This document assesses the effectiveness of different freshwater microalgae strains for phenol removal from wastewater. It tests the ability of Chlorella sp., Pseudochlorococcum sp., and an indigenous strain to grow in water containing phenol concentrations from 100-450 ppm and reduce phenol levels. The study finds that Pseudochlorococcum sp. has the highest specific growth and phenol removal rates within the tested concentration range, and that the strains show substrate inhibition at phenol levels above 250 ppm. Kinetic models incorporating substrate inhibition are tested to describe the growth.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Mass Transfer, Kinetic, Equilibrium, and Thermodynamic Study on Removal of Di...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Three distinct agricultural waste materials, viz., casuarina fruit powder (CFP), sorghum stem powder
(SSP), and banana stem powder (BSP) were used as low-cost adsorbents for the removal of toxic lead(II)
from aqueous solutions. Acid treated adsorbents were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM),
energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The
effects of parameters like adsorbent dose, pH, temperature, initial metal ion concentration, and time of
adsorption on the removal of Pb(II) were analyzed for each adsorbent individually and the efficiency order
was BSP > SSP > CFP. Based on the extent of compatibility to Freundlich/Langmuir/Dubinin–Radushkevich/
Temkin adsorption isotherms and different models (pseudo-first and second order, Boyd, Weber’s, and
Elovich), chemisorption primarily involved in the case of BSP and SSP, whereas simultaneous occurrence of
chemisorption and physisorption was proposed in the case of CFP correlating with the thermodynamic study
results conducted at different temperatures. Based on the observations, it was proposed that three kinetic
stages involve in the adsorption process, viz., diffusion of sorbate to sorbent, intra particle diffusion, and then
establishment of equilibrium. These adsorbents have a promising role towards the removal of Pb(II) from
industrial wastewater to contribute environmental protection
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Microbial Decolorization of Leather Dye Effluentijtsrd
As we know 71% of Earths Surface is covered with water. Water is one of the most essential element for the persistence of life on this planet. Pure and contamination free water is the dire necessity of every living being present on Earth but today water pollution has posed great threat to the existence of life. The discharge of effluents from various industries into the water bodies are mainly responsible for water pollution specially effluents from leather industry are the most contaminating as along with the harmful chemicals they contain organic matter as well. The dyes disposed by the leather industry are the most harmful for the environment. The conventional physicochemical methods used for the treatment of leather dyes in the contaminated water i.e. coagulation, precipitation, oxidation etc have disadvantages and limitations. This study presents microbial decolorization of leather dye effluents from Shigella sp. isolated from effluent samples collected from leather industry. Different parameters such as temperature and pH were optimized for decolorization of Methylene Blue, Crystal Violet, EosinYellow, Safranine dyes by using bacterial isolates. Optimum temperature for decolorization was observed to be 300c, the optimum pH range for decolorization was found to be from pH6-pH8. All the samples were incubated at 30-°C 150 rpm. The decolorization was measured as decrease in absorbance maxima at 663 nm, 590 nm, 518nm, 530 nm for mehtylene blue, crystal violet, eosin yellow, safranine respectively. Dr. Jitender Kumar | Navleen Kaur Chopra"Microbial Decolorization of Leather Dye Effluent" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-5 , August 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2405.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/2405/microbial-decolorization-of-leather-dye-effluent/dr-jitender-kumar
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Mass Transfer, Kinetic, Equilibrium, and Thermodynamic Study on Removal of Di...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Three distinct agricultural waste materials, viz., casuarina fruit powder (CFP), sorghum stem powder
(SSP), and banana stem powder (BSP) were used as low-cost adsorbents for the removal of toxic lead(II)
from aqueous solutions. Acid treated adsorbents were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM),
energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The
effects of parameters like adsorbent dose, pH, temperature, initial metal ion concentration, and time of
adsorption on the removal of Pb(II) were analyzed for each adsorbent individually and the efficiency order
was BSP > SSP > CFP. Based on the extent of compatibility to Freundlich/Langmuir/Dubinin–Radushkevich/
Temkin adsorption isotherms and different models (pseudo-first and second order, Boyd, Weber’s, and
Elovich), chemisorption primarily involved in the case of BSP and SSP, whereas simultaneous occurrence of
chemisorption and physisorption was proposed in the case of CFP correlating with the thermodynamic study
results conducted at different temperatures. Based on the observations, it was proposed that three kinetic
stages involve in the adsorption process, viz., diffusion of sorbate to sorbent, intra particle diffusion, and then
establishment of equilibrium. These adsorbents have a promising role towards the removal of Pb(II) from
industrial wastewater to contribute environmental protection
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Microbial Decolorization of Leather Dye Effluentijtsrd
As we know 71% of Earths Surface is covered with water. Water is one of the most essential element for the persistence of life on this planet. Pure and contamination free water is the dire necessity of every living being present on Earth but today water pollution has posed great threat to the existence of life. The discharge of effluents from various industries into the water bodies are mainly responsible for water pollution specially effluents from leather industry are the most contaminating as along with the harmful chemicals they contain organic matter as well. The dyes disposed by the leather industry are the most harmful for the environment. The conventional physicochemical methods used for the treatment of leather dyes in the contaminated water i.e. coagulation, precipitation, oxidation etc have disadvantages and limitations. This study presents microbial decolorization of leather dye effluents from Shigella sp. isolated from effluent samples collected from leather industry. Different parameters such as temperature and pH were optimized for decolorization of Methylene Blue, Crystal Violet, EosinYellow, Safranine dyes by using bacterial isolates. Optimum temperature for decolorization was observed to be 300c, the optimum pH range for decolorization was found to be from pH6-pH8. All the samples were incubated at 30-°C 150 rpm. The decolorization was measured as decrease in absorbance maxima at 663 nm, 590 nm, 518nm, 530 nm for mehtylene blue, crystal violet, eosin yellow, safranine respectively. Dr. Jitender Kumar | Navleen Kaur Chopra"Microbial Decolorization of Leather Dye Effluent" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-5 , August 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2405.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/2405/microbial-decolorization-of-leather-dye-effluent/dr-jitender-kumar
Isolation and Screening for Citric Acid Production by Aspergillus Niger Using...ijtsrd
The numerous applications of citric acid have increased its demand. It is of great importance to produce citric acid using adequate monosaccharides and dissacharides as they have proven to be easily catabolyzed and decomposed by Fungi when compared to polysaccharides. The superiority of sucrose to other sugars is a result of strong extracellular mycelium bound invertase of A.niger which rapidly hydrolyses sucrose at low pH. This project was undertaken to isolate, screen and produce citric acid in a submerged fermentation by four different strains of Aspergillus niger using sucrose. Aspergillus niger was isolated and characterized from garden soil. Citric acid production from Aspergillus niger in a submerged basal medium was quantitatively determined using titrimetric method. Aspergillus niger strain HUS1 ASHUS1 , Aspergillus niger strain HUS7 ASHUS7 , Aspergillus niger strain HG49 ASHG49 and Aspergillus niger strain AN8 ASAN8 showed significant accumulation of citric acid from the submerged basal medium, of which ASHUS 1 significantly a 0.05 recorded the most yield from the production after 9 days of incubation. Mbah, O. G | Okpalla, J. O | Osuala, O. J | Okoye, P. O | Alagbu, P. O "Isolation and Screening for Citric Acid Production by Aspergillus Niger Using Sucrose as a Carbon Source" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46260.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/46260/isolation-and-screening-for-citric-acid-production-by-aspergillus-niger-using-sucrose-as-a-carbon-source/mbah-o-g
Screening of Biosurfactant Bioemulsifier Producing Bacteria from Petroleum Co...ijtsrd
The release of impurities in the environment, containing petroleum and petroleum cogitated products, is engenders of global being taint. It is also a hazardous for human and animal health, since many of these impurities have evidenced to be toxic and oncogenic. Hydrocarbon particles that are secreted into the environment are hard to get rid of, since they change state to surfaces and are captured by surface tension in a water immiscible stage. Bioremediation has tested to be an alternate to lessen the effects caused to impureness of soil and water, applying the metabolic abilities of microorganisms that can apply hydrocarbons as source of carbon and energy, or that can alter them by co metabolism. The proficiency of removal is directly related to the compound’s chemical structure, to its bioavailability deliberation, harmfulness, flexibility and approach and to the physicochemical situation present in the atmosphere. Perwez Qureshi | Dr. Reshma Jaweria "Screening of Biosurfactant/Bioemulsifier Producing Bacteria from Petroleum Contaminated Soil" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46276.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/46276/screening-of-biosurfactantbioemulsifier-producing-bacteria-from-petroleum-contaminated-soil/perwez-qureshi
Removal of heavy metals from tannery effluent using Acacia nilotica and Solan...Akshay Prabha
This is done to reduce heavy metals ions such as Cr(VI), Cd(II), Ni, from tannery waste water. The removal is done by using natural adsorbents which are inexpensive and plentily available.
