, contact time, adsorbent dose, type and size of adsorbents. The adsorption equilibrium is well correlated by Freundlich and Langmuir models
Removal of fluoride from drinking water by adsorption onto Activated Alumina ...IJERA Editor
The ability of activated alumina and activated carbon to remove Fluoride from aqueous solution has been investigated. The studies were carried out as functions of contact time, concentration and pH. The data indicate that activated alumina surface sites are heterogeneous in nature and that fits into a heterogeneous site binding model. The optimum pH for complete removal of Fluoride from aqueous solution were described. The rate of fluoride removal was rapid during several time intervals of time, and equilibrium was attained were described in detailed.
Equilibrium and Kinetic Studies of Zinc (II) Ion Adsorption from Aqueous Solu...IRJESJOURNAL
Abstract:- Water used in industries creates a wastewater that has potential hazards for our environment, because of introducing various contaminates such as heavy metals in to soil and water resources. In this study, a modification method was adopted to enhance metal ion adsorption on soybean hulls using NaOH and citric acid. The batch experiments were carried out to optimize parameters like pH, adsorbent dose, initial concentration and contact time. Equilibrium data were best represented by Freundlich isotherms. The adsorption kinetic data were adequately fitted to the pseudo-second order kinetic model. At optimum conditions of the parameters investigated, 99% removal of Zn (II) was achieved. On the basis of experimental results MSH was found to be an excellent adsorbent for the Zn (II) removal from wastewater.
Parametric Studies on Detergent Using Low Cost SorbentIOSR Journals
: Water is a valued natural resource for the existence of all living organisms. Indian rivers are
polluted due to the discharge of untreated sewage and industrial effluents. Management of the quality of this
precious resource is, therefore, of special importance. In these study industrial effluents samples from the
various detergent factories were collected and analyzed for physicochemical and bacteriological evaluation of
pollution. The use and effectiveness of granular and powder activated carbon made from agricultural waste i.e.
coconut husk and that coconut husk is a suitable adsorbent for such an effluent. Maximum adsorption capacity
is a derived from Langmuir isotherm. A series of fixed bed experiments was carried out and the results were
applied to a bed-depth/service time model for column adsorption. The validity of such a model is discussed. In
the removal of organic matter in wastewater effluents from a industry waste water were investigated. The effect
of process variables such as carbonization temperature, carbonization duration and activation temperature on
the production and quality of activated carbon was studied as well as adsorption capacity was studied
Study of Adsorption Isotherm Model and Kinetics on Removal of Zinc Ion from I...IJERA Editor
The removal of Zinc (Zn) metal ion from aqueous solution by using novel bioadsornbent. The impact of beginning metal particle fixation and adsorbent measurements on the adsorption of Zinc (zn) by waste water was researched. The leftover zinc ions was then broke down utilizing Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) (240AA). The adsorption harmony was accomplished when zinc arrangement was 800mg/L. The rate of metal evacuation is of most prominent criticalness for building up a characteristic adsorbent-based watertreatment innovation. The greatest evacuation rate is to be 95.37%. The harmony was accomplished essentially at pH of 7 at 120 minutes and 250 rpm evacuation effectiveness of zinc at steady beginning fixation with 1.25gm measurement infers the capability of gooseberry seeds to adsorb and recoup substantial metals from watery arrangement was effectively exhibited with zinc (zn) test arrangements. The adsorption isotherm studies was done by using Langmuir, Freundlich, temkin, Hill, Jovanovich models and kinetics reaction was studied by pseudo 1st and 2 nd order kinetic reaction. The bioadsorption information fit well with the Temkin isotherm model than the other isotherm model. The kinetics 2nd order reaction was fit to this bioadsorbent than the first order kinetics. Removal of zinc ions from crackers industry waste water was found to be 84%. These outcomes have exhibited the gigantic capability of waste water as an option adsorbent for dangerous metal particles remediation in contaminated wastewater. This paper surveys and investigation the innovative parts of expulsion of zinc from the industrial waste water
Removal of Cu(II) Ions from Aqueous Solutions by Adsorption Onto Activated Ca...IJERA Editor
This paper studied the ability of using local activated carbon (LAC) derived from olive waste cakes as an
adsorbent for the removal of Cu(II) ions from aqueous solution by batch operation. Various operating parameters
such as solution pH, adsorbent dosage, initial metal ions concentration, and equilibrium contact time have been
studied. The results indicated that the adsorption of Cu(II) increased with the increasing pH, and the optimum
solution pH for the adsorption of Cu(II) was found to be 5. The adsorption process increases with increasing
dosage of LAC, also the amount of Cu(II) removed changes with Cu(II) initial concentration and contact time.
