Granite cutting plant is one such industry that releases polluting and turbid effluent. The residue from all these processes is discharged with water as an effluent. The effluent mainly contains many solids that harm the environment. Hence it requires treatment techniques before disposal. Several conventional methods are available for removal of contaminants like coagulation, adsorption, polyelectrolyte methods and biological methods. Most of them are cost prohibitive. The reduction of solids concentration in the effluent before disposal by using the techniques, coagulation followed by adsorption using natural adsorbents, like rice husk carbon and saw dust carbon, in contrast to the usage of activated carbon as it is costly. From a local Granite cutting plant near Anantapur, the effluent is collected and its physico-chemical characteristics are estimated and found to be pH(7.5), TS(4240mg/l), TSS(21560mg/l), TDS(12373mg/l).Effluent obtained is subjected to coagulation by potash alum followed by adsorption using saw dust carbon and rice husk carbon.
Fertilizer plant waste carbon slurry has been investigated after some processing as an adsorbent for the removal of dyes and phenols using columns. The results show that the carbonaceous adsorbent prepared from carbon slurry being porous and having appreciable surface area (380 m2/g) can remove dyes both cationic (meldola blue, methylene blue, chrysoidine G, crystal violet) as well as anionic (ethyl orange, metanil yellow, acid blue 113), and phenols (phenol, 2-chlorophenol, 4-chlorophenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol) fruitfully from water. The column type continuous flow operations were used to obtain the breakthrough curves. The breakthrough capacity, exhaustion capacity and degree of column utilization were evaluated from the plots. The results shows that the degree of column utilization for dyes lies in the range 60 to 76% while for phenols was in the range 53-58%. The exhaustion capacities were quite high as compared to the breakthrough capacities and were found to be 217, 211, 104, 126, 233, 248, 267 mg/g for meldola blue, crystal violet, chrysoidine G, methylene blue, ethyl orange, metanil yellow, acid blue 113, respectively and 25.6, 72.2, 82.2 and 197.3 mg/g for phenol, 2-chlorophenol, 4-chlorophenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol, respectively
Removal of dye from polluted water using novel nano manganese oxide-based mat...Dr. Md. Aminul Islam
Dyes are priority pollutants, commonly found at significant concentrations in textile effluents. The presence of dyes stuffs in wastewater can cause severe problems to aquatic life and human beings. Therefore, the removal of dyes from wastewater is important in order to minimize their hazardous effects on the environment. One way of removing dyes is to use nanosized manganese oxides (MnOs). To date, there has been much work reported on the use of nanosized MnOs as sorbents for dyestuffs. They are promising sorbents for commercial use due to their amorphous nature, high specific surface areas (SSA), mesoporous structure, and low to the moderate point of zero charge (pHPZC). This review summarizes the toxicity and recent advances for removing dyes from wastewater using nanosized MnO sorbents. The article also describes the various experimental parameters necessary for adsorption optimization, such as adsorption time, pH, initial dye concentration, amount of sorbent and temperature. Adsorption mechanisms investigated by various modeling approaches are also discussed. In particular, it was observed that much work has been reported on the use of birnessite and its composites for dye removal. There are many papers reporting on the use of MnO in batch mode dye removal, but very few that report on the use of MnO in continuous column removal systems. Therefore, there is still a considerable need for further research to develop effective and economical large scale MnO column systems for commercial use.
Fertilizer plant waste carbon slurry has been investigated after some processing as an adsorbent for the removal of dyes and phenols using columns. The results show that the carbonaceous adsorbent prepared from carbon slurry being porous and having appreciable surface area (380 m2/g) can remove dyes both cationic (meldola blue, methylene blue, chrysoidine G, crystal violet) as well as anionic (ethyl orange, metanil yellow, acid blue 113), and phenols (phenol, 2-chlorophenol, 4-chlorophenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol) fruitfully from water. The column type continuous flow operations were used to obtain the breakthrough curves. The breakthrough capacity, exhaustion capacity and degree of column utilization were evaluated from the plots. The results shows that the degree of column utilization for dyes lies in the range 60 to 76% while for phenols was in the range 53-58%. The exhaustion capacities were quite high as compared to the breakthrough capacities and were found to be 217, 211, 104, 126, 233, 248, 267 mg/g for meldola blue, crystal violet, chrysoidine G, methylene blue, ethyl orange, metanil yellow, acid blue 113, respectively and 25.6, 72.2, 82.2 and 197.3 mg/g for phenol, 2-chlorophenol, 4-chlorophenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol, respectively
Removal of dye from polluted water using novel nano manganese oxide-based mat...Dr. Md. Aminul Islam
Dyes are priority pollutants, commonly found at significant concentrations in textile effluents. The presence of dyes stuffs in wastewater can cause severe problems to aquatic life and human beings. Therefore, the removal of dyes from wastewater is important in order to minimize their hazardous effects on the environment. One way of removing dyes is to use nanosized manganese oxides (MnOs). To date, there has been much work reported on the use of nanosized MnOs as sorbents for dyestuffs. They are promising sorbents for commercial use due to their amorphous nature, high specific surface areas (SSA), mesoporous structure, and low to the moderate point of zero charge (pHPZC). This review summarizes the toxicity and recent advances for removing dyes from wastewater using nanosized MnO sorbents. The article also describes the various experimental parameters necessary for adsorption optimization, such as adsorption time, pH, initial dye concentration, amount of sorbent and temperature. Adsorption mechanisms investigated by various modeling approaches are also discussed. In particular, it was observed that much work has been reported on the use of birnessite and its composites for dye removal. There are many papers reporting on the use of MnO in batch mode dye removal, but very few that report on the use of MnO in continuous column removal systems. Therefore, there is still a considerable need for further research to develop effective and economical large scale MnO column systems for commercial use.
Decolourisation of Nigrosine WS dye by Solar Photo-fentonAkash Tikhe
My master's dissertation thesis topic- Decolorization of Nigrosine WS dye by Homogeneous Solar Photo-Fenton Method along with Intro, Method, Result, conclusion and suggestions.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Dye effluents impose hazardous effects on human beings as well as on environment. The present powerpoint deals with some of the decolourization techniques that can be adopted for treating wastewater containing toxic dyes and chemicals
Removal of Lignin from aqueous solution using Fe3O4 Nanoparticles as an effec...IJERA Editor
The study was carried out to find out the adsorption efficiency of lignin from paper mill waste water by using Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles. The physico-chemical analysis of paper mill effluent results high B.O.D value. Separations of lignin from black liquor were done by acid precipitation method and removal of lignin was done with nanoparticles. Synthesis of nanoparticles was done by co-precipitation method by mixing and stirring of FeCl3.6H2O and FeCl2.4H2O solution at 2:1 molar ratio. The nanoparticles were characterized by using U.V-Vis spectrophotometer and X-Ray Diffraction. U.V-Vis spectra show absorbance spectra at around 585 nm while XRD revealed around 10 nm sizes of Fe3O4 MNPs. The removal efficiency of lignin by Fe3O4 MNPs was investigated at different pH and contact time. Maximum adsorption of lignin onto the surface of Fe3O4 MNPs took place at pH 2.5 and 10 mins of contact time. Desorption of lignin by nanoparticles was studies by using different organic solvents.
Removal of fluoride from synthetic waste water by using “bio adsorbents”eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Removal of Cu(II) Ions from Aqueous Solutions by Adsorption Onto Activated Ca...IJERA Editor
This paper studied the ability of using local activated carbon (LAC) derived from olive waste cakes as an
adsorbent for the removal of Cu(II) ions from aqueous solution by batch operation. Various operating parameters
such as solution pH, adsorbent dosage, initial metal ions concentration, and equilibrium contact time have been
studied. The results indicated that the adsorption of Cu(II) increased with the increasing pH, and the optimum
solution pH for the adsorption of Cu(II) was found to be 5. The adsorption process increases with increasing
dosage of LAC, also the amount of Cu(II) removed changes with Cu(II) initial concentration and contact time.
Adsorption was rapid and occurred within 25 min. for Cu(II) concentration range from 60 to 120 mg/l
isothermally at 30±1 oC. Maximum adsorption occurs at Cu(II) initial concentration lesser than 100 mg/l by
using adsorbent dosage (1.2 g/l). The equilibrium adsorption data for Cu(II) were fitted well with the Langmuir
and Freundlich adsorption isotherm models. The maximum adsorption capacity of LAC was found to be 106.383
mg/g. So, the results indicated the suitability use of the activated carbon derived from olive waste cakes (LAC)
as low cost and natural material for reliable removal of Cu(II) from water and wastewater effluents.