Phycoremediation of malachite green and reduction of physico chemical paramet...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Water is the elixir of life, a precious gift of nature to all the living species on earth. It is rapidly becoming a scare commodity in most parts of the world. Only 0.35% of the total availability of water found in lakes and wetlands and 0.01% in rivers and streams which are likely getting depleted due to the discharge of the effluents such as dyes simultaneously increases the water quality parameters. Malachite green is a common textile dye being discharged in lake water situated near textile industries. The phycoremediation method employs the use of algae, say, Chlorella pyrenoidosa which helps in decolorizing the water and due to its growth in the lake water, the physico-chemical parameters higher in the polluted water found to be reduced and water can be used for various purposes. The trails were made using Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Malachite green at different concentrations. The optimum concentration for the degradation of dye was completely done at the concentration 15 mg confirming the decolorization capacity by Chlorella pyrenoidosa. The same experiment was performed with adjusting the pH at 6, 7 and 8. Optimum pH for the dye degradation was found as pH 7 at which all the concentrations Chlorella pyrenoidosa was able to degrade the dye with the decolourization capacity of above 95%. The phyico-chemical parameters checked after the decolorization by Chlorella were found to be within the limits and thus Chlorella which is available in nature can be used in the decolorization of effluent water by eco-friendly method.
Keywords: Chlorella pyrenoidosa, Malachite Green, Phycoremediation, Physico-chemical parameters
Biodegradation or biological degradation is the phenomenon of biological transformation of organic compounds by living organisms, particularly the microorganisms.
Biodegradation basically involves the conversion of complex organic molecules to simpler (and mostly non-toxic) ones. The term biotransformation is used for incomplete biodegradation of organic compounds involving one or a few reactions. Biotransformation is employed for the synthesis of commercially important products by microorganisms.
Bioremediation refers to the process of using microorganisms to remove the environmental pollutants i.e. the toxic wastes found in soil, water, air etc. The microbes serve as scavengers in bioremediation. The removal of organic wastes by microbes for environmental clean-up is the essence of bioremediation. The other names used (by some authors) for bioremediation are bio-treatment, bio-reclamation and bio-restoration.
It is rather difficult to show any distinction between biodegradation and bioremediation. Further, in biotechnology, most of the reactions of biodegradation/bioremediation involve xenobiotic.
Efficacy of Leaves of Lantana Camara as Mosquito Repellentijtsrd
Efficacy of Leaves of Lantana Camara as Mosquito Repellent Gamit Shraddha | Shreya Desai | Jemisha Mistry | Swetal Patel | Rajashekhar Ingalhalli"Efficacy of Leaves of Lantana Camara as Mosquito Repellent" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd16978.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/16978/efficacy-of-leaves-of-lantana-camara-as-mosquito-repellent/gamit-shraddha
ABSTRACT- Laccase is multicopper oxidases that are widely distributed among plants, insects, fungi and bacteria. Pollution increased with the
time day by day, laccase is an oxido-reductase which plays a significant role in remediation. These enzyme catalyze and one-electron oxidation of a
wide variety of organic and inorganic substrate including mono-, di-, and poly-phenols, amino-phenols, metho-oxyphenols, aromatic amines, and
ascorbate, with the concomitant four electron reduction of oxygen to water. Present study on their use in several industrial application, includes dye
decolorization, detoxification of environmental pollutants and revalorization of waste and waste water etc. this review helps to understand the properties
of these improvement enzymes for efficient utilization for its biotechnological and environmental applications. Now we provide a brief discussion
of this interesting group of enzymes, increase knowledge of which will promote laccase based industrial process in future.
Keywords: Laccase, Biodegradation, Bioremediation and Dye decolorization
Total phenolics and total flavonoids of extracts from freshwater Clam (Corbic...Innspub Net
The ethanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane extracts of the freshwater clam (Corbicula fluminea) were studied for the total phenolics and total flavonoids. Total phenolics and total flavonoids of the extracts were evaluated using Folin-Ciocalteau and Aluminum chloride colorimetric methods respectively. The findings showed that the total phenolics of the ethanol extract (1.67±0.28mg GAE/g of dried sample) were substantially higher than the total phenolics obtained from the ethyl acetate (0.70±0.00mg GAE/g) and hexane extracts (0.56±0.23mg GAE/g). While the total flavonoids in the ethyl acetate extract displayed a slightly higher total flavonoid (43.84±0.92mg QE/g of dried sample) relative to ethanol (30.41±1.34mg QE/g of dried sample) and hexane extracts (20.28±0.00mg QE/g of dried sample). Using ethanol, the highest yield for extraction was obtained. Ethanol is the best solvent among the three – ethanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane in terms of extraction yield and total phenolics. In addition, it can be inferred that the presence of significant amounts of phenolics and flavonoids suggests that freshwater clam is a promising source of antioxidants that provides nourishing proteins and oxidative stress remedies
Chemical characterization of Cinachyrella tarentina: Sponge of Atlantic Moroc...journal ijrtem
ABSTRACT : Currently, marine organisms are a very important source of new molecules in pharmacology and thus in the development of new bioactive products. Sponges, in particular, given their very primitive origin and persistence during evolution, have developed a chemical defense system.The chemical study of Cinachyrella tarentina, marine sponge recognized by its antibacterial and antifungal activity was investigated for the first time in Morocco. The screening of Cinachyrella tarentina revels that it contains different levels of primary and secondary metabolites. The dosage of polyphenols was carried out using the reagent Foulin-Ciocalteu. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by the DPPH test. The fatty acid composition determined by Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) showed a predominance of palmitic and stearic acids. Furthermore, we found the presence of several sterols which cholesterol and sitosterol are the most abundants. Keywords: Antioxydant activity, Chemical composition, Cinachyrella tarentina, Marine sponge, Polyphenols.