Adsorption was rapid and occurred within 25 min. for Cu(II) concentration range from 60 to 120 mg/l
isothermally at 30±1 oC. Maximum adsorption occurs at Cu(II) initial concentration lesser than 100 mg/l by
using adsorbent dosage (1.2 g/l). The equilibrium adsorption data for Cu(II) were fitted well with the Langmuir
and Freundlich adsorption isotherm models. The maximum adsorption capacity of LAC was found to be 106.383
mg/g. So, the results indicated the suitability use of the activated carbon derived from olive waste cakes (LAC)
as low cost and natural material for reliable removal of Cu(II) from water and wastewater effluents.
REMOVAL OF DISSOLVED SOLIDS IN WASTE WATER USING ACTIVATED CARBON FROM COCONU...Journal For Research
Effective removal of dissolved solids in drinking water as well as waste water has gained considerable significance these days because of the high level of TDS. Adsorbents are popular and effective in the removal of dissolved solids in water. Activated carbon is one of the most effective media for removing a wide range of contaminants from waste water. Activated carbon prepared from waste materials is effective in removing the dissolved solids in water. This paper present the effectiveness of activated carbon prepared from coconut shell in waste water purification especially for the removal of dissolved solids. Amount of dissolved solids in waste water collected from the college premises was estimated before and after treatment with activated carbon. Waste water was treated with activated carbon prepared from coconut shell for a period of 5 minutes, 30 minutes and 60 minutes. Treatment for 5 minutes was not enough for the effective removal of dissolved solids. Amount of dissolved solids decreases with increase in time of treatment, and stirring for 20 to 30 minutes could bring it to a level well below the permitted value. Treatment for 60 minutes has reduced the TDS to a considerable extent.
Palestra ministrada por André Coutinho, sócio-diretor da Symnetics e um dos autores do livro "O Ativista da Estratégia", sobre as diferentes faces de profissionais estrategistas.
Removal of Lead Ion Using Maize Cob as a BioadsorbentIJERA Editor
The intensification of industrial activity and environmental stress greatly contributes to the significant rise of
heavy metal pollution in water resources making threats on terrestrial and aquatic life. The toxicity of metal
pollution is slow and interminable, as these metal ions are non bio-degradable. The most appropriate solution for
controlling the biogeochemistry of metal contaminants is sorption technique, to produce high quality treated
effluents from polluted wastewater. Maize cob readily available was used as sorbent for the removal of lead ions
from aqueous media. Adsorption studies were performed by batch experiments as a function of process
parameters such as sorption 500ppm,2.5g, 400minutes, 400 rpm and 5 PH. Concentration, Dosage, time, rpm,
and pH. I have found that the optimized parameters are Freundlich model fits best with the experimental
equilibrium data among the three tested adsorption isotherm models. The kinetic data correlated well with the
Lagergren first order kinetic model for the adsorption studies of lead using maize cob. It was concluded that
adsorbent prepared from maize cob as to be a favorable adsorbent and easily available to remove the heavy
metal lead (II) is 95 % and can be used for the treatment of heavy metals in wastewater.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Mass Transfer, Kinetic, Equilibrium, and Thermodynamic Study on Removal of Di...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Three distinct agricultural waste materials, viz., casuarina fruit powder (CFP), sorghum stem powder
(SSP), and banana stem powder (BSP) were used as low-cost adsorbents for the removal of toxic lead(II)
from aqueous solutions. Acid treated adsorbents were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM),
energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The
effects of parameters like adsorbent dose, pH, temperature, initial metal ion concentration, and time of
adsorption on the removal of Pb(II) were analyzed for each adsorbent individually and the efficiency order
was BSP > SSP > CFP. Based on the extent of compatibility to Freundlich/Langmuir/Dubinin–Radushkevich/
Temkin adsorption isotherms and different models (pseudo-first and second order, Boyd, Weber’s, and
Elovich), chemisorption primarily involved in the case of BSP and SSP, whereas simultaneous occurrence of
chemisorption and physisorption was proposed in the case of CFP correlating with the thermodynamic study
results conducted at different temperatures. Based on the observations, it was proposed that three kinetic
stages involve in the adsorption process, viz., diffusion of sorbate to sorbent, intra particle diffusion, and then
establishment of equilibrium. These adsorbents have a promising role towards the removal of Pb(II) from
industrial wastewater to contribute environmental protection
Degradation of mono azo dye in aqueous solution using cast iron filingseSAT Journals
