IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Sag mitigation in distribution system by using Dynamic voltage Restorer (DVR)IJERA Editor
Power quality is most important concern in the current age. It’s now a day’s necessary with the refined devices, where performance is very perceptive to the quality of power supply. Power quality crisis is an incidence manifest as a typical voltage, current or frequency that results in a failure of end use equipments. One of the major crises dealt here is the power sag. Perceptive industrial loads and distribution networks suffer from different types of service interruptions and outages which results in a major financial loss. To improve the power quality, custom power-devices are used. The device considered in this work is Dynamic Voltage Restorer. This paper shows modelling, analysis and simulation of a DVR test systems using MATLAB.
I have considered single line to ground fault for linear load. The role of DVR is to “compensate load voltage” is examined during the different fault conditions like voltage sag, single phase to ground faults.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Analysis of Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) Level of Distribution Network Usi...IJERA Editor
The modern sensitive, Non-linear and sophisticated load affects the power quality. Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) provides the fast, flexible and efficient solution to improve the power quality for such distribution network [8]. The active power, reactive power, variation of voltage, flicker, harmonics, and electrical behavior of switching operations are the major source of affecting power quality. The intent of this paper is to demonstrate the improvements obtained with DVR in power system network using MATLAB/SIMULINK. In this paper, an overview of the DVR, its functions, configurations, components, control strategies are reviewed. The Simulation results are presented to illustrate the performance of DVR in Total Harmonic Distortion (THD). The results showed clearly the performance of using DVR in improving THD level.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Modeling Analysis& Solution of Power Quality Problems Using DVR & DSTATCOMijsrd.com
A Power quality problem is an occurrence manifested as a nonstandard voltage, current or frequency that results in a failure or a disoperation of end use equipment. Utility distribution networks, sensitive industrial loads, and critical commercial operations all suffer from various types of outages and service interruptions which can cost significant financial loss per incident based on process down-time, lost production, idle work forces, and other factors. With the restructuring of Power Systems and with shifting trend towards Distributed and Dispersed Generation, the issue of Power Quality is going to take newer dimensions. The aim therefore, in this work, is to identify the prominent concerns in the area and thereby to recommend measures that can enhance the quality of the power, keeping in mind their economic viability and technical repercussions. In this paper electromagnetic transient studies are presented for the following two custom power controllers: the distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM), and the dynamic voltage restorer (DVR). Comprehensive results are presented to assess the performance of each device as a potential custom power solution.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Sag mitigation in distribution system by using Dynamic voltage Restorer (DVR)IJERA Editor
Power quality is most important concern in the current age. It’s now a day’s necessary with the refined devices, where performance is very perceptive to the quality of power supply. Power quality crisis is an incidence manifest as a typical voltage, current or frequency that results in a failure of end use equipments. One of the major crises dealt here is the power sag. Perceptive industrial loads and distribution networks suffer from different types of service interruptions and outages which results in a major financial loss. To improve the power quality, custom power-devices are used. The device considered in this work is Dynamic Voltage Restorer. This paper shows modelling, analysis and simulation of a DVR test systems using MATLAB.
I have considered single line to ground fault for linear load. The role of DVR is to “compensate load voltage” is examined during the different fault conditions like voltage sag, single phase to ground faults.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Analysis of Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) Level of Distribution Network Usi...IJERA Editor
The modern sensitive, Non-linear and sophisticated load affects the power quality. Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) provides the fast, flexible and efficient solution to improve the power quality for such distribution network [8]. The active power, reactive power, variation of voltage, flicker, harmonics, and electrical behavior of switching operations are the major source of affecting power quality. The intent of this paper is to demonstrate the improvements obtained with DVR in power system network using MATLAB/SIMULINK. In this paper, an overview of the DVR, its functions, configurations, components, control strategies are reviewed. The Simulation results are presented to illustrate the performance of DVR in Total Harmonic Distortion (THD). The results showed clearly the performance of using DVR in improving THD level.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Modeling Analysis& Solution of Power Quality Problems Using DVR & DSTATCOMijsrd.com
A Power quality problem is an occurrence manifested as a nonstandard voltage, current or frequency that results in a failure or a disoperation of end use equipment. Utility distribution networks, sensitive industrial loads, and critical commercial operations all suffer from various types of outages and service interruptions which can cost significant financial loss per incident based on process down-time, lost production, idle work forces, and other factors. With the restructuring of Power Systems and with shifting trend towards Distributed and Dispersed Generation, the issue of Power Quality is going to take newer dimensions. The aim therefore, in this work, is to identify the prominent concerns in the area and thereby to recommend measures that can enhance the quality of the power, keeping in mind their economic viability and technical repercussions. In this paper electromagnetic transient studies are presented for the following two custom power controllers: the distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM), and the dynamic voltage restorer (DVR). Comprehensive results are presented to assess the performance of each device as a potential custom power solution.