Synthesis of Faujasite Zeolite (Z) For Adsorption of Cationic Dye from Textil...IJMREMJournal
The synthesis of Faujasite Zeolite from Locally available Erusu Kaolin clay sourced in Nigeria has been
attempted using standard procedures which have proven sufficient upon slight modifications and reported in
literature. The zeolite was characterized with Scanning Electron Microscopy, Fourier Transformed infrared
spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffractometer and BET surface area analyzer. Forthwith, Adsorption of the
hazardous cationic dye malachite green (MG) on the synthesized zeolite was investigated. Batch process
variables for the adsorption of MG by Zeolite were determined. The mechanisms involved in the adsorption of
MG by the sorbent were explored using isotherms models. The maximum equilibrium adsorption capacity was
found to be 108.26 mg/g at 30˚C. It is noteworthy that the adsorption of MG was reduced (about 45%) at low
pH (4) compared to that at high pH (12). Furthermore, among the other parameters affecting adsorption, a high
MG adsorption capacity (about 54%) was observed at a maximum initial MG dye concentration of 200 mg/L
compared to that at lower initial MG dye concentration (25 mg/L), indicating the dependency of sorption on the
initial adsorbate concentration (CO) in the solution. The MG adsorption data indicate multilayer adsorption
because the data were fit better by the Freundlich model (R2 >0.99) than by the Langmuir model. Surface
diffusion was found to be a possible mechanism for the adsorption of MG by Zeolite. The study shed light on the
potential of synthesized kaolinite derivative “Zeolite” as an efficient sorbent for cationic dye cleanup in
wastewater treatment.
It is generally accepted that a low level of fluorine in mains water 0.4 to 1 mg -¢ L – 1 depending on the climate of the country concerned promotes the formation of tooth enamel and protects teeth from decay. On the other hand, too much fluorine will destroy this enamel and cause a range of endemic type disorders that are generally called “fluoroses- malformed teeth, staining of the enamel, decalcification, tendon mineralisation, digestive and nervous disorders, etc. These problems can appear in individuals for widely variable quantities of the product. Water must be discharged or treated as soon as it contains more than 1 to 1.5 mg -¢ L – 1 of F – . Some natural waters contain more than 10 mg -¢ L – 1 of fluorine. This concentration has to be reduced to approximately 1 mg -¢ L – 1 the acceptable concentration falling as the average annual temperature rises the European standard has set 1.5 mg -¢ L – 1. Many studies have been carried out to address the issue however little success has been reported up to date. Layered double hydroxides LDHs which readily undergo anion exchange reactions have been used as a suitable candidate for defluorination. Also there is regeneration of the material after removal of fluoride ions without releasing flouride ions back in to the water cycle. F elimination using a nanofiltration NF operation will solve problems for large scale pilot plants in the future.Many defluorination projects have significant effectiveness on the prevention of endemic fluorosis. The concentrations of water fluoride were below 1 mg L. Advanced on site methods, such as under sink reserve osmosis units, can remove fluoride but are too expensive for developing areas. Calcium carbonate as a cost effective sorbent for an onsite defluorination drinking water system. Batch and column experiments have been performed to characterize F removal properties. The present review discusses various techniques of defluorination of water. Dr. Atul Kumar Sharma | Dr. Harsukh Ram Chharang "Defluorination of Drinking Water" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46324.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/46324/defluorination-of-drinking-water/dr-atul-kumar-sharma
Kinetic, thermodynamic and equilibrium studies on removal of hexavalent chrom...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Removal of Cr(VI) by biosorption on two agro waste materials, casuarinas fruit powder (CFP) and sorghum
stem powder (SSP), has been investigated. The prepared adsorbent materials were characterized by SEM, EDX,
FTIR and BET. These biomaterials effectively removed Cr(VI) with a maximum removal of 93.35% and 63.75% using
15 gL−1 and 5 gL−1 of CFP and SSP, respectively, at 60 oC with 20mgL−1 initial Cr(VI) concentration in solution. In both
cases of adsorbents, kinetic data of adsorption fitted well in pseudo-second-order in terms of correlation coefficient
(R2). This helps in proposing the process of adsorption as chemical coordination, which is correlated with the thermodynamic
study results conducted at different values of temperature. Langmuir, Freundlich and D-R models were evaluated
for description of metal sorption isotherms. Values of coefficients of intra-particle diffusion and mass transfer have
also been determined at different values of temperature.
Mass Transfer, Kinetic, Equilibrium, and Thermodynamic Study on Removal of Di...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Three distinct agricultural waste materials, viz., casuarina fruit powder (CFP), sorghum stem powder
(SSP), and banana stem powder (BSP) were used as low-cost adsorbents for the removal of toxic lead(II)
from aqueous solutions. Acid treated adsorbents were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM),
energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The
effects of parameters like adsorbent dose, pH, temperature, initial metal ion concentration, and time of
adsorption on the removal of Pb(II) were analyzed for each adsorbent individually and the efficiency order
was BSP > SSP > CFP. Based on the extent of compatibility to Freundlich/Langmuir/Dubinin–Radushkevich/
Temkin adsorption isotherms and different models (pseudo-first and second order, Boyd, Weber’s, and
Elovich), chemisorption primarily involved in the case of BSP and SSP, whereas simultaneous occurrence of
chemisorption and physisorption was proposed in the case of CFP correlating with the thermodynamic study
results conducted at different temperatures. Based on the observations, it was proposed that three kinetic
stages involve in the adsorption process, viz., diffusion of sorbate to sorbent, intra particle diffusion, and then
establishment of equilibrium. These adsorbents have a promising role towards the removal of Pb(II) from
industrial wastewater to contribute environmental protection
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Decolourisation of Nigrosine WS dye by Solar Photo-fentonAkash Tikhe
My master's dissertation thesis topic- Decolorization of Nigrosine WS dye by Homogeneous Solar Photo-Fenton Method along with Intro, Method, Result, conclusion and suggestions.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Dye effluents impose hazardous effects on human beings as well as on environment. The present powerpoint deals with some of the decolourization techniques that can be adopted for treating wastewater containing toxic dyes and chemicals
Removal of Lignin from aqueous solution using Fe3O4 Nanoparticles as an effec...IJERA Editor
The study was carried out to find out the adsorption efficiency of lignin from paper mill waste water by using Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles. The physico-chemical analysis of paper mill effluent results high B.O.D value. Separations of lignin from black liquor were done by acid precipitation method and removal of lignin was done with nanoparticles. Synthesis of nanoparticles was done by co-precipitation method by mixing and stirring of FeCl3.6H2O and FeCl2.4H2O solution at 2:1 molar ratio. The nanoparticles were characterized by using U.V-Vis spectrophotometer and X-Ray Diffraction. U.V-Vis spectra show absorbance spectra at around 585 nm while XRD revealed around 10 nm sizes of Fe3O4 MNPs. The removal efficiency of lignin by Fe3O4 MNPs was investigated at different pH and contact time. Maximum adsorption of lignin onto the surface of Fe3O4 MNPs took place at pH 2.5 and 10 mins of contact time. Desorption of lignin by nanoparticles was studies by using different organic solvents.
Removal of fluoride from synthetic waste water by using “bio adsorbents”eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Removal of Cu(II) Ions from Aqueous Solutions by Adsorption Onto Activated Ca...IJERA Editor
This paper studied the ability of using local activated carbon (LAC) derived from olive waste cakes as an
adsorbent for the removal of Cu(II) ions from aqueous solution by batch operation. Various operating parameters
such as solution pH, adsorbent dosage, initial metal ions concentration, and equilibrium contact time have been
studied. The results indicated that the adsorption of Cu(II) increased with the increasing pH, and the optimum
solution pH for the adsorption of Cu(II) was found to be 5. The adsorption process increases with increasing
dosage of LAC, also the amount of Cu(II) removed changes with Cu(II) initial concentration and contact time.
Adsorption was rapid and occurred within 25 min. for Cu(II) concentration range from 60 to 120 mg/l
isothermally at 30±1 oC. Maximum adsorption occurs at Cu(II) initial concentration lesser than 100 mg/l by
using adsorbent dosage (1.2 g/l). The equilibrium adsorption data for Cu(II) were fitted well with the Langmuir
and Freundlich adsorption isotherm models. The maximum adsorption capacity of LAC was found to be 106.383
mg/g. So, the results indicated the suitability use of the activated carbon derived from olive waste cakes (LAC)
as low cost and natural material for reliable removal of Cu(II) from water and wastewater effluents.
Synthesis of Faujasite Zeolite (Z) For Adsorption of Cationic Dye from Textil...IJMREMJournal
The synthesis of Faujasite Zeolite from Locally available Erusu Kaolin clay sourced in Nigeria has been
attempted using standard procedures which have proven sufficient upon slight modifications and reported in
literature. The zeolite was characterized with Scanning Electron Microscopy, Fourier Transformed infrared
spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffractometer and BET surface area analyzer. Forthwith, Adsorption of the
hazardous cationic dye malachite green (MG) on the synthesized zeolite was investigated. Batch process
variables for the adsorption of MG by Zeolite were determined. The mechanisms involved in the adsorption of
MG by the sorbent were explored using isotherms models. The maximum equilibrium adsorption capacity was
found to be 108.26 mg/g at 30˚C. It is noteworthy that the adsorption of MG was reduced (about 45%) at low
pH (4) compared to that at high pH (12). Furthermore, among the other parameters affecting adsorption, a high
MG adsorption capacity (about 54%) was observed at a maximum initial MG dye concentration of 200 mg/L
compared to that at lower initial MG dye concentration (25 mg/L), indicating the dependency of sorption on the
initial adsorbate concentration (CO) in the solution. The MG adsorption data indicate multilayer adsorption
because the data were fit better by the Freundlich model (R2 >0.99) than by the Langmuir model. Surface
diffusion was found to be a possible mechanism for the adsorption of MG by Zeolite. The study shed light on the
potential of synthesized kaolinite derivative “Zeolite” as an efficient sorbent for cationic dye cleanup in
wastewater treatment.