Abstract The mono-azo dye, Orange II, solution was substantially degraded with cast iron particles under varied conditions of experimental variables such as pH, initial dye concentration and cast iron dosage.At all solution pH studied, the degradation efficiency achieved was > 90%. With an initial dye concentration of 100 mg/L and optimum cast iron load of 28.56 g/L, the optimum degradation efficiency of 97.63% was achieved at pH 3. With same cast iron load and solution pH, more than 95% dye degradation efficiency was achieved at different initial Orange II concentrations ranging from 50-500 mg/L. The efficiency of cast iron particles in degrading Orange II dye was compared with that of pure elemental iron used in other study. Cast iron particles showed better degradation efficiencies than elemental iron that too at relatively lower dosages. Ultimately, from the results it can be inferred that cast iron fillings can be successfully applied to treat textile effluents containing high dye concentration and treatment efficiency can be enhanced by optimizing the reaction conditions. Index Terms: azo dyes, Orange II, degradation efficiency, cast iron fillings
natural adsorbents for agricultural waste water treatmentIJAEMSJORNAL
In now a days, water problems have been one of the focus of great international concern and debate. Environmental pollution is mainly due to rapid industrialization. It is a demanding problem for maintaining the quality and cleanness of water. The discharges of industrial wastes in to aquatic bodies are a great threat to the aquatic life as well as for human health also. It is a matter of great importance due to their toxicity and after effects. Adsorption is an ecofriendly technique used now a days to treat the agricultural waste water. The sewage water is firstly filtered through suitable low cost and ecofriendly filter medias. Then the filtered water is subjected to adsorption using low cost and easily available natural adsorbents like banana peels and M. Thilapia fish scales. The combination of both these adsorbents was used for treatment of waste water with different proportion of height and contact time. The treated water obtained will have a considerable decrease in TDS, bacterial count, nitrogen content, Iron content, Potassium, TSS, turbidity, phosphorous, etc. as compared to initial characteristics of agro wastewater. This method is highly economic, cost effective and eco-friendly. This helps in reducing the water scarcity with the use of low cost adsorbents .
Removal of heavy metals from tannery effluent using Acacia nilotica and Solan...Akshay Prabha
This is done to reduce heavy metals ions such as Cr(VI), Cd(II), Ni, from tannery waste water. The removal is done by using natural adsorbents which are inexpensive and plentily available.
Case Study on Removal of Ambazari lake Water impurities By using Corn Cob and...IJERA Editor
This study was carried out for the utilization of Corn Cobs and Neem leaves as adsorbent for the removal of Surface water impurities . From the above observation it was concluded that Corn cobs were found suitable adsorbents because of their high mechanical strength, rigidity and porosity. Hence, contaminants like oxides of salts, detergents, suspended particles, coloured dyes, oil and grease get adsorbed in the surface of the corn cobs. It is a cheap and low cost method using one the less utilized agricultural bio-wastes of the globe.
Removal of Pb II from Aqueous Solutions using Activated Carbon Prepared from ...ijtsrd
The recent study explains about the removal of Pb II ions from aqueous solution using activated carbon prepared from Garlic waste. Garlic peels have been used for the production of Carbon by treating with conc.H2SO4 for metal ions removal. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Boehm titration have been used for various physicochemical characterization of the outcome of activated carbon which proclaimed the presence of oxygen containing surface functional groups like phenolic, lactonic and carboxylic in the carbons. In a batch adsorption process the effect of pH and initial metal ion concentration was calculated. The optimum pH for lead adsorption is found to be equal to 6.The resultant activated carbon showed maximum adsorption capacity of Pb II was 210 mg g 1. The waste material which is used in this work is cost effective and easily available for the production of activated carbon. Hence the removal of Pb II from water using the carbons prepared from Garlic peels can act as possible low cost adsorbents for the removal of Pb II from water. R. Mary Nancy Flora | Ashok | Ramanathan ""Removal of Pb (II) from Aqueous Solutions using Activated Carbon Prepared from Garlic Waste"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23365.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/chemical-engineering/23365/removal-of-pb-ii-from-aqueous-solutions-using-activated-carbon-prepared-from-garlic-waste/r-mary-nancy-flora
Defluoridization Using a Natural Adsorbent, Strychnos PotatorumIJERA Editor
The study assessed the suitability of low-cost natural adsorbent to effectively remediate fluoride contaminated water. The removal of fluoride from aqueous solution by using Strychnos Potatorum was studied in batch technique. Influence of pH, adsorbent dose, contact time, co ions, speed and initial concentration on the adsorption were investigated. The maximum removal of fluoride ion was obtained at pH 7. The removal of fluoride was expressed with Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm. It was found that the sufficient time for adsorption equilibrium of fluoride ion was 1 hour. The removal of fluoride ions was maximum for the adsorbent dosage of SP is 50mg/50ml. The fluoride adsorption was maximum at 60minutes. The adsorption of F- ion was maximum in the shaking speed of 120 rpm. The presence of interfering ions such as nitrate and carbonate showed positive effect while sulphate and chloride showed little negative effect and phosphate showed high negative effect for the adsorbent. The optimum initial fluoride concentration for SP adsorbent was 1mg/50ml.