DVR with Artificial Intelligent Controller for Voltage Sag MitigationMohamed Khaleeel
This paper concludes that DVR is an effective device to compensate the voltage sag in power distribution systems. In term of DVR applications, although Mamdani-type and Sugeno-type share the same functions and rules, there are some distinctions between them.
Comparison of Dynamic Stability Response of A SMIB with PI and Fuzzy Controll...ijeei-iaes
Consumer utilities are non –linear in nature. This injects increased flow of current and reduced voltage with distortions which cause adverse effect on the stability of consumer utilities. To overcome this problem we are using a modern Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System controller i.e. distributed power flow controller (DPFC). This controller is similar to UPFC, which can be installed in a transmission line between the two electrical areas. In DPFC, instead of the common Dc link capacitor three single phase converters are used. In this paper we are concentrating on system stability (oscillation damping). For analyzing the stability of a single machine infinite bus system (SMIB) we have used PI controlled Distributed Power Flow Controller (DPFC) and Fuzzy controlled DPFC. All these models are simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK. Simulation results shows Fuzzy controlled DPFC are better than PI controlled DPFC. The significance of the results are better stability and constant power supply.
Fuzzy Bang-Bang Control Scheme of USSC for Voltage Sag Mitigation due to Shor...IAES-IJPEDS
Unified series shunt compensator (USSC) has been widely used to mitigate various power quality disturbances in distribution network. The USSC is almost similar to the UPFC, but the only differences are that the UPFC inverters are in shunt series connection and used in transmission systems whereas the USSC inverters are in series-shunt connection and used in distribution systems. USSC, it is possible to compensate a different power quality problem as compared to DSTATCOM and DVR. It is noted that, mitigated load voltage by the DVR is lower than mitigated value obtained by USSC. In other words the USSC can mitigate voltage sag better in compared to DVR and D-STATCOM. Also in case of voltage flicker, unbalance and harmonics elimination it is much effective. Similarly, D-STATCOM is unable to control power flow. It is seen that the proposed USSC can mitigate variety of power quality (PQ) problems. Hence due to multi capability of USSC in power quality improvement, this paper presents the scheme based on fuzzy bang-bang control for USSC. Using Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC) based on bang-bang control; the USSC will contribute to improve voltage sag without deteriorating the effect of the other compensating devices.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Power quality enhancement by improving voltage stability using dstatcomeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
STATE OF THE ART: DYNAMIC VOLTAGE RESTORER FOR POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENTecij
Improved and controlled power quality is one of the essential and fundamental need in any power driven industry for optimum utilization of resources. However critical problems in power quality have been recognized such as sags, swells, harmonic distortions and other interruptions. Out of these sags and swells
are predominantly found and have severe impact on the electrical devices or electrical machines and therefore needs to be compensated at an earliest to ensure any mal-operation or failure. To crack these problems custom power devices are used like unified power-quality conditioner (UPQC), distributionSTATCOM (DSTATCOM) and dynamic voltage restorer (DVR). The DVR is a one of the custom power device used for the compensation of voltage sag and swell with an advantage of active/reactive power control. A major volume of literature reported in past several years on different configurations of DVR and different control technique used in it. In context of this a detailed review on DVR has been presented with different possible power circuit topologies and control techniques available to reconcile these power quality issues. This review article will contribute in better selection of control strategy and power circuit for optimum performance of DVR for a particular requirement. Also it presents a very helpful investigation for the researcher in this field.
This paper studies the suitability of a vector based current control which is mostly employed for its faster response in the reactive current applications of static compnesators (STATCOMs). The current control is mostly achieved using proportional-integral (PI) controllers because of the advantage of their good tracking and small variations. However, due to the dependency of PI controllers on the modular multilevel converter (MMC) system dynamics, performance variations arise during steady-state STATCOM non-ideal operations. This paper presents an improved MMC based STATCOM control with a d-q compensation algorithm added to the vector based current control. The algorithm is derived to tackle the effects of the dynamics of the MMC and the STATCOM ideal variations without the use of any additional controller. The control is achieved by providing a power compensation in the d,q-axis which injects currents at the input of the PI controllers in order to improve the steady-state performance of the STATCOM control.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
• Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
• Information Engineering and Technology,
• Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
• Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
• Material and Chemical Engineering,
• Civil and Architecture Engineering,
• Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
• Environmental Engineering,
• Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
• Marine and Agriculture engineering,
• Aerospace Engineering.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A technical method of extraction of gold from e waste a multi-sensor based me...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Analysis of denial of service (dos) attacks in wireless sensor networkseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
DVR with Artificial Intelligent Controller for Voltage Sag MitigationMohamed Khaleeel
This paper concludes that DVR is an effective device to compensate the voltage sag in power distribution systems. In term of DVR applications, although Mamdani-type and Sugeno-type share the same functions and rules, there are some distinctions between them.