Isolation and Screening for Citric Acid Production by Aspergillus Niger Using...ijtsrd
The numerous applications of citric acid have increased its demand. It is of great importance to produce citric acid using adequate monosaccharides and dissacharides as they have proven to be easily catabolyzed and decomposed by Fungi when compared to polysaccharides. The superiority of sucrose to other sugars is a result of strong extracellular mycelium bound invertase of A.niger which rapidly hydrolyses sucrose at low pH. This project was undertaken to isolate, screen and produce citric acid in a submerged fermentation by four different strains of Aspergillus niger using sucrose. Aspergillus niger was isolated and characterized from garden soil. Citric acid production from Aspergillus niger in a submerged basal medium was quantitatively determined using titrimetric method. Aspergillus niger strain HUS1 ASHUS1 , Aspergillus niger strain HUS7 ASHUS7 , Aspergillus niger strain HG49 ASHG49 and Aspergillus niger strain AN8 ASAN8 showed significant accumulation of citric acid from the submerged basal medium, of which ASHUS 1 significantly a 0.05 recorded the most yield from the production after 9 days of incubation. Mbah, O. G | Okpalla, J. O | Osuala, O. J | Okoye, P. O | Alagbu, P. O "Isolation and Screening for Citric Acid Production by Aspergillus Niger Using Sucrose as a Carbon Source" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46260.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/46260/isolation-and-screening-for-citric-acid-production-by-aspergillus-niger-using-sucrose-as-a-carbon-source/mbah-o-g
Screening of Biosurfactant Bioemulsifier Producing Bacteria from Petroleum Co...ijtsrd
The release of impurities in the environment, containing petroleum and petroleum cogitated products, is engenders of global being taint. It is also a hazardous for human and animal health, since many of these impurities have evidenced to be toxic and oncogenic. Hydrocarbon particles that are secreted into the environment are hard to get rid of, since they change state to surfaces and are captured by surface tension in a water immiscible stage. Bioremediation has tested to be an alternate to lessen the effects caused to impureness of soil and water, applying the metabolic abilities of microorganisms that can apply hydrocarbons as source of carbon and energy, or that can alter them by co metabolism. The proficiency of removal is directly related to the compound’s chemical structure, to its bioavailability deliberation, harmfulness, flexibility and approach and to the physicochemical situation present in the atmosphere. Perwez Qureshi | Dr. Reshma Jaweria "Screening of Biosurfactant/Bioemulsifier Producing Bacteria from Petroleum Contaminated Soil" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46276.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/46276/screening-of-biosurfactantbioemulsifier-producing-bacteria-from-petroleum-contaminated-soil/perwez-qureshi
Removal of heavy metals from tannery effluent using Acacia nilotica and Solan...Akshay Prabha
This is done to reduce heavy metals ions such as Cr(VI), Cd(II), Ni, from tannery waste water. The removal is done by using natural adsorbents which are inexpensive and plentily available.
Phycoremediation of malachite green and reduction of physico chemical paramet...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Water is the elixir of life, a precious gift of nature to all the living species on earth. It is rapidly becoming a scare commodity in most parts of the world. Only 0.35% of the total availability of water found in lakes and wetlands and 0.01% in rivers and streams which are likely getting depleted due to the discharge of the effluents such as dyes simultaneously increases the water quality parameters. Malachite green is a common textile dye being discharged in lake water situated near textile industries. The phycoremediation method employs the use of algae, say, Chlorella pyrenoidosa which helps in decolorizing the water and due to its growth in the lake water, the physico-chemical parameters higher in the polluted water found to be reduced and water can be used for various purposes. The trails were made using Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Malachite green at different concentrations. The optimum concentration for the degradation of dye was completely done at the concentration 15 mg confirming the decolorization capacity by Chlorella pyrenoidosa. The same experiment was performed with adjusting the pH at 6, 7 and 8. Optimum pH for the dye degradation was found as pH 7 at which all the concentrations Chlorella pyrenoidosa was able to degrade the dye with the decolourization capacity of above 95%. The phyico-chemical parameters checked after the decolorization by Chlorella were found to be within the limits and thus Chlorella which is available in nature can be used in the decolorization of effluent water by eco-friendly method.
Keywords: Chlorella pyrenoidosa, Malachite Green, Phycoremediation, Physico-chemical parameters
Biodegradation or biological degradation is the phenomenon of biological transformation of organic compounds by living organisms, particularly the microorganisms.
Biodegradation basically involves the conversion of complex organic molecules to simpler (and mostly non-toxic) ones. The term biotransformation is used for incomplete biodegradation of organic compounds involving one or a few reactions. Biotransformation is employed for the synthesis of commercially important products by microorganisms.
Bioremediation refers to the process of using microorganisms to remove the environmental pollutants i.e. the toxic wastes found in soil, water, air etc. The microbes serve as scavengers in bioremediation. The removal of organic wastes by microbes for environmental clean-up is the essence of bioremediation. The other names used (by some authors) for bioremediation are bio-treatment, bio-reclamation and bio-restoration.
It is rather difficult to show any distinction between biodegradation and bioremediation. Further, in biotechnology, most of the reactions of biodegradation/bioremediation involve xenobiotic.
Efficacy of Leaves of Lantana Camara as Mosquito Repellentijtsrd
Efficacy of Leaves of Lantana Camara as Mosquito Repellent Gamit Shraddha | Shreya Desai | Jemisha Mistry | Swetal Patel | Rajashekhar Ingalhalli"Efficacy of Leaves of Lantana Camara as Mosquito Repellent" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd16978.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/16978/efficacy-of-leaves-of-lantana-camara-as-mosquito-repellent/gamit-shraddha
ABSTRACT- Laccase is multicopper oxidases that are widely distributed among plants, insects, fungi and bacteria. Pollution increased with the
time day by day, laccase is an oxido-reductase which plays a significant role in remediation. These enzyme catalyze and one-electron oxidation of a
wide variety of organic and inorganic substrate including mono-, di-, and poly-phenols, amino-phenols, metho-oxyphenols, aromatic amines, and
ascorbate, with the concomitant four electron reduction of oxygen to water. Present study on their use in several industrial application, includes dye
decolorization, detoxification of environmental pollutants and revalorization of waste and waste water etc. this review helps to understand the properties
of these improvement enzymes for efficient utilization for its biotechnological and environmental applications. Now we provide a brief discussion
of this interesting group of enzymes, increase knowledge of which will promote laccase based industrial process in future.