It is generally accepted that a low level of fluorine in mains water 0.4 to 1 mg -¢ L – 1 depending on the climate of the country concerned promotes the formation of tooth enamel and protects teeth from decay. On the other hand, too much fluorine will destroy this enamel and cause a range of endemic type disorders that are generally called “fluoroses- malformed teeth, staining of the enamel, decalcification, tendon mineralisation, digestive and nervous disorders, etc. These problems can appear in individuals for widely variable quantities of the product. Water must be discharged or treated as soon as it contains more than 1 to 1.5 mg -¢ L – 1 of F – . Some natural waters contain more than 10 mg -¢ L – 1 of fluorine. This concentration has to be reduced to approximately 1 mg -¢ L – 1 the acceptable concentration falling as the average annual temperature rises the European standard has set 1.5 mg -¢ L – 1. Many studies have been carried out to address the issue however little success has been reported up to date. Layered double hydroxides LDHs which readily undergo anion exchange reactions have been used as a suitable candidate for defluorination. Also there is regeneration of the material after removal of fluoride ions without releasing flouride ions back in to the water cycle. F elimination using a nanofiltration NF operation will solve problems for large scale pilot plants in the future.Many defluorination projects have significant effectiveness on the prevention of endemic fluorosis. The concentrations of water fluoride were below 1 mg L. Advanced on site methods, such as under sink reserve osmosis units, can remove fluoride but are too expensive for developing areas. Calcium carbonate as a cost effective sorbent for an onsite defluorination drinking water system. Batch and column experiments have been performed to characterize F removal properties. The present review discusses various techniques of defluorination of water. Dr. Atul Kumar Sharma | Dr. Harsukh Ram Chharang "Defluorination of Drinking Water" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46324.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/46324/defluorination-of-drinking-water/dr-atul-kumar-sharma
Kinetic, thermodynamic and equilibrium studies on removal of hexavalent chrom...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Removal of Cr(VI) by biosorption on two agro waste materials, casuarinas fruit powder (CFP) and sorghum
stem powder (SSP), has been investigated. The prepared adsorbent materials were characterized by SEM, EDX,
FTIR and BET. These biomaterials effectively removed Cr(VI) with a maximum removal of 93.35% and 63.75% using
15 gL−1 and 5 gL−1 of CFP and SSP, respectively, at 60 oC with 20mgL−1 initial Cr(VI) concentration in solution. In both
cases of adsorbents, kinetic data of adsorption fitted well in pseudo-second-order in terms of correlation coefficient
(R2). This helps in proposing the process of adsorption as chemical coordination, which is correlated with the thermodynamic
study results conducted at different values of temperature. Langmuir, Freundlich and D-R models were evaluated
for description of metal sorption isotherms. Values of coefficients of intra-particle diffusion and mass transfer have
also been determined at different values of temperature.
Mass Transfer, Kinetic, Equilibrium, and Thermodynamic Study on Removal of Di...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Three distinct agricultural waste materials, viz., casuarina fruit powder (CFP), sorghum stem powder
(SSP), and banana stem powder (BSP) were used as low-cost adsorbents for the removal of toxic lead(II)
from aqueous solutions. Acid treated adsorbents were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM),
energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The
effects of parameters like adsorbent dose, pH, temperature, initial metal ion concentration, and time of
adsorption on the removal of Pb(II) were analyzed for each adsorbent individually and the efficiency order
was BSP > SSP > CFP. Based on the extent of compatibility to Freundlich/Langmuir/Dubinin–Radushkevich/
Temkin adsorption isotherms and different models (pseudo-first and second order, Boyd, Weber’s, and
Elovich), chemisorption primarily involved in the case of BSP and SSP, whereas simultaneous occurrence of
chemisorption and physisorption was proposed in the case of CFP correlating with the thermodynamic study
results conducted at different temperatures. Based on the observations, it was proposed that three kinetic
stages involve in the adsorption process, viz., diffusion of sorbate to sorbent, intra particle diffusion, and then
establishment of equilibrium. These adsorbents have a promising role towards the removal of Pb(II) from
industrial wastewater to contribute environmental protection
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Parametric Studies on Detergent Using Low Cost SorbentIOSR Journals
: Water is a valued natural resource for the existence of all living organisms. Indian rivers are
polluted due to the discharge of untreated sewage and industrial effluents. Management of the quality of this
precious resource is, therefore, of special importance. In these study industrial effluents samples from the
various detergent factories were collected and analyzed for physicochemical and bacteriological evaluation of
pollution. The use and effectiveness of granular and powder activated carbon made from agricultural waste i.e.
coconut husk and that coconut husk is a suitable adsorbent for such an effluent. Maximum adsorption capacity
is a derived from Langmuir isotherm. A series of fixed bed experiments was carried out and the results were
applied to a bed-depth/service time model for column adsorption. The validity of such a model is discussed. In
the removal of organic matter in wastewater effluents from a industry waste water were investigated. The effect
of process variables such as carbonization temperature, carbonization duration and activation temperature on
the production and quality of activated carbon was studied as well as adsorption capacity was studied
Nano-adsorbent for fluoride removal from drinking waterPranjalSaheb
Fluoride occurs naturally in most water supplies.
Main sources of fluoride in groundwater-
The weathering and leaching of fluorinated minerals.
Industrial wastewater discharges .
With increased human industrial activities, high fluoride-content water has become a widespread problem in the world.
WHO has given a guideline limitation of less than 1.5 mg/L of fluoride in drinking water.
Various industries such as glass and ceramic production, fertilizer and semiconductor manufacturing contribute to fluoride pollution to a large extent. The effluents of these industries may reach to thousands of mg per L, which is higher than natural water.Depending on the concentration and water temperature, the effect of fluoride in drinking water can be beneficial or harmful to mankind. The presence of small quantities of fluoride in ingested water is often considered to have a beneficial effect on human health and helps in the normal mineralization of bones and dental formation.
On the contrary, excessive intake of fluoride leads to osteoporosis, Alzheimers syndrome, skeletal fluorosis, dental fluorosis, cancer, infertility, and thyroid disorder.
Removal of Lead Ion Using Maize Cob as a BioadsorbentIJERA Editor
The intensification of industrial activity and environmental stress greatly contributes to the significant rise of
heavy metal pollution in water resources making threats on terrestrial and aquatic life. The toxicity of metal
pollution is slow and interminable, as these metal ions are non bio-degradable. The most appropriate solution for
controlling the biogeochemistry of metal contaminants is sorption technique, to produce high quality treated
effluents from polluted wastewater. Maize cob readily available was used as sorbent for the removal of lead ions
from aqueous media. Adsorption studies were performed by batch experiments as a function of process
parameters such as sorption 500ppm,2.5g, 400minutes, 400 rpm and 5 PH. Concentration, Dosage, time, rpm,
and pH. I have found that the optimized parameters are Freundlich model fits best with the experimental
equilibrium data among the three tested adsorption isotherm models. The kinetic data correlated well with the
Lagergren first order kinetic model for the adsorption studies of lead using maize cob. It was concluded that
adsorbent prepared from maize cob as to be a favorable adsorbent and easily available to remove the heavy
metal lead (II) is 95 % and can be used for the treatment of heavy metals in wastewater.
Examination of Adsorption Abilities of Natural and Acid Activated Bentonite f...AnuragSingh1049
The effect of the initial concentration of Cr, Co, Cu, Ni, and Pb metal ions from multicomponent solutions on the sorption capacity of natural and acid activated bentonite was examined in this paper. The acid activation was performed by using hydrochloric and sulfuric acid at different concentrations. The results of adsorption research have shown that bentonite can be effectively used as an adsorbent for the removal of metal ions from multicomponent solutions. Acid activation of bentonite changes the structure and content of individual oxides, increases the porosity and the number of available spots for the adsorption process. For this reason, the bentonite removal efficiency increased after acid activation for all heavy metals tested. With increased acid concentration, the degree of bentonite adsorption increased, and sulfuric acid rather than chloric acid showed better results in removal efficiency.
Removal of Pb II from Aqueous Solutions using Activated Carbon Prepared from ...ijtsrd
The recent study explains about the removal of Pb II ions from aqueous solution using activated carbon prepared from Garlic waste. Garlic peels have been used for the production of Carbon by treating with conc.H2SO4 for metal ions removal. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Boehm titration have been used for various physicochemical characterization of the outcome of activated carbon which proclaimed the presence of oxygen containing surface functional groups like phenolic, lactonic and carboxylic in the carbons. In a batch adsorption process the effect of pH and initial metal ion concentration was calculated. The optimum pH for lead adsorption is found to be equal to 6.The resultant activated carbon showed maximum adsorption capacity of Pb II was 210 mg g 1. The waste material which is used in this work is cost effective and easily available for the production of activated carbon. Hence the removal of Pb II from water using the carbons prepared from Garlic peels can act as possible low cost adsorbents for the removal of Pb II from water. R. Mary Nancy Flora | Ashok | Ramanathan ""Removal of Pb (II) from Aqueous Solutions using Activated Carbon Prepared from Garlic Waste"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23365.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/chemical-engineering/23365/removal-of-pb-ii-from-aqueous-solutions-using-activated-carbon-prepared-from-garlic-waste/r-mary-nancy-flora
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Rapid Industrialization specially in developing industry in recent years causes the heavy waste water pollution due to release of heavy metal into water stream.