Comparison of Dynamic Stability Response of A SMIB with PI and Fuzzy Controll...ijeei-iaes
Consumer utilities are non –linear in nature. This injects increased flow of current and reduced voltage with distortions which cause adverse effect on the stability of consumer utilities. To overcome this problem we are using a modern Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System controller i.e. distributed power flow controller (DPFC). This controller is similar to UPFC, which can be installed in a transmission line between the two electrical areas. In DPFC, instead of the common Dc link capacitor three single phase converters are used. In this paper we are concentrating on system stability (oscillation damping). For analyzing the stability of a single machine infinite bus system (SMIB) we have used PI controlled Distributed Power Flow Controller (DPFC) and Fuzzy controlled DPFC. All these models are simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK. Simulation results shows Fuzzy controlled DPFC are better than PI controlled DPFC. The significance of the results are better stability and constant power supply.
Fuzzy Bang-Bang Control Scheme of USSC for Voltage Sag Mitigation due to Shor...IAES-IJPEDS
Unified series shunt compensator (USSC) has been widely used to mitigate various power quality disturbances in distribution network. The USSC is almost similar to the UPFC, but the only differences are that the UPFC inverters are in shunt series connection and used in transmission systems whereas the USSC inverters are in series-shunt connection and used in distribution systems. USSC, it is possible to compensate a different power quality problem as compared to DSTATCOM and DVR. It is noted that, mitigated load voltage by the DVR is lower than mitigated value obtained by USSC. In other words the USSC can mitigate voltage sag better in compared to DVR and D-STATCOM. Also in case of voltage flicker, unbalance and harmonics elimination it is much effective. Similarly, D-STATCOM is unable to control power flow. It is seen that the proposed USSC can mitigate variety of power quality (PQ) problems. Hence due to multi capability of USSC in power quality improvement, this paper presents the scheme based on fuzzy bang-bang control for USSC. Using Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC) based on bang-bang control; the USSC will contribute to improve voltage sag without deteriorating the effect of the other compensating devices.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Power quality enhancement by improving voltage stability using dstatcomeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
STATE OF THE ART: DYNAMIC VOLTAGE RESTORER FOR POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENTecij
Improved and controlled power quality is one of the essential and fundamental need in any power driven industry for optimum utilization of resources. However critical problems in power quality have been recognized such as sags, swells, harmonic distortions and other interruptions. Out of these sags and swells
are predominantly found and have severe impact on the electrical devices or electrical machines and therefore needs to be compensated at an earliest to ensure any mal-operation or failure. To crack these problems custom power devices are used like unified power-quality conditioner (UPQC), distributionSTATCOM (DSTATCOM) and dynamic voltage restorer (DVR). The DVR is a one of the custom power device used for the compensation of voltage sag and swell with an advantage of active/reactive power control. A major volume of literature reported in past several years on different configurations of DVR and different control technique used in it. In context of this a detailed review on DVR has been presented with different possible power circuit topologies and control techniques available to reconcile these power quality issues. This review article will contribute in better selection of control strategy and power circuit for optimum performance of DVR for a particular requirement. Also it presents a very helpful investigation for the researcher in this field.