The menace of wastewater pollution in the 21st century is becoming alarming. Application of the low-cost adsorbents for wastewater treatment has received more attention this moment in environmental history than never. Therefore, remediating stale foundry wastewater with Activated Carbon, AC-250 is the focus of this study. Wastewater samples were collected from Lamina Foundry, Nitte, Karnataka State, India and were subjected to Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) analysis. The analysis identified the prominent heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Mg, and Pb) present in the stale foundry effluent, determined their respective concentrations and treated them using the commercially sourced activated charcoal, AC-250. Effects of four (4) factors viz: adsorbent dosage, contact time, stirring speed and pH on the adsorption process during the wastewater treatment were studied. Optimum conditions required for the most efficient treatment of the wastewater and the treatment cost estimates were determined. The AC-250 is found as efficient in adsorption of the heavy metals from foundry wastewater. In some of the cases a 100% removal is possible, especially with Pb. The analysis of the major experiments on effects of adsorbent dosage, contact time rotating speed and pH on the adsorption process, gave the optimum conditions for removal under which the most efficient treatment of the wastewater containing studied heavy metals was possible. For the optimum treatment conditions, an adsorbent dosage of 1 g, a contact time of 120 minutes, a rotating/agitation speed of 350 rpm and a pH value of 6 are established. An average cost of treating 1 litre of stale foundry wastewater is Rs 23 or 0.4 USD. This study therefore recommends AC-250 as an efficient adsorbent at the given optimum conditions for stale foundry wastewater. The reuse of AC-250 via the process of thermal reactivation at 8000C is encouraged as a means of waste management.
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1. Shwetha. K. C et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 6( Version 5), June 2014, pp.271-282
www.ijera.com 271 | P a g e
Removal of Copper from Simulated Wastewater Using Pongamia
Pinnata Seed Shell as Adsorbent
Shwetha. K. C1
, Dr. D. P. Nagarajappa2
, M. Mamatha3
4th
Sem, M. Tech Env, Department of Civil Engineering, University BDT College of Engineering, Davangere,
Karnataka,India1
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, University BDT College of Engineering, Davangere, Karnataka,
India2
Assistant Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering, Bapuji Institute of Engineering and Technology,
Davangere, Karnataka, India3
Abstract
The adsorption process is being widely used by various researchers for the removal of toxic metals from waste
streams and activated carbon has been frequently used as an adsorbent. Despite its extensive use in the water
and wastewater treatment industries, activated carbon remains an expensive material. In recent years, the need
for safe and economical methods for the elimination of toxic metals from contaminated waters has necessitated
research interest towards the production of low cost alternatives to commercially available activated carbon.
Presence of copper in the water used for various activities affects living beings in its own way depending on its
concentration. Considering the effects of high dose of copper concentration on humans and animals, it is
important to remove this metal ion from industrial effluent before discharge to environmental stream. In this
regard Pongamia pinnata seed shell is proven to be an effective and promising adsorbent. Removal of copper ion
from aqueous and industrial waste water depends on pH, concentration of metal ion, concentration of adsorbent,
contact time and agitation. Equilibrium adsorption data was tested for the Langmuir equation. Adsorption
isotherm studies indicated that Langmuir model fits better for the present case.
Keywords: Adsorption, copper ion, Pongamia pinnata seed shell, adsorption isotherm.
I. INTRODUCTION
Environmental pollution is currently one of the
most important issues facing humanity. It was
increased exponentially in the past few years and
reached alarming levels in terms of its effects on
living creatures. The presence of toxic metals in the
environment specifically in various water resources is
of major concern because of their toxicity, non-
biodegradable nature and threat to human, animal and
plant life. Electroplating, painting, metallurgical,
mining, textile, municipal incineration and chemical
manufacturing industries all generate toxic toxic
metals of various levels.[1] Stringent regulations
have been made by different countries for safe
discharge standards of these effluents.