Chromium and lead being carcinogenic in high dosage represent threat to human health as well as flora and fauna of various water bodies.
Pollution of river stream, lakes by Heavy metal industry poses a threat to human as well as aquatic flora and fauna.
Heavy metals like lead comes under toxic category while chromium though comes under micronutrient category its excess intake is toxic to human. In human body, metals enter through animal feed, green fodder, drinking water, pharmaceutical medicines, etc.
Excessive intake of chromium by humans leads to hepatic and renal damage, capillary damage, gastrointestinal irritation and central nervous system irritation.
Maximum acceptable concentration of lead and chromium in drinking water recommended by WHO is 0.05 mg/lit respectively.
Because of above said reasons it is very much required to remove these metals before discharge into surrounding.
Chemical precipitation, ion-exchange, electro flotation, membrane separation, reverse osmosis, electro dialysis, adsorption, biological separation are various types of removal method of heavy metals. Out of these methods we will review about adsorption.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
A Novel Method for Prevention of Bandwidth Distributed Denial of Service AttacksIJERD Editor
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks became a massive threat to the Internet. Traditional
Architecture of internet is vulnerable to the attacks like DDoS. Attacker primarily acquire his army of Zombies,
then that army will be instructed by the Attacker that when to start an attack and on whom the attack should be
done. In this paper, different techniques which are used to perform DDoS Attacks, Tools that were used to
perform Attacks and Countermeasures in order to detect the attackers and eliminate the Bandwidth Distributed
Denial of Service attacks (B-DDoS) are reviewed. DDoS Attacks were done by using various Flooding
techniques which are used in DDoS attack.
The main purpose of this paper is to design an architecture which can reduce the Bandwidth
Distributed Denial of service Attack and make the victim site or server available for the normal users by
eliminating the zombie machines. Our Primary focus of this paper is to dispute how normal machines are
turning into zombies (Bots), how attack is been initiated, DDoS attack procedure and how an organization can
save their server from being a DDoS victim. In order to present this we implemented a simulated environment
with Cisco switches, Routers, Firewall, some virtual machines and some Attack tools to display a real DDoS
attack. By using Time scheduling, Resource Limiting, System log, Access Control List and some Modular
policy Framework we stopped the attack and identified the Attacker (Bot) machines
Hearing loss is one of the most common human impairments. It is estimated that by year 2015 more
than 700 million people will suffer mild deafness. Most can be helped by hearing aid devices depending on the
severity of their hearing loss. This paper describes the implementation and characterization details of a dual
channel transmitter front end (TFE) for digital hearing aid (DHA) applications that use novel micro
electromechanical- systems (MEMS) audio transducers and ultra-low power-scalable analog-to-digital
converters (ADCs), which enable a very-low form factor, energy-efficient implementation for next-generation
DHA. The contribution of the design is the implementation of the dual channel MEMS microphones and powerscalable
ADC system.
Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural Behaviour of shear c...IJERD Editor
-A composite beam is composed of a steel beam and a slab connected by means of shear connectors
like studs installed on the top flange of the steel beam to form a structure behaving monolithically. This study
analyzes the effects of the tensile behavior of the slab on the structural behavior of the shear connection like slip
stiffness and maximum shear force in composite beams subjected to hogging moment. The results show that the
shear studs located in the crack-concentration zones due to large hogging moments sustain significantly smaller
shear force and slip stiffness than the other zones. Moreover, the reduction of the slip stiffness in the shear
connection appears also to be closely related to the change in the tensile strain of rebar according to the increase
of the load. Further experimental and analytical studies shall be conducted considering variables such as the
reinforcement ratio and the arrangement of shear connectors to achieve efficient design of the shear connection
in composite beams subjected to hogging moment.
Gold prospecting using Remote Sensing ‘A case study of Sudan’IJERD Editor
Gold has been extracted from northeast Africa for more than 5000 years, and this may be the first
place where the metal was extracted. The Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS) is an exposure of Precambrian
crystalline rocks on the flanks of the Red Sea. The crystalline rocks are mostly Neoproterozoic in age. ANS
includes the nations of Israel, Jordan. Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Yemen, and Somalia.
Arabian Nubian Shield Consists of juvenile continental crest that formed between 900 550 Ma, when intra
oceanic arc welded together along ophiolite decorated arc. Primary Au mineralization probably developed in
association with the growth of intra oceanic arc and evolution of back arc. Multiple episodes of deformation
have obscured the primary metallogenic setting, but at least some of the deposits preserve evidence that they
originate as sea floor massive sulphide deposits.
The Red Sea Hills Region is a vast span of rugged, harsh and inhospitable sector of the Earth with
inimical moon-like terrain, nevertheless since ancient times it is famed to be an abode of gold and was a major
source of wealth for the Pharaohs of ancient Egypt. The Pharaohs old workings have been periodically
rediscovered through time. Recent endeavours by the Geological Research Authority of Sudan led to the
discovery of a score of occurrences with gold and massive sulphide mineralizations. In the nineties of the
previous century the Geological Research Authority of Sudan (GRAS) in cooperation with BRGM utilized
satellite data of Landsat TM using spectral ratio technique to map possible mineralized zones in the Red Sea
Hills of Sudan. The outcome of the study mapped a gossan type gold mineralization. Band ratio technique was
applied to Arbaat area and a signature of alteration zone was detected. The alteration zones are commonly
associated with mineralization. The alteration zones are commonly associated with mineralization. A filed check
confirmed the existence of stock work of gold bearing quartz in the alteration zone. Another type of gold
mineralization that was discovered using remote sensing is the gold associated with metachert in the Atmur
Desert.
Reducing Corrosion Rate by Welding DesignIJERD Editor
The paper addresses the importance of welding design to prevent corrosion at steel. Welding is
used to join pipe, profiles at bridges, spindle, and a lot more part of engineering construction. The
problems happened associated with welding are common issues in these fields, especially corrosion.
Corrosion can be reduced with many methods, they are painting, controlling humidity, and also good
welding design. In the research, it can be found that reducing residual stress on the welding can be
solved in corrosion rate reduction problem.
Preheating on 500oC and 600oC give better condition to reduce corosion rate than condition after
preheating 400oC. For all welding groove type, material with 500oC and 600oC preheating after 14 days
corrosion test is 0,5%-0,69% lost. Material with 400oC preheating after 14 days corrosion test is 0,57%-0,76%
lost.
Welding groove also influence corrosion rate. X and V type welding groove give better condition to reduce
corrosion rate than use 1/2V and 1/2 X welding groove. After 14 days corrosion test, the samples with
X welding groove type is 0,5%-0,57% lost. The samples with V welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is
0,51%-0,59% lost. The samples with 1/2V and 1/2X welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is 0,58%-
0,71% lost.
Router 1X3 – RTL Design and VerificationIJERD Editor
Routing is the process of moving a packet of data from source to destination and enables messages
to pass from one computer to another and eventually reach the target machine. A router is a networking device
that forwards data packets between computer networks. It is connected to two or more data lines from different
networks (as opposed to a network switch, which connects data lines from one single network). This paper,
mainly emphasizes upon the study of router device, it‟s top level architecture, and how various sub-modules of
router i.e. Register, FIFO, FSM and Synchronizer are synthesized, and simulated and finally connected to its top
module.
Active Power Exchange in Distributed Power-Flow Controller (DPFC) At Third Ha...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a component within the flexible ac-transmission system (FACTS) family, called
distributed power-flow controller (DPFC). The DPFC is derived from the unified power-flow controller (UPFC)
with an eliminated common dc link. The DPFC has the same control capabilities as the UPFC, which comprise
the adjustment of the line impedance, the transmission angle, and the bus voltage. The active power exchange
between the shunt and series converters, which is through the common dc link in the UPFC, is now through the
transmission lines at the third-harmonic frequency. DPFC multiple small-size single-phase converters which
reduces the cost of equipment, no voltage isolation between phases, increases redundancy and there by
reliability increases. The principle and analysis of the DPFC are presented in this paper and the corresponding
simulation results that are carried out on a scaled prototype are also shown.
Mitigation of Voltage Sag/Swell with Fuzzy Control Reduced Rating DVRIJERD Editor
Power quality has been an issue that is becoming increasingly pivotal in industrial electricity
consumers point of view in recent times. Modern industries employ Sensitive power electronic equipments,
control devices and non-linear loads as part of automated processes to increase energy efficiency and
productivity. Voltage disturbances are the most common power quality problem due to this the use of a large
numbers of sophisticated and sensitive electronic equipment in industrial systems is increased. This paper
discusses the design and simulation of dynamic voltage restorer for improvement of power quality and
reduce the harmonics distortion of sensitive loads. Power quality problem is occurring at non-standard
voltage, current and frequency. Electronic devices are very sensitive loads. In power system voltage sag,
swell, flicker and harmonics are some of the problem to the sensitive load. The compensation capability
of a DVR depends primarily on the maximum voltage injection ability and the amount of stored
energy available within the restorer. This device is connected in series with the distribution feeder at
medium voltage. A fuzzy logic control is used to produce the gate pulses for control circuit of DVR and the
circuit is simulated by using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Study on the Fused Deposition Modelling In Additive ManufacturingIJERD Editor
Additive manufacturing process, also popularly known as 3-D printing, is a process where a product
is created in a succession of layers. It is based on a novel materials incremental manufacturing philosophy.