This paper studies the suitability of a vector based current control which is mostly employed for its faster response in the reactive current applications of static compnesators (STATCOMs). The current control is mostly achieved using proportional-integral (PI) controllers because of the advantage of their good tracking and small variations. However, due to the dependency of PI controllers on the modular multilevel converter (MMC) system dynamics, performance variations arise during steady-state STATCOM non-ideal operations. This paper presents an improved MMC based STATCOM control with a d-q compensation algorithm added to the vector based current control. The algorithm is derived to tackle the effects of the dynamics of the MMC and the STATCOM ideal variations without the use of any additional controller. The control is achieved by providing a power compensation in the d,q-axis which injects currents at the input of the PI controllers in order to improve the steady-state performance of the STATCOM control.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
• Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
• Information Engineering and Technology,
• Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
• Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
• Material and Chemical Engineering,
• Civil and Architecture Engineering,
• Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
• Environmental Engineering,
• Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
• Marine and Agriculture engineering,
• Aerospace Engineering.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A technical method of extraction of gold from e waste a multi-sensor based me...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Analysis of denial of service (dos) attacks in wireless sensor networkseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Investigation on multi cylinder s.i engine using blends of hydrogen and cngeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Real time voting system using face recognition for different expressions and ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Effect of dyeing parameters on dyeing of cotton fabrics with fluoro chloro py...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Power analysis of 4 t sram by stacking technique using tanner tooleSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Experimental study of behaviour of poultry feather fiber a reinforcing mate...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Optimization Technique for Power Quality Improvement using DSTATCOM Neural Ne...ijtsrd
As the power demand has been increasing rapidly, power generation and transmission are being affected due to limited resources, environmental restrictions and other losses. soft computing the techniques of correcting the supply voltage sag, swell and interruption in a distributed system. At present, a wide range of very flexible controllers, which capitalize on newly available power electronics components, are emerging for custom power applications. Power electronic based equipment aimed at enhancing the reliability and quality of power flows in low voltage distribution networks. A control algorithm is used for the extraction of the fundamental weighted value of active and reactive power components. Using digital signal processor the DSTATCOM is developed and its performance of DSTATCOM is found to be satisfactory for various types of loads. Hareram Mishra | Manju Gupta | Dr. Anuprita Mishra "Optimization Technique for Power Quality Improvement using DSTATCOM (Neural Network Approach) – A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45219.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/other/45219/optimization-technique-for-power-quality-improvement-using-dstatcom-neural-network-approach- – -a-review/hareram-mishra
A Review on Optimization Techniques for Power Quality Improvement using DSTAT...ijtsrd
As demand for electricity has risen exponentially, power production and transmission are affected by scarce energy, environmental constraints and other losses. Soft computing methods to fix the sag, swell and disruption of the supply voltage in the distributed device. At present, a broad variety of highly versatile controls that leverage on newly available power electronics components are evolving for custom power applications. Control electronic equipment intended to improve the stability and efficiency of electricity flows in low voltage distribution networks. The control algorithm is used to derive the fundamental weighted value of the active and reactive power components. Using a digital signal processor, DSTATCOM is built and its output as a DSTATCOM is found to be satisfactory for different types of loads. Amit Radhakrishna Parhad | Pramod Kumar Rathore "A Review on Optimization Techniques for Power Quality Improvement using DSTATCOM (Neural Network Approach)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42403.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/electrical-engineering/42403/a-review-on-optimization-techniques-for-power-quality-improvement-using-dstatcom-neural-network-approach/amit-radhakrishna-parhad
Mitigation of Voltage Sag/Swell using Custom Power Devices with SMES System i...Editor IJMTER
Any power problem noticed in voltage, current or frequency deviations that results in
misoperation of customer or end user equipment. The new method of dynamic voltage restorer with
SMES is proposed to protect consumers load from tripping .The DVR can effectively inject the
voltage to the power lines. To improve the performance of DVR the superconducting magnet is
selected as the energy storage unit. The compensation of the voltage sag, swell by short period of
voltage injection. SMES based DVR has been used to improve the performance of power system. It
is having high power rating with maximum efficiency than any other energy storage devices. It
restores line voltage to its nominal value within few milliseconds. Most of the power quality
problems are voltage sag, swell, interruption, transient, fluctuation, etc.. Among those power quality
problem voltage sag is severe one. So it is analyzing and mitigated using custom power device and
SMES system using MATLAB SIMULINK in proposed system.