Copper ions and other toxic metal ions enter into
water and soil from different wastewater sources and
thus pollute the water streams and soil. A number of
crops and aquatic plants take up these heavy metals
and accumulate within them. When humans consume
food and water with copper concentration exceeding
the permissible limits then problems like nausea,
gastrointestinal disturbance, vomiting, liver or kidney
damage etc is likely to be caused. [3] Researchers
worldwide have developed a number of methods such
as chemical precipitation, oxidation or reduction, ion
exchange, filtration, membrane separations,
electrochemical treatment, reverse osmosis,
evaporation recovery, coagulation etc., for removing
the toxic metals from industrial effluents before
discharging into aquatic streams. [2] The
conventional treatments produce toxic chemical
sludge and in turn disposal or treatment becomes
costly and not ecofriendly. Adsorption is considered
as one of the effective and economical technology
compared to others for removal of toxic metals from
effluents. Activated carbon is widely used in many
industries as an effective adsorbent for toxic metal
removal. The cost of activated carbon is high.
Usually industries strive for low cost methods for
waste water treatment and hence may opt for low cost
adsorbents. Though researches reported shows
varieties of low cost adsorbents, all adsorbents are
not available easily throughout the world. Hence,
considering the availability of materials in particular
region, the adsorbents may be suitably selected to
cater the needs of that region.[6]
All parts of the Pongamia pinnata tree have
application in medicinal and other areas including the
most important one the production of biofuel from
Pongamia pinnata seeds. Hence, large numbers of
trees are grown at farms and availability of the seed
shells is more. The present study shows the feasibility
of using adsorbent prepared from Pongamia pinnata
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. Shwetha. K. C et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 6( Version 5), June 2014, pp.271-282
www.ijera.com 272 | P a g e
seed shell for removal of copper ions from simulated
wastewater with parameters as pH, concentration of
adsorbent, concentration of metal ion and contact
time. [5]
II. EXPERIMENTAL
a. Chemicals:
Laboratory grade reagents were used for heavy
metal solutions; concentrated HCl and NaoH were
used to adjust pH values of samples. In all
experimental work, distilled demineralised water was
used.
b. Adsorbent:
Pongamia pinnata seed shells was collected from
Agriculture Department, Tholunase, Davangere,
Karnataka. The shells were washed in 0.1N HCl
solution .It was sundried for 3 days. Then the shells
were dried in hot air oven for 80°C and pulverized
into powder, this powder is subjected to sieve
analysis in sieve shaker, to get 150µm retained
powder. This powder was washed several times with
distilled water to remove soluble, coloring matter,
then it is sun dried and stored in air tight containers.
c. Stock solution:
Laboratory grade copper sulphate (Nice
Chemicals) of required quantity was dissolved in
distilled water to prepare stock solution.3.927grams
of CuSO45H2O was added in the 100ml of distilled
water in 1000ml volumetric flask. It was dissolved by
shaking and the volume was made up to the mark.
Copper concentration of this solution was 1000mg/l.
Stock solution was diluted with distilled water to
obtain solutions of various concentrations.
d. Glass wares and Apparatus used:
All glass wares (Conical flasks, Pipette,
measuring jar, beakers).The instruments used
throughout the experiment are listed below:
Atomic absorption spectrophotometer- GBC
Avanta.
Digital weighing balance
Whatman filter paper
Sieve shaker
Jar test apparatus
pH meter
Glass column
Glass wool
e. Batch mode adsorption studies:
Effect of several parameters such as pH,
concentration of metal ion, concentration of
adsorbent and contact time on adsorption of copper
on powdered raw pongamia pinnata seed shell was
studied by batch technique. All experiments were
carried out at room temperature so as to avoid the
heating of effluent in case this study would be
applied for the pilot scale at the industry. Batch
experiments were carried out at an agitation of 100
rpm, samples at predetermined time intervals were
collected, filtered by whatman filter paper and
remaining copper was analyzed by Atomic
absorption Spectrophotometer as per standard
methods. All experiments were carried out at pH
values ranging from 2 to 10, the initial concentration
of metal ion from 10 to 50 mg/L. Adsorbent dose of
0.6 to 3 g/L and particle size of 150μm and the
contact time of 30min to 180min based on
equilibrium conditions.