Unlike conventional manufacturing processes where material is removed from a given work price to derive the
final shape of a product, 3-D printing develops the product from scratch thus obviating the necessity to cut away
materials. This prevents wastage of raw materials. Commonly used raw materials for the process are ABS
plastic, PLA and nylon. Recently the use of gold, bronze and wood has also been implemented. The complexity
factor of this process is 0% as in any object of any shape and size can be manufactured.
Spyware triggering system by particular string valueIJERD Editor
This computer programme can be used for good and bad purpose in hacking or in any general
purpose. We can say it is next step for hacking techniques such as keylogger and spyware. Once in this system if
user or hacker store particular string as a input after that software continually compare typing activity of user
with that stored string and if it is match then launch spyware programme.
A Blind Steganalysis on JPEG Gray Level Image Based on Statistical Features a...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a blind steganalysis technique to effectively attack the JPEG steganographic
schemes i.e. Jsteg, F5, Outguess and DWT Based. The proposed method exploits the correlations between
block-DCTcoefficients from intra-block and inter-block relation and the statistical moments of characteristic
functions of the test image is selected as features. The features are extracted from the BDCT JPEG 2-array.
Support Vector Machine with cross-validation is implemented for the classification.The proposed scheme gives
improved outcome in attacking.
Secure Image Transmission for Cloud Storage System Using Hybrid SchemeIJERD Editor
- Data over the cloud is transferred or transmitted between servers and users. Privacy of that
data is very important as it belongs to personal information. If data get hacked by the hacker, can be
used to defame a person’s social data. Sometimes delay are held during data transmission. i.e. Mobile
communication, bandwidth is low. Hence compression algorithms are proposed for fast and efficient
transmission, encryption is used for security purposes and blurring is used by providing additional
layers of security. These algorithms are hybridized for having a robust and efficient security and
transmission over cloud storage system.
Application of Buckley-Leverett Equation in Modeling the Radius of Invasion i...IJERD Editor
A thorough review of existing literature indicates that the Buckley-Leverett equation only analyzes
waterflood practices directly without any adjustments on real reservoir scenarios. By doing so, quite a number
of errors are introduced into these analyses. Also, for most waterflood scenarios, a radial investigation is more
appropriate than a simplified linear system. This study investigates the adoption of the Buckley-Leverett
equation to estimate the radius invasion of the displacing fluid during waterflooding. The model is also adopted
for a Microbial flood and a comparative analysis is conducted for both waterflooding and microbial flooding.
Results shown from the analysis doesn’t only records a success in determining the radial distance of the leading
edge of water during the flooding process, but also gives a clearer understanding of the applicability of
microbes to enhance oil production through in-situ production of bio-products like bio surfactans, biogenic
gases, bio acids etc.
Gesture Gaming on the World Wide Web Using an Ordinary Web CameraIJERD Editor
- Gesture gaming is a method by which users having a laptop/pc/x-box play games using natural or
bodily gestures. This paper presents a way of playing free flash games on the internet using an ordinary webcam
with the help of open source technologies. Emphasis in human activity recognition is given on the pose
estimation and the consistency in the pose of the player. These are estimated with the help of an ordinary web
camera having different resolutions from VGA to 20mps. Our work involved giving a 10 second documentary to
the user on how to play a particular game using gestures and what are the various kinds of gestures that can be
performed in front of the system. The initial inputs of the RGB values for the gesture component is obtained by
instructing the user to place his component in a red box in about 10 seconds after the short documentary before
the game is finished. Later the system opens the concerned game on the internet on popular flash game sites like
miniclip, games arcade, GameStop etc and loads the game clicking at various places and brings the state to a
place where the user is to perform only gestures to start playing the game. At any point of time the user can call
off the game by hitting the esc key and the program will release all of the controls and return to the desktop. It
was noted that the results obtained using an ordinary webcam matched that of the Kinect and the users could
relive the gaming experience of the free flash games on the net. Therefore effective in game advertising could
also be achieved thus resulting in a disruptive growth to the advertising firms.
Hardware Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Isolated Circuits And...IJERD Editor
-LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region[5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits.
Simulated Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Different Tank Circu...IJERD Editor
LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region [5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits. The supported simulation
is done through PSIM 6.0 software tool
Amateurs Radio operator, also known as HAM communicates with other HAMs through Radio
waves. Wireless communication in which Moon is used as natural satellite is called Moon-bounce or EME
(Earth -Moon-Earth) technique. Long distance communication (DXing) using Very High Frequency (VHF)
operated amateur HAM radio was difficult. Even with the modest setup having good transceiver, power
amplifier and high gain antenna with high directivity, VHF DXing is possible. Generally 2X11 YAGI antenna
along with rotor to set horizontal and vertical angle is used. Moon tracking software gives exact location,
visibility of Moon at both the stations and other vital data to acquire real time position of moon.
“MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to Extract Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chrom...IJERD Editor
Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR), also known as Microsatellites, have been extensively used as
molecular markers due to their abundance and high degree of polymorphism. The nucleotide sequences of
polymorphic forms of the same gene should be 99.9% identical. So, Microsatellites extraction from the Gene is
crucial. However, Microsatellites repeat count is compared, if they differ largely, he has some disorder. The Y
chromosome likely contains 50 to 60 genes that provide instructions for making proteins. Because only males
have the Y chromosome, the genes on this chromosome tend to be involved in male sex determination and
development. Several Microsatellite Extractors exist and they fail to extract microsatellites on large data sets of
giga bytes and tera bytes in size. The proposed tool “MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to extract
Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chromosome” can extract both Perfect as well as Imperfect Microsatellites from large
data sets of human genome „Y‟. The proposed system uses string matching with sliding window approach to
locate Microsatellites and extracts them.
Importance of Measurements in Smart GridIJERD Editor
- The need to get reliable supply, independence from fossil fuels, and capability to provide clean
energy at a fixed and lower cost, the existing power grid structure is transforming into Smart Grid. The
development of a smart energy distribution grid is a current goal of many nations. A Smart Grid should have
new capabilities such as self-healing, high reliability, energy management, and real-time pricing. This new era
of smart future grid will lead to major changes in existing technologies at generation, transmission and
distribution levels. The incorporation of renewable energy resources and distribution generators in the existing
grid will increase the complexity, optimization problems and instability of the system. This will lead to a
paradigm shift in the instrumentation and control requirements for Smart Grids for high quality, stable and
reliable electricity supply of power. The monitoring of the grid system state and stability relies on the
availability of reliable measurement of data. In this paper the measurement areas that highlight new
measurement challenges, development of the Smart Meters and the critical parameters of electric energy to be
monitored for improving the reliability of power systems has been discussed.
Study of Macro level Properties of SCC using GGBS and Lime stone powderIJERD Editor
One of the major environmental concerns is the disposal of the waste materials and utilization of
industrial by products. Lime stone quarries will produce millions of tons waste dust powder every year. Having
considerable high degree of fineness in comparision to cement this material may be utilized as a partial
replacement to cement. For this purpose an experiment is conducted to investigate the possibility of using lime
stone powder in the production of SCC with combined use GGBS and how it affects the fresh and mechanical
properties of SCC. First SCC is made by replacing cement with GGBS in percentages like 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and
by taking the optimum mix with GGBS lime stone powder is blended to mix in percentages like 5, 10, 15, 20 as
a partial replacement to cement. Test results shows that the SCC mix with combination of 30% GGBS and 15%
limestone powder gives maximum compressive strength and fresh properties are also in the limits prescribed by
the EFNARC.
Welocme to ViralQR, your best QR code generator.ViralQR
Welcome to ViralQR, your best QR code generator available on the market!
At ViralQR, we design static and dynamic QR codes. Our mission is to make business operations easier and customer engagement more powerful through the use of QR technology. Be it a small-scale business or a huge enterprise, our easy-to-use platform provides multiple choices that can be tailored according to your company's branding and marketing strategies.
Our Vision
We are here to make the process of creating QR codes easy and smooth, thus enhancing customer interaction and making business more fluid. We very strongly believe in the ability of QR codes to change the world for businesses in their interaction with customers and are set on making that technology accessible and usable far and wide.
Our Achievements
Ever since its inception, we have successfully served many clients by offering QR codes in their marketing, service delivery, and collection of feedback across various industries. Our platform has been recognized for its ease of use and amazing features, which helped a business to make QR codes.
Our Services
At ViralQR, here is a comprehensive suite of services that caters to your very needs:
Static QR Codes: Create free static QR codes. These QR codes are able to store significant information such as URLs, vCards, plain text, emails and SMS, Wi-Fi credentials, and Bitcoin addresses.
Dynamic QR codes: These also have all the advanced features but are subscription-based. They can directly link to PDF files, images, micro-landing pages, social accounts, review forms, business pages, and applications. In addition, they can be branded with CTAs, frames, patterns, colors, and logos to enhance your branding.