Keywords: Laccase, Biodegradation, Bioremediation and Dye decolorization
Total phenolics and total flavonoids of extracts from freshwater Clam (Corbic...Innspub Net
The ethanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane extracts of the freshwater clam (Corbicula fluminea) were studied for the total phenolics and total flavonoids. Total phenolics and total flavonoids of the extracts were evaluated using Folin-Ciocalteau and Aluminum chloride colorimetric methods respectively. The findings showed that the total phenolics of the ethanol extract (1.67±0.28mg GAE/g of dried sample) were substantially higher than the total phenolics obtained from the ethyl acetate (0.70±0.00mg GAE/g) and hexane extracts (0.56±0.23mg GAE/g). While the total flavonoids in the ethyl acetate extract displayed a slightly higher total flavonoid (43.84±0.92mg QE/g of dried sample) relative to ethanol (30.41±1.34mg QE/g of dried sample) and hexane extracts (20.28±0.00mg QE/g of dried sample). Using ethanol, the highest yield for extraction was obtained. Ethanol is the best solvent among the three – ethanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane in terms of extraction yield and total phenolics. In addition, it can be inferred that the presence of significant amounts of phenolics and flavonoids suggests that freshwater clam is a promising source of antioxidants that provides nourishing proteins and oxidative stress remedies
Chemical characterization of Cinachyrella tarentina: Sponge of Atlantic Moroc...journal ijrtem
ABSTRACT : Currently, marine organisms are a very important source of new molecules in pharmacology and thus in the development of new bioactive products. Sponges, in particular, given their very primitive origin and persistence during evolution, have developed a chemical defense system.The chemical study of Cinachyrella tarentina, marine sponge recognized by its antibacterial and antifungal activity was investigated for the first time in Morocco. The screening of Cinachyrella tarentina revels that it contains different levels of primary and secondary metabolites. The dosage of polyphenols was carried out using the reagent Foulin-Ciocalteu. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by the DPPH test. The fatty acid composition determined by Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) showed a predominance of palmitic and stearic acids. Furthermore, we found the presence of several sterols which cholesterol and sitosterol are the most abundants. Keywords: Antioxydant activity, Chemical composition, Cinachyrella tarentina, Marine sponge, Polyphenols.
A preliminary study on the toxic potentials of shea butter effluent using Cla...IOSR Journals
This study was conducted purposely to evaluate the effects of shea butter effluent (SBE) on the
freshwater inhabitant using Clarias gariepinus as a biological model. A prominent Local factory of shea butter
at Tede, ATISBO Local Government was chosen because the effluent flows directly into a near-by stream that
ends up at a popular Dam in the Local Government on which more than 120,000 people depend for domestic
use.Static bioassay was conducted to determine the LC50 of shea butter effluent to Clarias gariepinus. Ten fishes
each were exposed to 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, and 0.09ppt (lethal concentration) of SBE in separate water plastic
bowl of (40cmX29cmX28cm) of 60litres capacity.The lethal Concentration (LC50) value of SBE was 0.057ppt for
96hrs of exposure. Total mortality occurred in the concentrations of 0.08 and 0.09ppt within 24hours of
exposure period. Behavioural reactions exhibited by the fish include erratic movement, air gulping, loss of
reflex, molting, barbell deformation, hemorrhage, and excessive mucus secretion in fish exposed to higher
concentration of shea butter effluent.
The appreciable increase in the mean value of heavy metal, such as Manganese, Nickel, Cadmium,
Zinc, Copper and Lead revealed that the increase in the concentration of shea butter effluent leads to
bioaccumulation of the aforementioned heavy metals in the test organisms. The values for all the metals exceed
the permissible Criteria of the national and international regulatory body. Therefore, Shea butter effluent is
highly toxic to freshwater fishes, its discharged directly into water bodies, new fish farms or in areas close to
aquatic environment should not be encouraged.
Adsorption of Phenol from Aqueous Solution using Algal BiocharSagar Sonkar
Although the food and beverage industries are not as polluting as some other sectors like metal or leather industries, but they have been responsible for air, water and soil pollution by emitting dust and unpleasant odor in the air.
If the effluents from the food and beverage industry are contaminated with toxic metals, these can affect adversely on human health.
Phenolic compounds which are present in various concentrations in several of these waste streams cause toxic effects and are reported as Cancer causing and may also cause long-term ecological damage.
Microalgae have been reported to accumulate pollutants such as heavy metals, hexachlorobenzene, herbicides, insecticides and even Phenol.
Spirulina Platensis, that was commonly used as nutritional supplements, could be easily cultured, and the species were shown to thrive in municipal and agricultural wastewater effluents for removal of contaminants by production of biochar.
The most common method for the removal of this dissolved organic material is the adsorption with activated carbon, a product that is produced from a variety of carbonaceous materials and biochar is one of it.
Removal of fluoride from synthetic waste water by using “bio adsorbents”eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Bronchus Histology of Wistar Rats (Rattus norvegicus L) that are exposed to t...AI Publications
Angel's tears (Brugmansia suaveolens Bercht. & Presl) contain tropane alkaloids, such as atropine, hyoscyamine and scopolamine which have anticholinergics potential. This study aims to analyze the effect of Angel's tears leaf smoke on the thickness of the mucous-submucosal membrane and the number of bronchial goblet cells of white rats induced by cigarette smoke exposure. Two months old male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus L.) were used (average weight 200 g). This study was an experimental study with a completely randomized block design consisting of 5 treatments and 4 replications, namely K0: negative control, K1: Positive control was given exposure to 1 cigarette / day, P3: K1 + Aminophylline 8.1 mg / 200 g BW, and two treatment groups (P1, P2) were given the smoke of Angel's tears with different doses. White rat bronchi were prepared for histological observation using the paraffin method and Hematoxylin-Eosin staining. Data analysis using ANOVA followed by Duncan's Multiple Range Tests with a confidence level of 95%. The results showed that the smoke of Angel's tears can reduce the thickness of the mucous-submucous membrane and the number of goblet cells in white rats. This study provides information to the public that Angel's tears can be used as an alternative treatment for respiratory disease.
Antimicrobial Drug Synthesis from Submerge Cultures of Pleurotus florida in D...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Influence of phosphorous acid application on the accumulation of total phenol...Innspub Net
One mechanism used by coconut plant to protect itself against Phytophthorakatsurae is linked to total
polyphenols production. This study aimed to investigate the impact of phosphorous acid plant treatment on the
production of total polyphenols in coconuthusk, as part of chemical control.The study was conducted on two
coconuts cultivars (EGD and PB 121+) with four doses of phosphorous acid [Control, 2.8 g (TA), 5.6 g (TB), 11.2 g
(TC)]. At each sampling, the husks were processed and extracts were prepared for total polyphenols assays. There
was significant difference between EGD and PB 121+ total polyphenols production (p<0.001).The interaction
between coconut variety and phosphorous acid doses was also significant.The interaction EGD and TC had the
highest total polyphenols accumulation of 4838.5 µg/g of fresh weight (FW). For PB121+, the highest total polyphenols accumulation of 6433.71 µg/g FW was obtained from the interaction between PB121+ and T0. From this observation, it could be statedthat phosphorous acid only triggers the treated plantdefense mechanisms to produce total phenolic compounds when attacked by a pathogen. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-3-september-2015-ijaar/
ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF ALGERIAN POPULUS NIGRA L. BUDS EX...bioejjournal
This study is part of a goal to investigate chemical composition, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant
activities of the flower buds extracts from the Algerian Polulus nigra L., which were collected from Djarifet
- mansourah at Tlemcen city in the West Northern of Algeria.