Photo Voltaic Cell Integrated DVR for Power Quality ImprovementIJMTST Journal
Grid integration of distributed energy resources (DERs) is increasing rapidly. Integration of various types of energy storage technologies like batteries, ultra capacitors (UCAPs), superconducting magnets and flywheels to support intermittent DERs, such as solar and wind, in order to improve their reliability is becoming necessary. Of all the energy storage technologies UCAPs have low energy density, high power density and fast charge/discharge characteristics. They also have more charge/discharge cycles and higher terminal voltage per module when compared to batteries. All these characteristics make UCAPs ideal choice for providing support to events on the distribution grid which require high power for short spans of time. UCAPs have traditionally been limited to regenerative braking and wind power smoothing applications. The major contribution of this dissertation is in integrating UCAPs for a broader range of applications like active/reactive power support, renewable intermittency smoothing, voltage sag/swell compensation and power quality conditioning to the distribution grid. Renewable intermittency smoothing is an application which requires bi-directional transfer of power from the grid to the UCAPs and vice-versa by charging and discharging the UCAPs. This application requires high active power support in the 10s-3min time scale which can be achieved by integrating UCAPs through a shunt active power filter (APF) which can also be used to provide active/reactive power support. Temporary voltage sag/swell compensation is another application which requires high active power support in the 3s-1min time scale which can be provided integrating UCAPs into the grid through series dynamic voltage restorer (DVR). All the above functionalities can also be provided by integrating the UCAPs into a power conditioner topology.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Enhancement of Power Quality Problem by Using Dynamic Voltage RestorerAM Publications
Dynamic voltage restorers (DVRs) are used to protect sensitive loads from the effects of voltage sags on the
distribution feeder. This paper presents and verifies a novel voltage sag detection technique for use in conjunction
with the main control system of a DVR. In all cases it is necessary for the DVR control system to not only detect the
start and end of a voltage sag but also to determine the sag depth and any associated phase shift. The DVR, which is
placed in series with a sensitive load, must be able to respond quickly to a voltage sag if end users of sensitive
equipment are to experience no voltage sag. The DVR can restore the load voltage within few milliseconds. A control
technique based on a proportional–integral (PI) controller and a selective controller is used. The controller is
designed in a synchronously-rotating reference frame. In fact, three independent controllers have been used to tackle
balanced and unbalanced voltage supplies. Simulation results using ‘MATLAB SIMULINK’ Sim Power System
Toolbox is presented to illustrate the principle and performance of a DVR operation in load voltage compensation.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
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Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacks
Voltage sag mitigation using supercapacitor based dynamic voltage restorer
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 04 | Apr-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 658
VOLTAGE SAG MITIGATION USING SUPERCAPACITOR BASED
DYNAMIC VOLTAGE RESTORER
Nikita Ambade1
, K. D. Joshi2
1
Project Student M.Tech (IPS), G.H. Raisoni College of Engineering, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
2
Assoc Prof, G.H. Raisoni College of Engineering, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
Abstract
One of the major issues in improving power quality in distribution network is the mitigation of voltage sags which is caused by the
system faults and adversely affects the sensitive electrical equipments involved in the end user system. End user system includes
industrial production processes and large commercial customers. System faults affect sensitive equipments and result in substantial
financial losses. Thus need for introduction of custom power devices emerged. One of these devices is Dynamic Voltage Restorer
(DVR) which has excellent dynamic capabilities, installed between supply and a critical load feeder; it compensates voltage sags and
restores line voltage to its nominal value. The proposed system comprises of a supercapacitor and the power circuit of the DVR. Thus
DVR avoids any power disruption to that load. This paper presents supercapacitor based DVR using Proportional Integral (PI)
controller. The system is simulated using PSCAD/EMTDC software. The graphic facility available in this software helps to carry out
various aspects of model implementation and simulation results.
Keywords: Power Quality, Voltage sag, Dynamic Voltage Restorer, Custom Power devices, Voltage Source Inverter,
PWM.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------***----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
Power quality is the most important aspects at transmission as
well as distribution levels. Power quality is defined as the
delivery of sufficiently high grade electrical services to the
customer [1]. Power quality problems are because of the
increased use of sensitive equipments used in process
industries, communication system,.etc. This is the main factor
for degradation of power quality. Power quality disturbances
are transients, voltage sags, voltage swells, momentary
interruptions, under voltage, overvoltage, electrical noise,
flickers, harmonic distortion, and voltage imbalance [2]
Voltage sags are the phenomena of sudden voltage drops
lasting for a short duration. Sag depends on two factors i.e.
magnitude and duration of time it exist in the system. Voltage
sags are caused mainly by the lightening in power distribution
and transmission system [3]. Also it is caused by short circuit
faults in power network [4] [5], during starting up of induction
motors of very high rating [6]. Thus this reduces energy
transfers of electric motors and disconnects sensitive
equipment. A voltage sag description is found in the reference
paper [7]. Harmonics are produced by nonlinear equipments
such as variable speed drives, electric arc furnaces, loads
which use power electronics, large concentrations of arc
discharge lamps [8]. Harmonics currents generated by
nonlinear device causes copper and iron losses in electrical
equipments. Hence produce pulsating torques and overheating
in rotating machinery. Voltage imbalances caused by
unbalanced loads or short circuit faults produce overheating in
synchronous machines and, in some extents leads to
equipment failure or shutdown of loads.