The percentage removal of toxic metal from the
solution was calculated using the equation,
% Removal =
Ci − Cf
Ci
× 100
Where Ci is initial concentration of toxic metal, Cf is
final concentration of toxic metal.
f. Column adsorption studies:
This experiment is useful in understanding and
predicting the behavior of the process. The
adsorption experiments were carried out in glass
column of internal dia 2.5cm and height of 50cm and
that was equipped with a stopper for controlling the
column flow rate. The sample solution was passed
through the adsorption column by gravitation. The
flow rate was kept constant by controlling the stopper
value. Inlet of the column was connected to the 25
liter feed bucket with the plastic tubing. Afterwards,
the pH has been adjusted to 5 with H2SO4 and NaOH
solutions. The column was filled with 20 grams of
pongamia pinnata seed shell adsorbent with depth of
10cm. Some glass wool was filled at two sides of the
column to ensure homogenous distribution of influent
solution from the top to the bottom. Before feeding
the column with an influent solution containing
copper the column was run with pure distilled water
for 1 hour to get wet and preserve the equilibrium
between the water and adsorbent. Due to uniform
distribution of solution, the pressure gradient is
reduced and canalization of the sorbent is decreased.
So, adsorbent particles quickly participate in practice
and absorb. It increases the absorption rate. The
concentration of residual individual toxic metal in the
sorption medium was determined with AAS after the
preparation of samples according to the standard
methods.
3. Shwetha. K. C et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 6( Version 5), June 2014, pp.271-282
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Table 1: Physical controlled parameters in a packed
bed column. III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
1. Batch mode adsorption studies:
a. Effect of pH:
pH variation is one of the most important
parameters controlling the uptake of toxic metals
from wastewater and aqueous solutions. The studies
were conducted at room temperature with an initial
metal ion concentration of 50ppm and constant
adsorbent dose of 3gm/300ml solution, at an agitation
period of 120min.
Effect of pH on adsorption was conducted at
ranges of 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 in each solution. The
percentage adsorption increases with increase in pH
up to 8, and there after it decreases with further
increase in pH.
Results obtained were as follows:
Table 2: Effect of pH on % removal of copper ions by pongamia pinnata seed shell adsorbent.
pH
Adsorbent
Dose(grams)
Contact
Time(min)
Initial Metal Ion
Concentration(ppm)
Final
Concentration(ppm)
%
Removal
2 3 120 50 19.069 61.80
4 3 120 50 3.416 93.10
6 3 120 50 1.704 96.60
8 3 120 50 0.838 98.30
10 3 120 50 1.334 97.30
Fig 1: Effect of pH on % removal of copper ions by pongamia pinnata seed shell adsorbent.
61.8%
93.16%
96.6% 98.3% 97.3%
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
%Removal
pH
Physical controlled
parameter
Value
Empty bed contact time (min) 60
flow rate (ml min-1) 3
Inflow pH 5
Initial metal ion concentration
(mg L-1)
25,50,75,100
Temperature (ºC)
Room
temperature
Bed height (cm) 10
Mass of adsorbent (g) 20
4. Shwetha. K. C et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 6( Version 5), June 2014, pp.271-282
www.ijera.com 274 | P a g e
b. Effect of initial concentration of copper ions:
The adsorption of copper ion on adsorbent
depends on initial concentration and it can be seen
that percentage removal decreases with increase in
initial metal ion concentration. At lower initial metal
ion concentrations, sufficient adsorption sites are
available for adsorption of metal ions. However, at
higher concentrations the number of metal ions
relatively higher compared to availability of
adsorption sites. The studies were conducted at room
temperature at constant adsorbent dose of 3gm/300ml
solution, with pH of 5.5 at an agitation period of
120min.
Effect of initial concentration of copper ions was
conducted at ranges of 10ppm, 20ppm, 30ppm,
40ppm, 50ppm. The percentage removal is highly
effective on 10ppm initial ion concentration, after
which percentage removal decreases gradually.
Results obtained were as follows:
Table 3: Effect of initial metal ion concentration on % removal of copper ions by pongamia pinnata seed shell
adsorbent.
pH
Adsorbent
Dose(grams)
Contact
Time(min)
Initial Metal Ion
Concentration(ppm)
Final
Concentration(ppm)
%
Removal
5.5 3 120 10 0.025 99.95
5.5 3 120 20 0.030 99.94
5.5 3 120 30 0.161 99.00
5.5 3 120 40 0.630 98.00
5.5 3 120 50 1.354 97.30
Fig 2: Effect of initial metal ion concentration on % removal of copper ions by pongamia pinnata seed shell
adsorbent.
c. Effect of amount of adsorbent:
As the amount of adsorbent was increased for
copper ion removal, the available number of vacant
sites for adsorption also increased. Hence adsorption
of metal ion significantly increased with an increase
in amount of adsorbent. The studies were conducted
at room temperature with an initial metal ion
concentration of 50ppm,with pH of 5.5 at an agitation
period of 120min.