Pricing and Packages
Additionally, there is a 14-day free offer to ViralQR, which is an exceptional opportunity for new users to take a feel of this platform. One can easily subscribe from there and experience the full dynamic of using QR codes. The subscription plans are not only meant for business; they are priced very flexibly so that literally every business could afford to benefit from our service.
Why choose us?
ViralQR will provide services for marketing, advertising, catering, retail, and the like. The QR codes can be posted on fliers, packaging, merchandise, and banners, as well as to substitute for cash and cards in a restaurant or coffee shop. With QR codes integrated into your business, improve customer engagement and streamline operations.
Comprehensive Analytics
Subscribers of ViralQR receive detailed analytics and tracking tools in light of having a view of the core values of QR code performance. Our analytics dashboard shows aggregate views and unique views, as well as detailed information about each impression, including time, device, browser, and estimated location by city and country.
So, thank you for choosing ViralQR; we have an offer of nothing but the best in terms of QR code services to meet business diversity!
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
SAP Sapphire 2024 - ASUG301 building better apps with SAP Fiori.pdfPeter Spielvogel
Building better applications for business users with SAP Fiori.
• What is SAP Fiori and why it matters to you
• How a better user experience drives measurable business benefits
• How to get started with SAP Fiori today
• How SAP Fiori elements accelerates application development
• How SAP Build Code includes SAP Fiori tools and other generative artificial intelligence capabilities
• How SAP Fiori paves the way for using AI in SAP apps
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
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Treatment of Effluent from Granite Cutting Plant by Using Natural Adsorbents like Rice Husk Carbon and Saw Dust Carbon
1. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
e-ISSN: 2278-067X, p-ISSN: 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com
Volume 11, Issue 04 (April 2015), PP.54-65
54
Treatment of Effluent from Granite Cutting Plant by Using
Natural Adsorbents like Rice Husk Carbon and Saw
Dust Carbon
S.Sharada1
*, B. Sahithi2
, V.Pradeep kumar3
,D. Akhileswar4
, B.Samatha5
1*
Assistant professor,2,3,4,5
, Department of Chemical Engineering, JNTUACE, Anantapur-515002 ( A.P)
Abstract:- Granite cutting plant is one such industry that releases polluting and turbid effluent. The residue
from all these processes is discharged with water as an effluent. The effluent mainly contains many solids that
harm the environment. Hence it requires treatment techniques before disposal. Several conventional methods are
available for removal of contaminants like coagulation, adsorption, polyelectrolyte methods and biological
methods. Most of them are cost prohibitive. The reduction of solids concentration in the effluent before disposal
by using the techniques, coagulation followed by adsorption using natural adsorbents, like rice husk carbon and
saw dust carbon, in contrast to the usage of activated carbon as it is costly. From a local Granite cutting plant
near Anantapur, the effluent is collected and its physico-chemical characteristics are estimated and found to be
pH(7.5), TS(4240mg/l), TSS(21560mg/l), TDS(12373mg/l).Effluent obtained is subjected to coagulation by
potash alum followed by adsorption using saw dust carbon and rice husk carbon. Percentage removal of solids
for a contact time of 40 minutes and adsorbent dosage of 0.1g/ml is maintained. The percentage removal of
solids based on time variation are TSS=50%, TDS=57% for rice husk carbon; TSS=62%, TDS=60% for saw
dust carbon. Percentage removal of solids for a contact time of 25 minutes and adsorbent dosage of 0.25g/ml,
the percentage removal of solids based on concentration variation are TSS=68%, TDS=50% for rice husk
carbon; TSS=72%, TDS=52% for saw dust carbon. A comparison of the characteristics of effluent treated by
rice husk carbon and saw dust carbon revealed that saw dust carbon ensured better removal of solids. However
no variation in pH is observed.
Keywords:- coagulation, Adsorption, TSS, TDS, TS, physico-chemical.
I. INTRODUCTION
Waste water treatment by adsorption and coagulation analysis was done by. S. K. Waghmare. The
paper revealed that effluent from paper industry can be treated by coagulation followed by adsorption through
natural adsorbents, saw dust carbon and rice husk carbon. As this appeared cost effective and efficient, we tried
to adopt this to treat granite industry effluent. This was the basic idea behind our project 1
.
Fahiminia M, Ardani R, Hashemi S, Alizadeh M. Wastewater Treatment of Stone Cutting Industries
by Coagulation Process. Arch Hyg Sci 2013;2(1):16-22.,a study of this paper reveals that, Use of coagulation
process for treatment of wastewater created by stone cutting industries causes increase in settling speed for
suspended solids and return of water to production line without turbidity and it also causes reduction in
consumption of polishing emery and segments. The objective from using coagulation and flocculation in
treatment of the wastewater caused from stone cutting industries is to remove colloidal material existing in
Wastewater. Also, the nutritive materials existing in wastewater might be removed during this process. Arslan
EI et al. conducted a study in Turkey under the title of “physicochemical treatment of marble waste water and
recycling of sludge”.The first section of their study was related to use of coagulation and flocculation processes.
They investigate several parameters, including turbidity, total solids (TS), suspended solids (SS) and chemical
oxygen demand (COD) in Cutting, faience and equalization processes.2
Another study was conducted cutting by Nasserdine K et al. in Hebron to improve the quality
of output effluent from stone industries by coagulation process. In this research, the existing methods of
wastewater treatment were investigated and Jar Test was used for optimizing water recycling and studying
possibility of treatment (11). In application of physicochemical treatment in effluent by coagulation and
flocculation processes, a large amount of sludge might be created which shall be removed during further
processes2
Determination of flocculation characteristics of natural stone powder suspensions in the presence
of different polymers by Hande K. BASARAN, Tuba TASDEMIR Mining Engineering Department, Eskisehir
Osmangazi University, 26480, Eskisehir, Turkey reveals that marble factories use large amounts of water during
the cutting, washing and polishing processes. Water is used as a coolant during cutting of marble blocks. The
cutting of a block, for instance, produces approximately 25–40% of the weight of the block as fine particles
2. Treatment Of Effluent From Granite Cutting Plant By Using Natural Adsorbents Like Rice Husk Carbon And
55
(Onenc, 2001). The particles in the wastewater are generally treated by simple solid– liquid separation. The
inefficiency of the employed techniques results in the presence of fine particles in recycled water, which cause
polishing problems during processing. In addition, the suspended particles in recycled water may also result in
pipe clogging.3
The purpose of the flocculation process is to form aggregates or flocs from finely dispersed particles
in the presence of natural or synthetic polymeric substances (flocculants). There are many types of polymeric
flocculants used in various solid liquid separation processes. The polymers are characterized by their ionic
nature: cationic, anionic and non-ionic. The flocculants bring together coagulated particles into larger aggregates
and settle them. The polymer bridging and charge neutralization are the commonly encountered mechanisms in
flocculation. Bridging flocculation occurs as a result of adsorption of individual polymer chains onto several
particles simultaneously, forming molecular bridges between the adjoining particles in a floc. The charge
neutralization becomes a major mechanism for polyelectrolyte, where significant particle surface sites with
charge opposite to that of the ionic polymer functional groups are present. The flocculants are known to adsorb
on particle surface through hydrogen bonding, ion binding, electrostatic interactions, chemical bonding,
hydrophobic interactions and Vander Waals forces (Somasundaran and Das, 1998; Hogg, 2000; Mpofu et al.,
20)
The use of sawdust as by product adsorbent of organic pollutant from wastewater: adsorption of phenol
Larous. S1 , Meniai A-H1 , Locally available sawdust, a very low cost and promising material was tested
experimentally as an adsorbent, after carbonization, for the removal of phenol from industrial waste waters for a
safe disposal. The experiments were performed batchwise to remove phenol from synthesized aqueous
solutions. The equilibrium adsorption level was determined as a function of the solution pH, temperature,
contact time, adsorbent dose and the initial adsorbate concentration. Adsorption isotherms of phenol on
adsorbents were determined and correlated with the usual isotherm equations such as Langmuir and Freundlich.
The optimum conditions for the removal of phenol were worked out along with the kinetics of the process4
Abatement of toxic heavy metals from highway runoff using sawdust as adsorbent Kishor Kumar
Singh1*, Upasana Singh and Abhimanyu Yadav,The possible use of sawdust as biosorbent has been
successfully utilised to remove heavy metal ions from highway runoff. It is noted that increase in Pb2+
concentration and pH, caused the increase in adsorption capacity of sawdust. In relation to this, a decrease in
sawdust dose results in a higher metal loading on the sawdust. The adsorption isotherms of heavy metals fit the
Langmuir or Freundlich model reasonably well. The order of heavy metal adsorption is Pb2+ > Cu2+ > Zn2+.5
Adsorption of methylene blue dye using low cost adsorbent of sawdust: Batch and continuous studies
Hadeel Ali Al-Husseiny Babylon University, College of Engineering, Civil Eng. Dept ,The feasibility of
sawdust as low cost adsorbent to remove methylene blue from aqueous solutions was investigated through batch
and column studies. Batch experiments were carried out with treated sawdust and commercial activated carbon
to compare the adsorption behavior of them in terms of their adsorption capacities with the initial concentration
of 100 mg/L and solution pH of 5. Equilibrium data were fitted to Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models.