Nowadays modern industrial applications are mostly based on
electronic devices such as electronic drives and programmable
logic controllers. Electronic devices are sensitive and less
tolerant to power quality disturbances such as voltage sags,
swells and harmonics [9]. Two approaches are involved to
mitigate power quality problems. First approach which
ensures equipment is less sensitive to power disturbances by
storing “ride through” energy in the equipment or by
intelligent control. Second approach is to install line
conditioning device that suppress or counteracts the power
system disturbances. They are based on PWM converters. So
for longer power interruptions custom power devices are used
[10].
Custom power technology is the low voltage counterpart of
the Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) technology.
Both custom power concepts and FACTS are directly credited
to EPRI [11][12]. Among the custom power devices, the
voltage source converter technology received great attention
due to its features such as fast response, possibility of
utilization together with energy storage devices thus allowing
the active and reactive power compensation simultaneously.
Custom power devices are Distribution Static Synchronous
Compensator (DSTATCOM), Active Power Filter (APF),
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 04 | Apr-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 659
Battery Energy Storage System (BESS), Dynamic Voltage
Restorer (DVR), Static State Transfer Switches (SSTS),
Uninterrupted Power Supplies (UPS), Thyristor Switched
Capacitor (TSC). However custom power devices are mainly
of three categories such as series connected compensator
known as Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR), shunt connected
compensators such as Distribution Static Compensator
(DSTATCOM), and a combination of the two i.e. series and
shunt connected compensators known as Unified Power
Quality Condition (UPQC) [13-16]. DVR has higher energy
capacity compared to the SMES, UPS devices. Also DVR has
an ability to control active power flow in the system [17].
Owing to smaller size and lesser cost as compared to
DSTATCOM and other custom power devices, DVR is an
effective custom power device in mitigating voltage sags.
Other features of DVR are power factor corrections and
harmonics reduction thus it provide as economical solution for
its size and capabilities [18].
The DVR is a voltage source converter connected in series
with the ac network by an interfacing transformer. The basic
principle of operation of DVR is the injection of an in phase
series voltage with the incoming supply of load, sufficient
enough to reestablish the voltage to its presag condition.
Hence researches are more interested in DVR. There are three
popular strategies to compensate voltage sags by using DVR.
They are 1. Presage compensation method. In this the injected
DVR voltage is calculated to compensate load voltage prior to
presage state, 2. In phase compensation method. The DVR
voltage is always in phase with the grid voltage or load
voltage of the system and 3. Is the optimal energy
compensation method. The compensation of voltage sags
using DVR is done either by absorbing or injecting the
reactive or real power into the system [19]. When injected
voltage is in phase with the current, DVR injects a real power
and hence a battery is required at the dc bus of VSC (Voltage
Source Converter). In an application of DVR, the
supercapacitor based energy storages provide very high power
in a short duration of time also its efficiency with capacitor is
more than that of conventional ones. Thus the limitation in the
ability of delivering real power using battery is overcome by
the supercapacitor help in storing sufficient energy and is able
to release it in order to improve a high quality of distribution
voltage.
2. DYNAMIC VOLTAGE RESTORER
Dynamic voltage restorer is a solid state device which injects
three phase compensating voltages in series to the power lines
through 3 single phase series transformer or a 3 phase series
transformer system. The DVR dc side is connected to energy
storage device. Its ac side is connected to the distribution
feeder by injection transformer. The DVR compensates
voltage difference between faulted and pre-faulted condition.
Injecting voltage must be of required frequency, magnitude
and phase angle as that required at load side. Energy required
for compensation is taken from energy source element. There
are two topologies regarding DVR i.e. system comprising with
an energy source and without an energy source. Energy
storage applied to DVR are a lead acid battery [20], capacitors
[21][22], superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES)
[23],flywheel [24] etc. Energy storage system and injection
transformer adds to its physical size, weight and cost to the
system, is the main drawback of DVR. This inhibits DVR in
spite of the superior performance in use at the wider aspect.
Conventional DVR circuit topology is shown in fig.1
The main components of DVR are voltage source inverter
(VSI), energy storage system [25][26], injection transformer,
harmonic filter,. The harmonic filter includes leakage
inductance and filter capacitor of the series transformer.
Energy storage device provide necessary real power for
compensating voltage sag and voltage source converter
generates sinusoidal voltage at required magnitude, phase and
frequency. Also harmonic filter convert PWM inverted pulse
waveform into the sinusoidal waveform, removing the
unnecessary higher order harmonics components generated
during conversion DC to AC in the VSI. Injection transformer
increases the voltage which is supplied by VSI to a desired
level and isolates the DVR from the distribution network. The
VSC switching strategy is based on sinusoidal PWM
technique since it is flexible, simple and provide better
response.
