Laboratory investigation of insecticide O,O diethyl O-2 isopropyl 6- methyl pyrimidin-4-yl phosphorothioate insecticide adsorption using olive stones activated by phosphoric acid was carried out. The influence of several factors governing insecticide adsorption such as dosage, temperature, pH and time in addition to specific surface area of the prepared carbon was investigated. The obtained results showed that the adsorption was found to increase with increasing temperature and pH and the activated carbon prepared from olive stones has higher surface area (>700 m2g-1). Also, the removal of insecticide increased with the lapse of time; an olive stone activated by phosphoric acid has 75.6 % insecticide removal efficiency in comparison with that of activated carbon. The experimental results have been fitted with Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The Langmuir isotherm better fitted the experimental data since the average percent deviations were lower than with Freundlich isotherm. Moreover, activated carbon from olive stones is a suitable adsorbent and adsorption of 90% is possible in the high temperature, pH and adsorbent dosages.
Batch adsorption experiments were carried out for
the adsorption of cationic dye from aqueous solution onto
composite activated carbon. The composite activated carbon was
prepared from brewer’s spent grain and sea bean shell at a ratio
of 1:1. The equilibrium studies were done at different
concentrations and temperatures. The equilibrium data were
fitted to Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin-Radushkevich, and
Temkin isotherm models. The results showed that both Lagmuir
and Freundlich isotherm model fitted the data reasonably well
but Freundlich isotherm fitted better in the temperature range
studied. This confirmed that the adsorption is heterogeneous,
non-specific and non-uniform in nature. Kinetic studies were also
undertaken in terms of first order, second order, pseudo first
order, pseudo second order, Elovich, Boyd, and intra-particle
diffusion models. The results indicated that the data followed
pseudo second order model with surface adsorption and intraparticle
diffusion concurrently operating during the adsorbateadsorbent
interaction. The values of the thermodynamic
parameters computed from Van’t Hoff plot confirmed the
process to be endothermic and spontaneous in nature.
Adsorption Studies of Arsenic Removal on Activated Carbon Derived from Deloni...ijsrd.com
the present study deals with removal of arsenic from aqueous solution using low cost activated carbon prepared from Delonix regia (Gulmohar seed pods). In adsorption solute present in dilute concentration in liquid or gas phase is removed by contacting with suitable solid adsorbent so that the transfer of component first takes place on the surface of the solid and then into pore of the solid. Batch adsorption studies were conducted by varying the contact time, adsorbent dosage & pH.
SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND ADSORPTION TECHNIQUE FOR THE TREATMENT OF PESTICIDE EF...civej
Solvent extraction and adsorption techniques are effective methods for the removal of pesticides like DDT
and Dicofol from the waste water. Study was conducted using 3 different solvents- Ethylene dichloride
(EDC), Monochlorobenzene (MCB) and Hexane to optimise parameters like effluent to solvent ratio,
agitation speed, agitation time and settling time to attain maximum removal of pesticides by solvent
extraction process. MCB was found to be the best solvent when compared to other two solvents using the
optimised parameters. The activated carbon (8 x30) is an effective adsorbent for the removal of DDT and
Dicofol. The material have good adsorptive capacity and follows Freundlich model. The optimum
adsorbent dose was observed as 2 gm/100ml and optimum contact time needed to reach the equilibrium
was observed as 3 hr. Column study was conducted with the synthetic effluent after solvent extraction.
Combination of solvent extraction process and adsorption technique was very effective for the removal of
Dicofol and DDT with an efficiency of 99 % and 97 % respectively.
Laboratory investigation of insecticide O,O diethyl O-2 isopropyl 6- methyl pyrimidin-4-yl phosphorothioate insecticide adsorption using olive stones activated by phosphoric acid was carried out. The influence of several factors governing insecticide adsorption such as dosage, temperature, pH and time in addition to specific surface area of the prepared carbon was investigated. The obtained results showed that the adsorption was found to increase with increasing temperature and pH and the activated carbon prepared from olive stones has higher surface area (>700 m2g-1). Also, the removal of insecticide increased with the lapse of time; an olive stone activated by phosphoric acid has 75.6 % insecticide removal efficiency in comparison with that of activated carbon. The experimental results have been fitted with Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The Langmuir isotherm better fitted the experimental data since the average percent deviations were lower than with Freundlich isotherm. Moreover, activated carbon from olive stones is a suitable adsorbent and adsorption of 90% is possible in the high temperature, pH and adsorbent dosages.