The equilibrium data were best represented by the Langmuir isotherm model, with maximum monolayer
adsorption capacity of 30.11 mg/g for sawdust while 39.09 mg/g by using activated carbon. In column
experiments, fixed bed adsorption of methylene blue was performed on sawdust columns and the breakthrough
curves were determined by varying bed depth, flow rate and influent concentration.6
Removal of Heavy Metals Using Rice Husk: A Review Sneh Lata1 and S.R. Samadder2 1Department
of Environmental Science & Engineering, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad-826004, India. 2Department of
Environmental Science & Engineering, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad-826004, India, Rice husk (RH) is a
low cost (agricultural by-product) bio-adsorbent which has been studied intensively for the removal of various
heavy metals and metalloids (such as Pb, Cd, Zn, Ni and As) from both groundwater and surface water. The
present study is focused on critical review of previous and current available information on potential of treated
and untreated rice husk for the removal of heavy metals and metalloids (arsenic). Various studies on adsorption
efficiency of rice husk considering the parameters contact time, adsorbent dose (rice husk), initial concentration
of heavy metals, pH, and temperature have been evaluated by many researchers. The present study analyzed
those studies and compiled the adsorption efficiency of rice husk and concluded that treated rice husk gave
comparatively better adsorption efficiency of heavy metals with compared to that of untreated rice 166 Sneh
Lata & S.R. Samadder husk. The treated rice husk can be implemented on large scale industrial applications
after field studies.7
II. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
In this project, the effluent from a local granite cutting plant was obtained and is coagulated using saw
dust and rice husk carbon adsorbents prepared from unused saw dust and rice husk. The following materials
were used in this project.
3. Treatment Of Effluent From Granite Cutting Plant By Using Natural Adsorbents Like Rice Husk Carbon And
56
Collection of effluent: Effluent from a local granite cutting plant located near Bellary by-pass road Anantapur
was collected.
2.1 Characterisation of effluent
Appearance: The effluent was full of solids and appeared very turbid.
2.1.1. Decantation
The effluent obtained is taken in a large beaker and is left undisturbed for one hour .then all the
settleable solids got settled at the bottom. Leaving a relatively clearer liquid on the top and it is extracted. Then
the physico chemical characteristics of the effluent like pH, TSS, TS and TDS were estimated.
2.1.2. Estimation of physico chemical characteristics: PH
of the effluent is determined using PH
strips and is
found to be 7.5.Concentration of total solids present in the effluent is estimated to be 4,240mg/L.concentration
of total suspended solids in the effluent was estimated to be 21,560mg/L.Concentration of total dissolved solids
in the effluent was estimated to be 12,373mg/L.
2.1.3. Coagulation
The effluent is allowed to coagulate by the addition of potash alum at the adsorbent dosage of 10g/100ml and
allowed to coagulate over night. Then the effluent is filtered from the coagulated solids and is subjected to
further treatment.
2.1.4. Preparation of adsorbents
2.1.4.1. Rice husk carbon: Preparation
Rice husk was obtained from rice mill and washed with distilled water for 2 times and dried completely in an
oven (hot air oven).
Heat supply was kept under control to prevent burning and charring of rice husk.
The dried rice husk was soaked in 0.6M citric acid, obtained by dissolving 126g of citric acid
monohydrate (C6H8O7.H2O) in 1 liter of distilled water.
Soaking time = 90 minutes
Then the soaked husk is filtered and thoroughly washed with distilled water.
Before soaking, the rice husk is sieved with 40 & 50 mesh and the retained mass was passed of the
soaking.
This ensures that the size of rice husk is approximately 420µm.
Now the wet rice husk was dried in a hot air oven for 1 hour at a temperature of 1000
c.
The dried rice husk was used as an adsorbent.
2.1.4.2. Saw dust carbon: Preparation
Saw dust was collected from our college’s Mechanical Work shop.
It was first washed with hot distilled water for two times.
Then the saw dust was dried in sun for four hours and then over night at room temperature.
Now the saw dust was carbonized by heating in a hot air oven at a temperature of 1000
c for one & half
hour.
A color change from light yellow to black was observed after carbonization.
This was used as adsorbent
2.1.5. Adsorption of coagulated effluent
The coagulated effluent is brought into contact with rice husk carbon and saw dust carbon individually
for a known time during which the solids in the effluent get adsorbed by the adsorbent, there by leaving the
effluent relatively pure.
2.1.6. Effect of adsorbent dosage on the percentage removal of solids: Four beakers were taken. To each
beaker, 50 ml of coagulated effluent is added. To the first beaker 5.0g of adsorbent is added. To the second
beaker 7.5g, 10.0g to the third beaker and 12.5g to the fourth beaker is added. Contact time is maintained
constant for each beaker at 25minutes.Then the effluent was filtered from the suspension of adsorbent and
effluent. Then the physico-chemical characteristics of treated effluent from each beaker are estimated .Effect of
adsorbent dosage on percentage removal of solids was studied using both rice husk carbon and saw dust carbon.
2.1.7. Effect of contact time on the percentage removal of solids
Four beakers were taken.
To each beaker, 50ml of effluent and 5.0g of adsorbent was added.
Time of contact for effluent and adsorbent in the first beaker is maintained 10min.
4. Treatment Of Effluent From Granite Cutting Plant By Using Natural Adsorbents Like Rice Husk Carbon And
57
20min in the second beaker, 30min in the third beaker and 40min in the fourth beaker.
After allowing sufficient time of contact, the effluent was filtered from the suspension of adsorbent and
effluent.
Then the physico-chemical characteristics of treated effluent from each beaker are estimated.
Effect of time of contact on percentage removal of solids was studied using both rice husk carbon and
saw dust carbon.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1. Effect of different parameters on adsorption efficiency for rice husk carbon
3.1.1 Effect of contact time on % removal of TDS for rice husk carbon:
The effect of contact time on %removal of TDS at an adsorbent dosage of 0.1g/ml was studied and the
values are tabulated in the table 3.1 below and the graph is shown in fig.3.1.
Table 3.1 Effect of contact time
Time Adsorption %
efficiency rice husk
10 36.25
20 37.29
30 39.81
40 58.02
50 66.23
60 74.44
Figure 3.1 Effect of contact time on % removal of TDS by rice husk carbon at an
adsorbent dosage of 0.1g/ml.
From the above graph we infer that the % removal of TDS increases with the increase in the contact
time. The adsorption efficiency has increased from 36% at a contact time of10 mins to 58% at a contact time of
40 mins. The changes in the % removal can be attributed to the increased time of contact which increases the
time available for the solids to get adsorbed by rice husk carbon.
3.1.2 Effect of contact time on % removal of TSS by rice husk carbon
The effect of contact time on %removal of TSS at an adsorbent dosage of 0.1g/ml was studied and the
values are tabulated in the table 3.2 below and the graph is shown in fig.3.2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 20 40 60 80
rice husk
time (min)
%removal
ofTDS
5. Treatment Of Effluent From Granite Cutting Plant By Using Natural Adsorbents Like Rice Husk Carbon And
58
Table 3.2 Effect of contact time
Figure 3.2 Effect of contact time on % removal of TSS by rice husk carbon at an
Adsorbent dosage of 0.1g/ml.
From the graph it is observed that % removal of TSS increases with the increase in the contact time. The
adsorption efficiency has increased from 21% at a contact time of 10 mins to 50% at a contact time of 40 mins.
3.1.3 Effect of adsorbent dosage on %removal of TDS by rice husk carbon
The effect of adsorbent dosage on % removal of TDS by rice husk carbon was studied at a constant
contact time of 25 mins. Volume of effluent taken was 50 ml.The values are tabulated in the table 3.3 below
and graph is shown in the figure 3.3
Table 3.3 Effect of adsorbent dosage
Amount Adsorption %
efficiency rice husk
5 34.94
7.5 42.2
10
48.57
12.5 50.76
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0 20 40 60 80
rice husk
time (min)
%removalof
TSS
Time Adsorption % efficiency
rice husk
10 20.97
20 35.76
30 41.49
40 50.37
50
59.25
60 77.01
6. Treatment Of Effluent From Granite Cutting Plant By Using Natural Adsorbents Like Rice Husk Carbon And
59
Figure 3.3 Effect of adsorbent dosage on % removal of TDS at a constant contact time of
25 mins. And effluent volume of 50 ml
From the graph it is observed that the % removal of TDS increased with increase in the amount of
adsorbent at a constant effluent volume of 50 ml and contact time 25 mins. The change can be attributed to the
fact that at higher doses of adsorbent more adsorbent surface and pore volume would be available for the
adsorption interaction and these results in higher removal.
3.1.4 Effect of adsorbent dosage on %removal of TSS by rice husk carbon
The effect of adsorbent dosage on % removal of TSS by rice husk carbon was studied at a constant
contact time of 25 mins. Volume of effluent taken was 50 ml.The values are tabulated in the table 3.4 below
and graph is shown in the figure 3.4
Table 3.4 Effect of adsorbent dosage
Amount Adsorption
%efficiency rice husk
5 37.66
7.5 54.49
10 61.59
12.5 68.08
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 5 10 15
rice husk
amount(g)
%RemovalofTDS
7. Treatment Of Effluent From Granite Cutting Plant By Using Natural Adsorbents Like Rice Husk Carbon And
60
Figure 3.4 Effect of adsorbent dosage on % removal of TSS at a constant contact time of
25 mins. And effluent volume of 50 ml
From the graph it is observed that the % removal of TDS increased with increase in the amount of
adsorbent at a constant effluent volume of 50 ml and contact time 25 mins. The change can be attributed to the
fact that at higher doses of adsorbent more adsorbent surface and pore volume would be available for the
adsorption interaction and these results in higher removal.