2.1 Sinusiodal PWM Based Control of the DVR
PWM control scheme is used, controls the magnitude and
phase of the injected voltages by DVR and restores the rms
voltage. The control system only measures rms voltage. No
reactive power measurement is required [27]. VSC switching
is based on sinusoidal PWM technique. Fig.2 shows the
control scheme implemented in PSCAD/EMTDC to carry out
DVR simulations.
The PI controller input is an error signal obtained by the
difference between reference voltage and the three phase rms
voltage at the load during fault condition. It generates the
AC SOURCE
IMPEDANCE
Vs
Vinj
SENSITIVE
LOAD
Vload
FILTER
CONTROL
CIRCUIT VSI
ENERGY
STORAGE
DVR
Fig.1 Conventional DVR Circuit Topology
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 04 | Apr-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 660
required angle δ (del) similar to that of the difference so as to
drive the error signal to zero and thus brought back the voltage
to the reference voltage. Voltages obtained from the three
phases A, B, C is compared with triangular signal (carrier)
generate switching signals for VSC valves.
Control system
Sinusoidal PWM based control[28]
Fig 2 Control scheme for test system implemented in
PSCAD/EMTDC to carry out the DVR simulations
PWM Scheme has two main parameters namely amplitude
modulation index ma, of the three phase voltage signal and is
kept at 1, frequency modulation index mf of the triangular
signal which is kept at 9 i.e the switching frequency of mf is
set at 450 Hz. The angle δ is applied to the PWM generator in
phase A and angles for phase B and C are shifted by 240° and
120° resp.
The structure of this paper is as follows. In Section III system
modeling in PSCAD software, Section IV contains
supercapacitor modeling, and finally, Section V concludes the
paper.
3. SYSTEM MODELING IN PSCAD
Test system is implemented in PSCAD/EMTDC to carry out
DVR simulations shown in fig 3 produced from the reference
[28]. The DVR coupling transformer is connected in delta in
the DVR side. Leakage reactance of coupling transformer is
10%. Transformer turn ratio is set as unity and the dc storage
capacity is 5 kV.
Two simulations are carried out:
1. Three phase short circuit fault is applied on the critical load
without DVR introduced into the system. Fault resistance is
kept at 0.66Ω. Simulation period is
Fig.3 Test system implemented in PSCAD/EMTDC [28].
D +
F
-
I
P
1.0 Vref
Vrms
delError
Gain Time constant
Gp Ti
*
A
B Compar-
ator
TIME
0
Phase
Freq
Mag
Sin
D+
F
+
-120
D+
F
+
120
Phase
Freq
Mag
Sin
del
freq
ma CtrlB
del
ma
freq
CtrlC
A
B Compar-
ator
A
B Compar-
ator
A
B Compar-
ator
1
50
ma
freq
TR1
CtrlC
CtrlB
CtrlA GAp
GAn
GBp
GBn
GCp
GCn
Phase
Freq
Mag
Sin
del
CtrlAma
freq
A
B
C
A
B
C
A B C
100.0 [MVA]
13.0 [kV] 115.0 [kV] 115.0 [kV]
#1 #3
0.001
0.005
A
B
C
A
B
C
11.0 [kV]
#2#1
115.0 [kV]
100.0 [MVA]
0.1
0.1926
3 Phase
RMS
A
B
C
Vrms
A
B
C
0.1
0.1926
0.1
0.19260.001
0.005
0.001
0.005
0.05
0.4806
0.05
0.4806
0.05
0.4806
20
20
20
A
B
C
A
B
C
11.0 [kV]
#2#1
115.0 [kV]
100.0 [MVA]
VabL1
Ec
Timed
Fault
Logic
#1#2
#1#2
#1#2
GCn GBn GAn
GApGBpGCp
Ea1
Timed
Breaker
Logic
Closed@t0
BRK
BRK
BRK
BRK
FAULTS
C
B
A
ABC
1.0[ohm]
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Issue: 04 | Apr-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 661
0.3 to 0.6 seconds. The voltage sag is 50% that of the
reference voltage.
(a)
(b)
Fig. 4 Voltage obtained at the sensitive load point a) with no
DVR and b) with DVR
2. The DVR is in operation. The test system scenario is same
as previous case. Total simulation period is 0.9 seconds. The
DVR is in operation only for the duration of fault. Results are
shown in the fig.4. It is found that voltage sag is mitigated by
DVR up to 90 to 95%.