Batch adsorption experiments were carried out for
the adsorption of cationic dye from aqueous solution onto
composite activated carbon. The composite activated carbon was
prepared from brewer’s spent grain and sea bean shell at a ratio
of 1:1. The equilibrium studies were done at different
concentrations and temperatures. The equilibrium data were
fitted to Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin-Radushkevich, and
Temkin isotherm models. The results showed that both Lagmuir
and Freundlich isotherm model fitted the data reasonably well
but Freundlich isotherm fitted better in the temperature range
studied. This confirmed that the adsorption is heterogeneous,
non-specific and non-uniform in nature. Kinetic studies were also
undertaken in terms of first order, second order, pseudo first
order, pseudo second order, Elovich, Boyd, and intra-particle
diffusion models. The results indicated that the data followed
pseudo second order model with surface adsorption and intraparticle
diffusion concurrently operating during the adsorbateadsorbent
interaction. The values of the thermodynamic
parameters computed from Van’t Hoff plot confirmed the
process to be endothermic and spontaneous in nature.
Adsorption Studies of Arsenic Removal on Activated Carbon Derived from Deloni...ijsrd.com
the present study deals with removal of arsenic from aqueous solution using low cost activated carbon prepared from Delonix regia (Gulmohar seed pods). In adsorption solute present in dilute concentration in liquid or gas phase is removed by contacting with suitable solid adsorbent so that the transfer of component first takes place on the surface of the solid and then into pore of the solid. Batch adsorption studies were conducted by varying the contact time, adsorbent dosage & pH.
SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND ADSORPTION TECHNIQUE FOR THE TREATMENT OF PESTICIDE EF...civej
Solvent extraction and adsorption techniques are effective methods for the removal of pesticides like DDT
and Dicofol from the waste water. Study was conducted using 3 different solvents- Ethylene dichloride
(EDC), Monochlorobenzene (MCB) and Hexane to optimise parameters like effluent to solvent ratio,
agitation speed, agitation time and settling time to attain maximum removal of pesticides by solvent
extraction process. MCB was found to be the best solvent when compared to other two solvents using the
optimised parameters. The activated carbon (8 x30) is an effective adsorbent for the removal of DDT and
Dicofol. The material have good adsorptive capacity and follows Freundlich model. The optimum
adsorbent dose was observed as 2 gm/100ml and optimum contact time needed to reach the equilibrium
was observed as 3 hr. Column study was conducted with the synthetic effluent after solvent extraction.
Combination of solvent extraction process and adsorption technique was very effective for the removal of
Dicofol and DDT with an efficiency of 99 % and 97 % respectively.
STUDIES ON TREATMENT OF PHARMACEUTICAL WASTE EFFLUENTS BY POLYMER MATERIALS M...EDITOR IJCRCPS
In the present study, sorption technique was used to achieve the optimum recovery of the pharmaceutical waste from effluents.
The modified urea formaldehyde resin was prepared and mixed with inorganic adsorbent at various proportions. The removal
capabilities of pharmaceutical waste by the prepared composite materials were investigated. Different factors affecting the uptake
such as contact time, pH value and aqueous volume to resin weight ratio have been investigated. The reaction mechanisms and
the optimum conditions for the treatment were deduced in the light of the obtained results.
Keywords: Sorption technique, Pharmaceutical waste, Different factors.
Treatment of Effluent from Granite Cutting Plant by Using Natural Adsorbents ...IJERD Editor
Granite cutting plant is one such industry that releases polluting and turbid effluent. The residue from all these processes is discharged with water as an effluent. The effluent mainly contains many solids that harm the environment. Hence it requires treatment techniques before disposal. Several conventional methods are available for removal of contaminants like coagulation, adsorption, polyelectrolyte methods and biological methods. Most of them are cost prohibitive. The reduction of solids concentration in the effluent before disposal by using the techniques, coagulation followed by adsorption using natural adsorbents, like rice husk carbon and saw dust carbon, in contrast to the usage of activated carbon as it is costly. From a local Granite cutting plant near Anantapur, the effluent is collected and its physico-chemical characteristics are estimated and found to be pH(7.5), TS(4240mg/l), TSS(21560mg/l), TDS(12373mg/l).Effluent obtained is subjected to coagulation by potash alum followed by adsorption using saw dust carbon and rice husk carbon.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
A New Low Cost Biosorbent for a Cationic Dye TreatmentIJEAB
The aim of our study consists to investigate the adsorption of Methylene Blue from aqueous solution by a new biosorbent prepared from Papaya seed. Adsorption behavior of the cationic dye was analyzed by variation of solution pH, contact time, adsorbent dose, and temperature. Adsorption isotherms were studied according to the Langmuir and Freundlich Model, and adsorption kinetics according to pseudo first and second order. Results show that the maximum adsorption is obtained at ambient temperature with the yield of 98.82% and was reached in first 20min (pH = 10, adsorbent dose of 100 mg in 50 mL). The Langmuir isotherm shows a correlation coefficient of 99.4% higher than 95.4%obtained for Freundlich model and the adsorption kinetic model follow a pseudo-second order with a maximum adsorption capacity of 52.28 mg/g.