In organic extracts, tanins, flavonoïds, coumarins, alkaloids and terpenoïds were the principals secondary
metabolites identified from the flower buds of black poplar. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of
extracts were tested using agar-well diffusion method and micro-well determination of MIC assay against
eleven bacteria and two Candida species. It was found that extracts of black poplar buds exhibit
antibacterial and anticandidal activities with agar disk diffusion (7 to 43mm) and MIC methods (MIC=
90.33 μg/ml against several strains of bacteria and MIC=45.16 μg/ml against Candida albicans). The
antioxidant effect of hydroalcoholic extract was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. It was showed
good and similar activity than ascorbic acid and BHA by DPPH method: IC50= 220μg/mL for
hydroethanol extract.
Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities Of Algerian Populus Nigra L. Buds Ex...bioejjournal
This study is part of a goal to investigate chemical composition, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities of the flower buds extracts from the Algerian Polulus nigra L., which were collected from Djarifet - mansourah at Tlemcen city in the West Northern of Algeria. In organic extracts, tanins, flavonoïds, coumarins, alkaloids and terpenoïds were the principals secondary metabolites identified from the flower buds of black poplar. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of
extracts were tested using agar-well diffusion method and micro-well determination of MIC assay against
eleven bacteria and two Candida species. It was found that extracts of black poplar buds exhibit
antibacterial and anticandidal activities with agar disk diffusion (7 to 43mm) and MIC methods (MIC=
90.33 µg/ml against several strains of bacteria and MIC=45.16 µg/ml against Candida albicans). The
antioxidant effect of hydroalcoholic extract was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. It was showed good and similar activity than ascorbic acid and BHA by DPPH method: IC50= 220µg/mL for hydroethanol extract.
ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF ALGERIAN POPULUS NIGRA L. BUDS EX...bioejjournal
his study is part of a goal to investigate chemical composition, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities of the flower buds extracts from the Algerian Polulus nigra L., which were collected from Djarifet - mansourah at Tlemcen city in the West Northern of Algeria. In organic extracts, tanins, flavonoïds, coumarins, alkaloids and terpenoïds were the principals secondary metabolites identified from the flower buds of black poplar. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of extracts were tested using agar-well diffusion method and micro-well determination of MIC assay against eleven bacteria and two Candida species. It was found that extracts of black poplar buds exhibit antibacterial and anticandidal activities with agar disk diffusion (7 to 43mm) and MIC methods (MIC= 90.33 µg/ml against several strains of bacteria and MIC=45.16 µg/ml against Candida albicans). The antioxidant effect of hydroalcoholic extract was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. It was showed good and similar activity than ascorbic acid and BHA by DPPH method: IC50= 220µg/mL for hydroethanol extract.
ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF ALGERIAN POPULUS NIGRA L. BUDS EX...bioejjournal
In organic extracts, tanins, flavonoïds, coumarins, alkaloids and terpenoïds were the principals secondary
metabolites identified from the flower buds of black poplar. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of
extracts were tested using agar-well diffusion method and micro-well determination of MIC assay against
eleven bacteria and two Candida species. It was found that extracts of black poplar buds exhibit
antibacterial and anticandidal activities with agar disk diffusion (7 to 43mm) and MIC methods (MIC=
90.33 µg/ml against several strains of bacteria and MIC=45.16 µg/ml against Candida albicans). The
antioxidant effect of hydroalcoholic extract was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. It was showed
good and similar activity than ascorbic acid and BHA by DPPH method: IC50= 220µg/mL for
hydroethanol extract.
ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF ALGERIAN POPULUS NIGRA L. BUDS EX...bioejjournal
This study is part of a goal to investigate chemical composition, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant
activities of the flower buds extracts from the Algerian Polulus nigra L., which were collected from Djarifet
- mansourah at Tlemcen city in the West Northern of Algeria.
In organic extracts, tanins, flavonoïds, coumarins, alkaloids and terpenoïds were the principals secondary
metabolites identified from the flower buds of black poplar. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of
extracts were tested using agar-well diffusion method and micro-well determination of MIC assay against
eleven bacteria and two Candida species. It was found that extracts of black poplar buds exhibit
antibacterial and anticandidal activities with agar disk diffusion (7 to 43mm) and MIC methods (MIC=
90.33 µg/ml against several strains of bacteria and MIC=45.16 µg/ml against Candida albicans). The
antioxidant effect of hydroalcoholic extract was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. It was showed
good and similar activity than ascorbic acid and BHA by DPPH method: IC50= 220µg/mL for
hydroethanol extract.
ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF ALGERIAN POPULUS NIGRA L. BUDS EX...bioejjournal
This study is part of a goal to investigate chemical composition, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant
activities of the flower buds extracts from the Algerian Polulus nigra L., which were collected from Djarifet
- mansourah at Tlemcen city in the West Northern of Algeria.
In organic extracts, tanins, flavonoïds, coumarins, alkaloids and terpenoïds were the principals secondary
metabolites identified from the flower buds of black poplar. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of
extracts were tested using agar-well diffusion method and micro-well determination of MIC assay against
eleven bacteria and two Candida species. It was found that extracts of black poplar buds exhibit
antibacterial and anticandidal activities with agar disk diffusion (7 to 43mm) and MIC methods (MIC=
90.33 µg/ml against several strains of bacteria and MIC=45.16 µg/ml against Candida albicans). The
antioxidant effect of hydroalcoholic extract was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. It was showed
good and similar activity than ascorbic acid and BHA by DPPH method: IC50= 220µg/mL for
hydroethanol extract.
Concentration Distribution and Ecological Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aroma...Scientific Review SR
The ecological risk assessment of 16 USEPA priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) in water and sediments of Kolo creek, Niger Delta Nigeria was assessed the samples were collected from November, 2018 to June, 2019 from seven locations (A-G) along the creek. The samples were extracted using standard methods and analyzed using gas chromatography (model: HP5890 S). The concentrations of the PAHs in the water and sediment samples ranged between 0.000 - 9.239 µ/L and .002 – 374.35µg/Kg respectively. All the compounds analyzed were detected in all the sampling places, even area far from the flow stations. Hence, the urban runoffs, sewage discharges, and agricultural activities are implicated. Four rings hydrocarbon were present in higher concentration when compared to other PAHs in all sampling sites, with benz (a)anthracene having the highest values in both matrixes. Similarly, lower molecular weight (LMW) PAHs were present in lower concentrations in all sampling sites and they are known to exhibit higher lethal toxicity than the larger PAHs. HMW were present in high concentrations than LMW and are persistent in the environment as a result of their increase resistance to oxidation, reduction and vaporization as molecular weight increases. Similarly, The PAFs of the investigated creek is less than 5%, suggesting existences of minor ecological risks that are insignificance. However, the TEQs detected in high molecular weight showed that there is possibility of cancer to those who may be exposed to the bottom sediment. The indices measured in this habitat may put more pressures to the aquatic organisms and cause drastic changes to their ecosystem which may lead to species extinction.