4. SUPERCAPACITOR MODELLING
The unique property of Supercapacitors is they have high
power densities that enable them to handle fast fluctuations in
energy levels. The capacitance is related to the concentration
of ions near the electrodes, thus when voltage increases,
electric field attracts more ions. The highest capacitance is
always found when low currents are used and vice versa
Supercapacitor model is produced from the reference [29] of
this paper. Supercapacitor model is ESSP48 having value 42
V, 33F supplier is EPCOS, type is ACN (Acetonitrile), having
normal current 500 A and 18 cells. The basic circuit model of
supercapacitor is present in the datasheet of supercapacitor
from EPCOS [30], and is shown below in fig 5. A
supercapacitor is modeled using standard circuit components
in the fig. 6.
R1
Rp Cp
CR2
R3
V I
+
Fig 5 The basic circuit model of supercapacitor
Fig.6 Model made in PSCAD, using controlled voltage source [29].
time (... 0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 ...
...
...
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
Vrms(p.u)
Voltage
time (... 0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 ...
...
...
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
Vrms(p.u)
Voltage
52.0[ohm]
6.0[mohm]
I1
V1
3.0[mohm]
2.79[F]
18.0[kohm]
R=0
V
V1 Voltage
I1 Current
BRK1
1
sT I1
N
D
N/D 1.0
B
+
C
+
D+
E
+
F
+
G
+
BRK1
*
3.5357e-007*
* * *
* -4.0445e-005
* *
* 0.0013615
* *
V2
* -0.013502
*
*
0.45682
25.558
V2
V2 voltage2
5. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Issue: 04 | Apr-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 662
Values are : R1 = 6 mΩ, R2 = 18 kΩ, R3 = 52Ω, Rp =
3mΩ, C = 35 F, Cp = 2.79Ω.
R1 represents the losses during charge and discharge . Losses
occur due to resistance of conducting element of
supercapacitor, not ideal. R2 represent self discharge of
capacitor C as discharge is very slow hence its value is high.
R3 is called as balancing resistor and it provides overvoltage
protection. Capacitance C determines amount of energy stored
and Cp is taken as one thirteenth of C, as its impact is very
small. The resistance Rp and capacitance Cp shows fast
dynamic behavior of the supercapacitor. Switch is connected
with balancing resistor R3 and is set to be connected when the
voltage goes above 42.84 V and disconnected when voltage
goes below 42.83 V. This keeps the voltage from rising too
high value over the supercapacitor. The switching voltage
levels are set in the hysteresis block located on the left of label
BRK1.
To model the nonlinear capacitance C using a controlled
voltage source a controlling signal is required. As the voltage
value of capacitor is given by equation u(t) = ∫
i(t)
C
dt therefore
integration is to be performed to reach the correct voltage
value of the controlled voltage source. This leads to initial
value of the voltage source over the capacitance. A
polynomial is adapted to the original function that describes
the relation between voltage and capacitance. The resulting
polynomial is:
C = p1.u5+p2.u4+p3.u3+p4.u2+p5.u+p6
Where,
p1 = 3.5357e-7, p2 = -4.0445e-5, p3 = 1.3615e-3, p4 =
1.3502e-2, p5 = 4.5682e-1, p6 = 25.558.
The simulation results of DVR using supercapacitor as an
energy source are shown in fig 7.
(a)
(b)
Fig.7 Voltage obtained at the sensitive load point a) with no
supercapacitor and b) with supercapacitor.
So as to find out the impact of battery and supercapacitor in
long duration sag, fault duration is increased to 2 sec. The
simulation results are obtained as:
(a)
(b)
Fig.8 Vrms at the sensitive load point a) with battery and b)
with supercapacitor.
Results show that supercapacitor can not stand for long
duration voltage sag it starts discharging. But as battery is a
continuous source of supply it supports the system.
Vrms obtained during three phase fault
time (... 0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 ...
...
...
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
Vrms(p.u)
Voltage
Vrms obtained using supercapacitor as an energy source
time (... 0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 ...
...
...
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
Vrms(p.u)
Voltage
Vrms obtained using battery as energy source for voltage sag duration of 2 sec.
time (... 0.00 0.40 0.80 1.20 1.60 2.00 2.40 ...
...
...
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
Vrms(p.u)
Voltage
Vrms obtained using supercapacitor for voltage sag duration of 2 sec.
time (... 0.00 0.40 0.80 1.20 1.60 2.00 2.40 ...
...
...
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
Vrms(p.u)
Voltage
6. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Issue: 04 | Apr-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 663
5. CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, model of DVR and supercapacitor is done using
PSCAD/EMTDC software. Results show that for short
duration disturbances supercapacitor can replace battery.
Problems associated with battery can be avoided by using
supercapacitor however for longer duration disturbances
battery must be used.
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