3.1.5 Effect on pH
Both adsorbent dosage and contact time didn’t have any effect on the pH of the effluent it
remained constant at the value of 5.0.
Figure 3.5 Effect of contact time on pH of effluent Figure 3.6 Effect of adsorbent dosage on pH of effluent
3.2 Effects of different parameters and adsorption efficiency for saw dust carbon
3.2.1 Effect of contact time on % removal of TDS for saw dust carbon:
The effect of contact time on %removal of TDS at an adsorbent dosage of 0.1g/ml was studied and the
values are tabulated in the table 3.7 below and the graph is shown in fig.3.7
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 5 10 15
rice husk
amount (g)
%removal
ofTSS
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 20 40 60
saw dust
rice husk
time (min)
pH
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 5 10 15
saw dust
rice husk
Amount (g)
pH
8. Treatment Of Effluent From Granite Cutting Plant By Using Natural Adsorbents Like Rice Husk Carbon And
61
Table 3.7 Effect of contact time
Time Adsorption
%efficiency
saw dust
10 36.57
20 38.83
30 40.83
40 60.78
50 72.73
60 83.34
Figure 3.7 Effect of contact time on % removal of TDS by saw dust carbon at an adsorbent
Dosage of 0.1g/ml.
From the above graph we infer that the % removal of TDS increases with the increase in the contact
time. The adsorption efficiency has increased from 36% at a contact time of10 mins to 61% at a contact time of
40 mins .The changes in the % removal can be attributed to the increased time of contact which increases the
time available for the solids to get adsorbed by saw dust carbon.
3.2.2 The effect of contact time on %removal of TSS for saw dust carbon
The effect of contact time on %removal of TSS at an adsorbent dosage of 0.1g/ml was studied and the values are
tabulated in the table 3.8 below and the graph is shown in fig.3.8
Table 3.8 Effect of contact time
Time Adsorption %efficiency
sawdust
10 28.01
20 43.04
30 50.23
40 62.38
50 70.35
60 78.32
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0 20 40 60 80
saw dust
time(min)
%removalof
TDS
9. Treatment Of Effluent From Granite Cutting Plant By Using Natural Adsorbents Like Rice Husk Carbon And
62
Figure 3.8 Effect of contact time on % removal of TSS by saw dust carbon at an adsorbent
Dosage of 0.1g/ml.
From the above graph we infer that the % removal of TSS increases with the increase in the contact
time. The adsorption efficiency has increased from 28% at a contact time of 10 mins to 62% at a contact time
of 40 mins. The changes in the % removal can be attributed to the increased time of contact which increases the
time available for the solids to get adsorbed by saw dust carbon.
3.2.3 Effect of adsorbent dosage on %removal of TDS by saw dust carbon
The effect of adsorbent dosage on % removal of TDS by saw dust carbon was studied at a
constant contact time of 25 mins. Volume of effluent taken was 50 ml.The values are tabulated in the table 3.9
below and graph is shown in the figure 3.9
Table 3.9 Effect of adsorbent dosage
Amount Adsorption %efficiency
saw dust
5 39.58
7.5 45.63
10 49.92
12.5 51.99
Figure 3.9 Effect of adsorbent dosage on % removal of TDS at a constant contact time of 25
mins. And effluent volume of 50 ml
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0 20 40 60 80
sawdust
time(min)
%removalof
TSS
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 5 10 15
sawdust
amount(g)
%Removal
ofTDS
10. Treatment Of Effluent From Granite Cutting Plant By Using Natural Adsorbents Like Rice Husk Carbon And
63
From the graph it is observed that the % removal of TDS increased with increase in the amount of
adsorbent at a constant effluent volume of 50 ml and contact time 25 mins. The change can be attributed to the
fact that at higher doses of adsorbent more adsorbent surface and pore volume would be available for the
adsorption interaction and this results in higher removal.
3.2.4 Effect of adsorbent dosage on %removal of TSS by saw dust carbon
The effect of adsorbent dosage on % removal of TSS by saw dust carbon was studied at a constant
contact time of 25 mins. Volume of effluent taken was 50 ml.The values are tabulated in the table 3.10 below
and graph is shown in the figure 3.10.
Table 3.10 Effect of adsorbent dosage
Figure 3.10 Effect of adsorbent dosage on % removal of TSS at a constant contact time of 25 mins.
And effluent volume of 50 ml
From the graph it is observed that the % removal of TDS increased with increase in the amount of
adsorbent at a constant effluent volume of 50 ml and contact time 25 mins. The change can be attributed to the
fact that at higher doses of adsorbent more adsorbent surface and pore volume would be available for the
adsorption interaction and these results in higher removal.
3.2.5 .Effect on pH
Both adsorbent dosage and contact time didn’t have any effect on the pH of the effluent it
remained constant at the value of 5.0. as shown in the figure 3.11
Figure 3.11
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 5 10 15
saw dust
amount (g)
%Removal
ofTSS
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 5 10 15
saw dust
rice husk
Amount (g)
PH
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 20 40 60
saw dust
rice husk
TIME (min)
PH
Amount Adsorption %efficiency
sawdust
5 44.85
7.5 58.67
10 66.09
12.5 71.91
11. Treatment Of Effluent From Granite Cutting Plant By Using Natural Adsorbents Like Rice Husk Carbon And
64
3.3 Comparison on % removal of TDS by rice husk carbon and saw dust carbon
Figure 3.12
From the above graphs we infer that saw dust carbon is a better adsorbent when compared with the rice husk
carbon.
3.4 Comparison on % removal of TSS by rice husk carbon and saw dust carbon
Figure 3.13
From the above graphs we infer that saw dust carbon is a better adsorbent when compared with the rice husk
carbon.
IV. CONCLUSIONS
The utilization of waste materials such as saw dust and rice husk for preparation of adsorbents such as saw dust
carbon and rice husk carbon was investigated along with the treatment of effluent from a local granite cutting
plant through coagulation followed by adsorption through rice husk carbon and saw dust carbon.
The following conclusions could be drawn from our investigation:
Both saw dust carbon and rice husk carbon acted as better adsorbents for the removal of solids present
in the effluent from granite cutting plant.
Coagulation also resulted in better removal of solids along with a decrease in pH from 7.5 to 5.0
Even during adsorption, pH of the effluent didn’t alter.
An increase in adsorbent dosage resulted in an increase in the percentage removal of solids from the
effluent for both saw dust carbon and rice husk carbon.
An increase in time of contact of effluent and adsorbent during adsorption resulted in an increase in the
percentage removal of solids.
However saw dust carbon had shown a better percentage of removal of solids at an adsorbent dosage
of 0.1g/ml and at contact time of 40 minutes based on contact time variation than rice husk carbon.
Percentage removal of solids was found to be TSS= 62% and TDS= 60% for saw dust carbon and
TSS= 50% and TDS= 57% for rice husk carbon.
Thus saw dust carbon appeared more efficient than rice husk carbon.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 5 10 15
sawdust
Amount (g)
%RemovalofTDS
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 20 40 60 80
saw dust
rice husk
time (min)
%removalof
TDS
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0 20 40 60 80
sawdust
rice husk
TIME (min)
%removalofTSS
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 5 10 15
saw dust
rice husk
Amount (g)
%Removal
ofTSS
12. Treatment Of Effluent From Granite Cutting Plant By Using Natural Adsorbents Like Rice Husk Carbon And
65
However , as both the adsorbents used in this project are made from natural and unused materials ,they
are cost effective and eco friendly relative to the commercially available adsorbents.
REFERENCES
[1]. Waste water treatment by adsorption and coagulation. S. K. Waghmare Department of chemical
engineering, government polytechnic, yavatmal, Maharashtra, India.
[2]. Fahiminia M, Ardani R, Hashemi S, Alizadeh M. Wastewater Treatment of Stone Cutting
Industries by Coagulation Process. Arch Hyg Sci 2013;2(1):16-2.
[3]. Marble and Granite Waste: Characterization and Utilization in Concrete Bricks Rania A. Hamza,
Salah El-Haggar, and Safwan Khedr
[4]. The use of sawdust as by product adsorbent of organic pollutant from waste water: adsorption of
phenol Larous. S1 , Meniai A-H1
[5]. Abatement of toxic heavy metals from highway runoff using sawdust as adsorbent Kishor Kumar
Singh1*, Upasana Singh3 and Abhimanyu Yadav
[6]. Adsorption of methylene blue dye using low cost adsorbent of sawdust: Batch and continues studies
Hadeel Ali Al-Husseiny Babylon University, College of Engineering, Civil Eng. Dept.
[7]. Removal of Heavy Metals Using Rice Husk: A Review Sneh Lata and S.R. Samadder, Department of
Environmental Science & Engineering, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad-826004, India. Department
of Environmental Science & Engineering, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad-826004, India