In order to assessing whether algae can reduce the pollution concentration of the effluents by
absorbing the nutrients, it is found that effluents can effectively be treated by employing algal organisisms such
as Oscillatoria and Stigeoclonium species and these organisms are frequently found in the polluted waters and
they were recorded as pollution tolerant forms. In the laboratory procedures out of the several media tested
Modified CHU No. 10 medium was found to be quite suitable for both the test organisms. It was found that up to
87% and 85% of phosphate uptake was achieved by Oscillatoria and Stigeoclonium respectively with 13% and
16% increase of D.O. in the effluents by the tenth day. In case of organic matter Oscillatoria removed 73% and
Stigeoclonium 70% up to tenth day
Effect of some organic acids on some fungal growth and their toxins productionijabjournal
The effect of eight organic acids (propionic, acetic, formic, lactic, tartaric, citric, oxalic and malic acids) as antifungal agents on the growth of four fungi (Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium purpurogenum, Rhizopus nigricans and Fusarium oxysporum) were studied. The high acidity appeared for oxalic acid being 0.14 at the high concentration (10%), while the lowest acidity recorded for propionic acid and acetic acid being 2.71 and 2.56 at the low concentration (5%). It was observed that, there was no relationship between the efficacy of organic acid and its final pH. Acetic acid (10%) has the highest inhibitory effect on A. flavus being 45.21%, but tartaric acid (5%) and citric acid (5%) gave the same lowest inhibition effect (0.42%).
The lowest value of mycelium dry weight (MDW) of P. purpurogenum was 5.92 g/l when acetic acid was
used (10%), but the highest value was 9.38 g/l when tartaric acid (5%) was used. Formic acid (10%) had a
strong effect on the inhibition growth of R. nigricans being 28.65%, similar to propionic acid (10%), acetic
acid (10%), lactic acid (10%), tartaric acid (10%) and citric acid (10%) being 26.57%, 26.38%, 26.19%,
23.53% and 24.48%, respectively. But malic acid (5%) and oxalic acid (5%) were having a week effect on
R. nigricans being 5.31% and 6.45%, respectively. Lactic acid (10%) has the highest inhibitory effect on F.
oxysporum being 34.45% and the lowest value was in the case of tartaric acid (5%) being 1.68%. Four
treatments were used to determine aflatoxin B1 production. The highest inhibition (50%) was observed by
R. nigricans in the presence of formic acid (10%). Acetic acid in 10% level inhibited the toxic secretion of
A. flavus and P. purpurogenum to become 25% and 40%, respectively. Lactic acid (10%) gave 35% inhibition of toxin production in the presence of F. oxysporum.
Effect of some organic acids on some fungal growth and their toxins production
MA-Phenol-Paper_JECE
1. Assessmentofthe EffectivenessofDifferent FreshwaterMicroalgae Strains for
Phenol Removal
Sulaiman Al-Zuhair1*, Mustafa Nabil1, Yusuf Abdi1, Murad Al Sayyed1 and Hanifa Taher2
1. Chemical and Petroleum Engineering Department, UAE University, 15551 Al Ain, UAE
2. Chemical Engineering Department, Masdar Institute, Abu Dhabi, UAE
Abstract
Phenol is a major constituent in the wastewater of most chemical and petroleum industries. It is
carcinogenic and toxic at relatively low levels, and requires proper treatment before being
discharged. The Biological treatment, using bacteria, has gained a lot of attention as a better
alternative and its effectiveness has been widely proven. However, the produced biomass, i.e.,
bacteria, does not have any obvious value. One the other hand, if phenol can be removed by
microalgae, the produced biomass in this case can be readily used to produce lipids, proteins and
pigments. The former product can be used for biodiesel production and the latter two products have
potential to be used in pharmaceutical and food applications. The ability of different freshwater
strains, namely Chlorella sp., Pseudochlorococcum sp. and an indigenous strain, to grow in water
containing different concentrations of phenol has been tested. The effectiveness of the selected
strains to utilize the phenol as a carbon source and reduce its concentration has also been assessed.
The phenol removal efficiency and cells growth rates were evaluated at different initial phenol
concentrations, in the range of 100-450 ppm. In the tested range of the phenol concentrations,
Pseudochlorococcum sp. has shown to have the highest specific growth and phenol removal rates.
The three strains showed substrate inhibition effect at phenol concentrations above 250 ppm. Three
kinetics models that incorporate substrate inhibition were tested to describe the growth, which show
almost identical fittings.
* Corresponding Author: Email: s.alzuhair@uaeu.ac.ae, Tel: +97137135319
2. Keywords: Microalgae; Phenol; Wastewater treatment; Growth kinetics
1. Introduction
Phenol is considered one of the most hazardous pollutants founds in refinery wastewater, and is
certainly one of the most difficult to remove. Its concentration in the wastewater of petroleum
refinery has been estimated to be 13–88 ppm [1]. It is listed among the priority organic pollutants
by the US Environmental Protection Agency [2]. Phenol may be fatal by ingestion, inhalation, or
skin absorption, since it quickly penetrates the skin and may cause severe irritation to the eyes and
the respiratory tract. Phenol is water soluble and can easily reach water sources downstream from
discharges. Phenol is also considered to be potentially carcinogenic to humans and may be lethal to
fish at concentrations of 5-25 ppm [3]. It is essential, therefore, that phenol concentrations in
refinery effluents be reduced to environmentally acceptable and harmless levels through utilizing
effective and practical treatment methods.
Many processes have been used in the past few years to reduce the concentration of phenol in
petroleum refineries; however, biological treatment has proven to be the most promising and
economical method for the removal of phenol from wastewater [2, 3]. It is believed that this method
leads to a complete removal of phenol and can handle a wide range of concentrations [4]. The
biodegradation of phenols by different types of microbial cultures has attracted the attention of
many researchers in the past two decades. Most studies on phenol degradation have been carried out
with bacteria, mainly from the Pseudomonas genus, due to their ability to degrade organic solvents
in general and its high removal efficiency of phenol in particular [3]. Bacteria from Pseudomonas
genus immobilized in polyvinyl alcohol particles have been successfully used in a bubble column
and a spouted bed bioreactor for the removal of phenols from refinery wastewater [5, 6].
In spite of their high efficiency in degrading phenol, the release of these bacteria could cause
diseases in plants and depletion of fish stocks, and may also have the potential to cause diseases to
humans [7]. Although the use of the bacteria in immobilized form, as in the previously mentioned
3. studies [4, 5], minimizes water contamination by the bacteria, it would be advantageous to use other
types of microorganisms, which are less harmful, if they show comparable performance. In
addition, the grown bacteria do not have any obvious value.
If phenol can be removed from wastewater by microalgae, the produced biomass in this case can be
readily used to produce lipids, proteins and pigment. The former product can be used for biodiesel
production and the latter two products have potential to be used in pharmaceutical and food
applications. In addition, microalgae cultivation does not require the development of agricultural
lands. Furthermore, the use of microalgae in a number of industrial processes has proven to be
cheaper and more environmental friendly than other alternative methods. The ability to carry out a
wide array of bio-physical actives makes it possible for microalgae to be applied in many
biotechnological and environmental processes [8]. In recent years, research on the chemistry of
microalgae has experienced a tremendous increase [9].