Effect of amount of adsorbent was
conducted at adsorbent doses of 0.6g, 1.2g, 1.8g,
2.4g, and 3g respectively for 300ml of stock solution.
Removal is highly effective at the dose of 3g, and the
removal efficiency decreases gradually with decrease
in adsorbent dosage.
Results obtained were as follows:
99.94%
99.95%
99%
98%
97.3%
97
97.5
98
98.5
99
99.5
100
100.5
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
%Removal
Metal ion conc ( ppm)
5. Shwetha. K. C et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 6( Version 5), June 2014, pp.271-282
www.ijera.com 275 | P a g e
Table 4 : Effect of amount of adsorbent on % removal of copper ions by Pongamia Pinnata seed shell
Adsorbent.
pH
Adsorbent
Dose(grams)
Contact
Time(min)
Initial Metal Ion
Concentration(ppm)
Final
Concentration(ppm)
%
Removal
5.5 0.6 120 50 15.46 69.07
5.5 1.2 120 50 5.10 89.70
5.5 1.85 120 50 1.72 96.50
5.5 2.4 120 50 1.57 96.80
5.5 3.0 120 50 1.35 97.30
Fig 3: Effect of amount of adsorbent on % removal of copper ions by Pongamia Pinnata seed shell Adsorbent.
d. Effect of contact time:
The metal ions adsorbed on to the vacant sites of
adsorbent as soon as it came in contact with it. In the
beginning, large numbers of active sites were
available for adsorption so the removal of copper
ions increased. As time passed the sites were filled up
and they attained saturation. The removal of metal
ion is rapid, but then gradually decreased with time
till it reaches equilibrium. The studies were
conducted at room temperature with an initial metal
ion concentration of 50ppm, with pH of 5.5 at
constant adsorbent dose of 3gm/300ml solution.
Effect of contact time was conducted at time
ranges of 30min, 60min, 90min, 120min, 180min.
Removal is highly effective in the range of 30 to
60min beyond which efficiency decreases with
increase in contact time.
Results obtained were as follow
Table 5: : Effect of contact time on % removal of copper ions by Pongamia Pinnata seed shell Adsorbent.
pH
Adsorbent
Dose(grams)
Contact
Time(min)
Initial Metal Ion
Concentration(ppm)
Final
Concentration(ppm)
%
Removal
5.5 0.6 30 50 0.339 99.30
5.5 1.2 60 50 0.414 99.17
5.5 1.85 90 50 0.992 98.00
5.5 2.4 120 50 1.278 97.40
5.5 3.0 180 50 2.183 95.60
69.07%
89.07%
96.5% 96.8% 97.3%
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
%Removal
Adsorbent dose (grams)
6. Shwetha. K. C et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 6( Version 5), June 2014, pp.271-282
www.ijera.com 276 | P a g e
Fig 4: Effect of contact time on % removal of copper ions by Pongamia Pinnata seed shell Adsorbent.
e. Adsorption Isotherms:
To understand the effect of various factors on
adsorption, different adsorption isotherms are
available in literature. The adsorption isotherm
provides a relationship between the concentration of
metal ions in solution and the amount of metal ions
adsorbed onto the adsorbent when both phases are at
equilibrium. The shape of an isotherm can usually
predict to know whether the adsorption is favorable
or unfavorable. For the present study, the langmuir
adsorption isotherm tested to fit the experimental
data. The Langmuir adsorption isotherm is based on
an assumption of monolayer coverage of the
adsorbate on the surface of adsorbent. The Langmuir
adsorption isotherm was used to describe the
observed sorption of copper ions and is as shown by
the following equation.
𝑪 𝒆
𝒒 𝒆
=
𝟏
𝒃𝜽
+
𝑪 𝒆
𝜽
Where, θ is the measure of adsorption capacity (mgg-
1) under the experimental conditions and b is a
constant related to the energy of adsorption.
Following figure shows the Langmuir isotherm for
copper adsorption.
Adsorption capacity measurement:
The absorption capacity of the adsorbent was
measured using following relation;
𝑞 =
𝑉(𝐶𝑖 − 𝐶𝑓)
𝑀
Where, q is the absorption capacity, V is volume of
sample, Ci is initial concentration, Cf is final
concentration and M is the amount of adsorbent
used.
Fig 5: Langmuir adsorption isotherm for adsorption of copper ion onto Pongamia Pinnata seed shell Adsorbent.