Phenol degradation by microalgae have been reported by strains of Chlorella sp., Scenedesmus
obliqus and Spirulina maxima [10], Ochromonas danica [11], Ankistrodesmus braunii and
Scenedesmus quadricauda [12], Chlorella vulgaris [13, 14], Chlorella VT-1 [15], Volvox aureus,
Lyngba lagerlerimi, Nostoc linkia, and Oscillatoria rubescens [16]. However, none of the above
studies have reported algal growth kinetics in phenol [17]. A recent work done by Das et al. [17]
was the first to include such a kinetics study, but was done on a single strain of Chlorella
pyrenoidosa. In addition, of C. pyrenoidosa was inhibited at phenol concentration above 125 ppm,
and hence the work of Das et al. [17] was limited to phenol concentration of 200 ppm. The main
objective of this work is to test the ability of other microalgae strains, namely Chlorella sp.,
Pseudochlorococcum sp. and a locally isolated strain, to grow in wastewater containing phenol and
at the same time reduces its concentration. In addition, the ability to grow at much higher
concentration reaching 450 ppm is also evaluated.
2. Materials and Methods
4. 2.1. Strains and culture media
Analytical grade phenol was purchased from BDH Chemicals, UK. All other chemicals were
purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, USA. Freshwater strains, Chlorella sp. and Pseudochlorococcum
sp. were obtained from a local marine research centre in Umm Al-Quwain, UAE. In addition, an
indigenous microalgae strain isolated from Musffah, Abu Dhabi was kindly provided by Prof.
Koroush Salihi, New York University in Abu Dhabi, UAE, which is referred to in this paper as
3112 strain. The strains were grown in modified Bold Bassel medium (3N-BBM) consisting of
(mM): 8.82 NaNO3, 0.17 CaCl2∙2H2O, 0.3 MgSO4∙7H2O, 1.29 KH2PO4, 0.43 K2HPO4, 0.43 NaCl.
The prepared medium, excluding vitamins, was sterilized in an autoclave (Hirayama HV-50, Japan)
at 121 oC for 15 min and cooled to room temperature prior to use. It must be noted that this medium
does not contain a carbon source in order to force the microalgae to use phenol as a carbon source.
2.2. Experimental set-up
The strains were grown in 100 ml Erlenmeyer flasks, which were placed in temperature controlled
shaking water bath (LabTech, DaihanlabTech Co. ltd., Koreas) set at 30 oC. To enhance
heterotrophic growth, and direct the microalgae to utilize the phenol as a sole carbon source, the
cultures were not subjected to excessive lighting, and the lighting was limited to that used to
illuminate the lab. Each flask contained 90 ml of medium containing different concentrations of
phenol in the range of 100-450 ppm. The selected range of phenol concentration was chosen to be
around that found in refinery wastewater. 10 ml of microalgae inoculum, were then added to each
flask to bring the total volume to 100 ml. To account for any abiotic loss of phenol, phenol media
without algal cells was incubated under the same culture conditions, by adding 10 ml distilled
water, instead of microalgae suspension, to prepare control samples. At regular intervals, 2 ml
samples were withdrawn for biomass and phenol concentration determination.
2.3. Analysis
5. The biomass concentration was monitored daily by measuring the optical density at 680 nm
wavelength using UV-spectrophotometer (UV-1800, Shimadzu, Japan). The spectrophotometer was
zeroed using a sample containing the growth medium with no microalgae. The growth was
determined by dividing the optical density at anytime by the initial optical density, measured on day
0. To measure the phenol concentration, the samples were centrifuged centrifugation at 6000 r min-1
for 15 min using multispeed centrifuge (IEC CL31, Thermo Scientific, USA) to remove the
biomass. The supernatant was then collected to measure the phenol concentration using the same
spectrophotometer at 270 nm, which was calibrated using serial dilutions of standard phenol
samples. The concentration of phenol was verified against results found using Chrompack Gas
Chromatograph, Model CP9001. The GC was equipped with capillary column (Stabilwax, 30 m,
0.25 mm ID) and a flame ionization detector (FID), which was set at 250 °C. The temperature
program started at 100 °C and increased at a rate of 20 °C min−1 to 180 °C. The analyses were
conducted in duplicates and the average values are presented with error bars that confirm the
reproducibility of the results.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Microalgae growth
The effect of initial phenol concentration on the growth of Chlorella sp., Pseudochlorococcum sp.
and 3112 strains is shown in Fig. 1a, 1b, and 1c, respectively. Values shown in the Figure are
average values for experiments carried in dulicate at same conditions, and the dashed lines are
connection between the experimental data to show the rens. A lag phase of around 4 days was
observed in the growth of 3112 strain, whereas it was less obvious for Chlorella sp. and
Pseudochlorococcum sp. strains. It was also observed that the same lag phase existed regardless of
the initial phenol concentration. This agrees with the results found by Das et al [17], where lag
phase existed when growing C. pyrenoidosa in phenol concentrations higher than 50 ppm.
6. (a)
(b)
(c)
Figure 1: Biomass growth profile of (a) Chlorella sp., (b) Pseudochlorococcum sp. and (c) 3112
strains at various initial phenol concentrations
0
3
6
9
12
0 2 4 6 8 10
100ppm
150ppm
200ppm
250ppm
300 ppmBiomassconcentrationover
initialconcentration
Time, Days
0
3
6
9
12
15
0 2 4 6
100ppm
150ppm
200ppm
250ppm
300 ppm
Biomassconcentrationover
initialconcentration
Time, Days
0
4
8
12
16
20
0 2 4 6 8
100ppm
150ppm
200ppm
250ppm
300 ppm
Biomassconcentrationover
initialconcentration
Time, Days
7. From the growth curves, the specific growth rates were determined for the three strains as shown in
Fig. 2. Assuming the maintenance requirement for the limiting substrate to be small enough to be
neglected, the specific growth rates, shown in Fig 2, were calculated from the slope of ln (X/Xo)
versus time line, in the exponential growth region, where X and Xo are the biomass concentration at
any time and at initial time, respectively.
Figure 2: Specific growth rate of Chlorella sp., Pseudochlorococcum sp. and 3112 strains at various
initial phenol concentrations
The specific growth rate was found to increase with increase in phenol concentration until the
highest value was reached at phenol concentration of 250 ppm. However, the growth rate was found
to decline with increase in phenol concentration beyond 250 ppm, suggesting substrate inhibition
effect of phenol. Similar trend was also observed using C. pyrenoidosa [17], but the highest specific
rate was reached at 125 ppm. The highest growth rates of tested strains were 0.25, 0.49 and 0.59
day-1 for Chlorella sp., Pseudochlorococcum sp. and 3112 strains, respectively. These values are
slightly lower than that found for C. pyrenoidosa grown in phenolic media, which was found to be
0.65 day-1 [17]. The lower growth rate found in this work, compared to that obtained by Das et al
[17], could be due to the alternate strong illumination that C. pyrenoidosa was subjected to. As
mentioned earlier, the cultures were not subjected to excessive lighting, to enhance heterotrophic
growth, and direct the microalgae to utilize the phenol as a sole carbon source. It was interesting to
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
Chlorella
Psuedo
3112
SpecificGrowthrate,m(day-1)
Initial Phenol Concentration, ppm
8. notice that, although the microalgae growth rate dropped with at phenol concentration higher than
250 ppm. Yet, they were able to survive up to a concentration of as high as 450 ppm.