The value of R2
are used to select the best
adsorption isotherm model. Correlation coefficient
(R2
) for Langmuir adsorption isotherm is 0.925.
The essential feature of the Langmuir equation
can be given in terms of a dimensionless separation
parameter RL. The values of constants indicate
favourable conditions for adsorption. Langmuir type
model presupposes homogeneity of the adsorbing
surface and no interactions, involving uniform
energies of adsorption on the surface and no
transmigration of metal ion in the plane of the
surface. RL is given as
99.3%
99.17%
98%
97.4%
95.6%
95
95.5
96
96.5
97
97.5
98
98.5
99
99.5
0 50 100 150 200
%Removal
Contact time(min)
y = 0.096x - 0.077
R² = 0.925
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.339 0.414 0.992 1.278 2.183
Ce/qe(gL-1)
Ce(mgL-1)
7. Shwetha. K. C et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
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RL =
1
1 + bCi
Where, b is the Langmuir constant, Ci is the
initial concentration. RL indicates the shape of the
isotherm (RL>1, unfavourable, RL=1 linear, 0<RL<1
favourable, RL<0 irreversible). For the present study
the value of RL is 0.011 which indicates that
adsorption is favorable.
2. Column studies:
The dynamic behavior of a packed bed column is
described in terms of breakthrough curve.A plot of
effluent concentration versus time is referred as
breakthrough curve. The breakthrough profile of
copper ions adsorption on Pongamia Pinnata seed
shell adsorbent for a given flow rate and bed height
are shown in following figures.
a. Initial metal ion concentration = 25 ppm
Depth of adsorbent = 10cm
Flow rate = 3 ml/min
Adsorbent dosage = 20gm
pH = 5
Fig 6: Breakthrough curve for adsorption of copper at initial metal ion concentration of 25ppm.
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
Cf/Ci
Time(min)
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b. Initial metal ion concentration = 50ppm
Depth of adsorbent = 10cm
Flow rate = 3 ml/min
Adsorbent dosage = 20gm
pH = 5
Fig 7: Breakthrough curve for adsorption of copper at initial metal ion concentration of 50ppm.
c. Initial metal ion concentration = 75 ppm
Depth of adsorbent = 10cm
Flow rate = 3 ml/min
Adsorbent dosage = 20gm
pH = 5
Fig 8 : Breakthrough curve for adsorption of copper at initial metal ion concentration of 75ppm.
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
Cf/Ci
Time(min)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
Cf/Ci
Time(min)
9. Shwetha. K. C et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 6( Version 5), June 2014, pp.271-282
www.ijera.com 279 | P a g e
d. Initial metal ion concentration = 100 ppm
Depth of adsorbent = 10cm
Flow rate = 3 ml/min
Adsorbent dosage = 20gm
pH = 5
Fig 9 : Breakthrough curve for adsorption of copper at initial metal ion concentration of 100ppm.
IV. CONCLUSION
The Pongamia Pinnata seed shell is a cheap and
effective adsorbent for the removal of copper ions
from waste water without requiring any pretreatment.
Activation of the adsorbent is not required hence,
only drying and size reduction costs are considered.
Experimental results showed that maximum removal
of copper ion by Pongamia Pinnata seed shell at
optimum parameters were pH 8 with adsorbent dose
of 3g/300ml, contact time of 30 to 60minutes and
10ppm initial metal ion concentration. Finally to
increase the efficiency in removing toxic metals from
Industrial effluents, this adsorption process can be
used in line wherever an individual metal ion is
generated in the waste water. The adsorption
isotherm followed the Langmuir model due to the
fact that it shown a good fitting to the experimental
data, according to its results, the adsorption is a
single-layer process.
The continuous down flow process designed in
this study for adsorption in order to remove the
copper ions has a good potential to remove copper
from wastewater samples in practical application. It
is concluded that Pongamia Pinnata seed shell may
act as an efficient adsorbing material for the
adsorption of copper ions from simulated solution.
The Pongamia Pinnata seed shell adsorbent may
reduce the level of copper more than 99%. From
results, it is suggested that this adsorbing material can
be effectively used for the removal of heavy metal
ions from any industrial effluent. Furthermore, there
is a need to explore the effect of different operating
parameter such as pH, adsorbent dose, loading
volume and mechanism of action.
Further research is required to utilise this
adsorbent for maximum removal of toxic metals.
Different modes of operation can be tried for
maximum adsorption of toxic metals. Also behaviour
of the adsorbent need to be tested with real industrial
effluents where different types of toxic metals are
present and analysing the adsorption capacity.
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