3.2. Phenol degradation
To determine the effectiveness of the tested strain for phenol degradation, the residual phenol was
estimated at different times. The effect of initial phenol concentration on the drop of phenol using
Chlorella sp., Pseudochlorococcum sp. and 3112 strains is shown in Fig. 3a, 3b, and 3c,
respectively. The results show that the fastest phenol concentration drop was recorded using
Pseudochlorococcum sp. To cancel out the effect of any abiotic factors in phenol removal, the loss
of phenol from culture media without microalgae was determined, and a 1 % abiotic loss of phenol
was found within 4 days. This proves that the microalgae cells were solely responsible for phenol
removal from the sample. Utilization of phenol as an organic carbon source by algae has also been
reported by Semple and Cain [11]. They suggested that phenol can be metabolized into organic end
products like pyruvate, which can contribute to biomass growth.
The effectiveness of phenol removal at each initial phenol concentration may not be clearly evident
from the results shown in Fig 3, as it shows the concentration of remaining phenol over initial
phenol concentration that differs from one test to another. Therefore, the rate of the drop of phenol
concentration with time was determined, and shown in Fig. 4, for the three tested strains. Since we
are only interested in the initial drop rate, the measurement of phenol concentration was limited to
the first three days. As expected, up to an initial phenol concentration of 250 ppm, the phenol drop
rate increased with the increase in initial phenol concentration, which corresponds well with the
growth results shown in Fig. 2. However, for Chlorella sp., the maximum drop was observed at
initial phenol concentration of 200 ppm. The results found in this work agree with those found
using C. pyrenoidosa [17]. However, in the latter, the substrate inhibition was encountered at 125
ppm.
9. (a)
(b)
(c)
Figure 3: Phenol concentration profile of (a) Chlorella sp., (b) Pseudochlorococcum sp. and (c)
3112 strains at various initial phenol concentrations
0.1
0.3
0.5
0.7
0.9
1.1
0 1 2 3
Blank
100 ppm
150 ppm
200 ppm
250 ppm
300 ppm
Phenolconcentrationover
initialcconcentration
Time, Days
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0 1 2 3
Blank
100 ppm
150 ppm
200 ppm
250 ppm
300 ppm
Phenolconcentrationover
initialcconcentration
Time, Days
0.23
0.43
0.63
0.83
1.03
0 1 2 3 4
Blank
100 ppm
150 ppm
200 ppm
250 ppm
300 ppm
Phenolconcentrationover
initialcconcentration
Time, Days
10. Figure 4: Phenol drop rate using Chlorella sp., Pseudochlorococcum sp. and 3112 strains at various
initial phenol concentrations
3.3. Kinetics of cells growth
Three growth models were used to describe the specific growth rate of the tested strains. The
selected models are those that incorporate limiting substrate-inhibition kinetics, namely Haldane
(Eq.1), Aiba (Eq.2) and Andrews (Eq.3)
i
2
iiS
im
KSSK
Sμ
μ
(1)
i
iS
im
KSexp
SK
Sμ
μ
(2)
iiS
m
KS11SK
μ
μ
(3)
Where, mm is the maximum growth rate, Si is the initial substrate concentration, Ks is the substrate
constant and Ki is the inhibition constant. All the models were fitted to the experimental data shown
in Fig. 2. The estimated values for the model kinetic parameters as returned by the fitting non-linear
regression algorithm, using Excel solver with an objective function (O.F.) given by Eq. (4), are
shown in Table 1.
0
30
60
90
120
150
0 100 200 300 400
Chlorella
Psuedo
3112
RatepfPhenoldrop,(ppm/day)
Initial Phenol Concentration, ppm
11. Where, μexp and μpred are the experimental and model predicted specific growth rates, respectively,
and n is the number of points used.
Table 1: Estimated value of microalgae growth kinetic parameters in phenol-containing media
Strain mm (day-1) KS ( ppm) Ki ( ppm)
Haldane Model
Chlorella 0.43 145.58 177.51
Pseudochlorococcum sp 0.88 45.17 142.64
3112 0.96 135.46 157.32
C. pyrenoidosa [17] 0.55 89.99 100.24
Aiba Model
Chlorella 0.45 85.24 291.97
Pseudochlorococcum sp 1.32 109.46 86.23
3112 1.56 85.23 291.98
C. pyrenoidosa [17] 0.71 58.13 200.40
Andrews Model
Chlorella 0.63 150.79.39 141.82
Pseudochlorococcum sp 1.74 70.90 70.92
3112 2.64 355.10 45.15
It is clear that the three models fittings are very close. The determined values of the model
parameters were found to be close to those found using C. pyrenoidosa [17]. It was not possible to
compare the results with other studies done on microalgae growth in phenolic media, because as
mentioned earlier, they did not include kinetics studies. Graphical outputs showing the fits of the
experimental data by the models are shown in Figs. 5a, 5b and 5c, for Chlorella sp.,
Pseudochlorococcum sp. and 3112 strains, respectively.
O.F. = ∑(μexp − μpred.)
2
n
i
( 4)
12. (a)
(b)
(c)
Figure 5: Growth kinetics model predictions of the specific growth rate of (a) Chlorella sp., (b)
Pseudochlorococcum sp. and (c) 3112 strains at various initial phenol concentrations
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0 100 200 300 400 500
Exp. data
Haldane
Aiba
Andrews
SpecificGrowthrate,m(day-1)
Initial Phenol Concentration, ppm
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0 100 200 300 400 500
Exp.data
Haldane
Aiba
Andrews
SpecificGrowthrate,m(day-1)
Initial Phenol Concentration, ppm
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0 100 200 300 400 500
Exp. data
Haldane
Aiba
Andrews
SpecificGrowthrate,m(day-1)
Initial Phenol Concentration, ppm
13. Conclusion
The effect of initial phenol concentration on the growth of Chlorella sp., Pseudochlorococcum sp.
and 3112 strains has been tested. It was found that the specific growth rates of the
Pseudochlorococcum sp. and 3112 strains increase with the increase in phenol concentration up to
an optimum concentration of 250 ppm, and then start to drop. Whereas, the maximum drop rate for
Chlorella sp. was observed at 200 ppm. Three kinetics models were used to describe growth rate,
and their fittings were very close. The effect of initial phenol concentration on the drop of phenol
was also tested. The fastest phenol concentration drop was recorded using Pseudochlorococcum sp.
Up to an initial phenol concentration of 250 ppm, the phenol drop rate increased with the increase
in initial phenol concentration, and a drop in phenol degradation rate was observed beyond that
concentration.
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