Removal of chromium (vi) by activated carbon derived from mangifera indicaeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Mass Transfer, Kinetic, Equilibrium, and Thermodynamic Study on Removal of Di...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Three distinct agricultural waste materials, viz., casuarina fruit powder (CFP), sorghum stem powder
(SSP), and banana stem powder (BSP) were used as low-cost adsorbents for the removal of toxic lead(II)
from aqueous solutions. Acid treated adsorbents were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM),
energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The
effects of parameters like adsorbent dose, pH, temperature, initial metal ion concentration, and time of
adsorption on the removal of Pb(II) were analyzed for each adsorbent individually and the efficiency order
was BSP > SSP > CFP. Based on the extent of compatibility to Freundlich/Langmuir/Dubinin–Radushkevich/
Temkin adsorption isotherms and different models (pseudo-first and second order, Boyd, Weber’s, and
Elovich), chemisorption primarily involved in the case of BSP and SSP, whereas simultaneous occurrence of
chemisorption and physisorption was proposed in the case of CFP correlating with the thermodynamic study
results conducted at different temperatures. Based on the observations, it was proposed that three kinetic
stages involve in the adsorption process, viz., diffusion of sorbate to sorbent, intra particle diffusion, and then
establishment of equilibrium. These adsorbents have a promising role towards the removal of Pb(II) from
industrial wastewater to contribute environmental protection
Adsorption Studies of an Acid Dye From Aqueous Solution Using Lagerstroemia ...IJMER
The effectiveness of adsorption for acid dye removal from wastewaters has made it an ideal alternative to other expensive treatment options. The removal of acid Violet 4BS onto seeds of Lagerstroemia indica (LIS) from aqueous solutions was investigated using parameters such as contact time, pH, temperature, adsorbent doses, and initial dye concentration. Adsorption isotherms of dyes onto LIS were determined and correlated with common isotherm equations such as the Langmuir and
Freundlich models. It was found that the Langmuir isotherm appears to fit the isotherm data better than
the Freundlich isotherm. Parameters of the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were determined using adsorption data. The maximum removal of Acid Violet 4BS by the adsorbent was obtained at pH 2. The maximum percentage of dye removal (86.67%) was obtained at an initial dye concentration of 10mg/L with adsorbent dosage of 50 mg per 50 ml of dye solution. The adsorption kinetics of acid violet 4BS could be described by the pseudo-second order reaction model. The data obtained from adsorption
isotherms at different temperatures were used to calculate several thermo-dynamic quantities such as the
Gibbs energy (ΔG0), enthalpy (ΔH0), and entropy (ΔS
0) of adsorption. The adsorption process was found
to be spontaneous, exothermic and physical in nature. Locally available adsorbent LIS was found to have
a low cost and was promising for the removal of acid violet 4BS from aqueous solutions
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Sequential anaerobic and aerobic treatment of pulp and paper mill efluenteSAT Journals
Abstract Paper mill is one of the major sources of pollution causing industry with intensely coloured effluent. The effluent is rich in lignocellulosic materials and other chemicals used during manufacturing which results in high Bio-chemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). Due to its high toxic and mutagenic nature when discharged untreated there is a growing demand to treat the effluent before discharge. Biological treatment is a promising technique as it greatly reduces colour, BOD and COD. Various fungal and bacterial species are capable of degrading the lignocellulosic materials present in the effluent. In the present study characterization of the paper mill effluent and identification of the degradation efficiency of lignin degrading fungal species - Pleurotus species and Rhizopus stolonifer and bacterial species – Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis in laboratory scale was done. Here sequential anaerobic and aerobic treatment was carried out in two bio-reactors in series. The study indicated that anaerobic treatment gave a reduction of colour (18%), lignin (25%), COD (36%), BOD (28%) in 5days. The anaerobically treated effluent was then separately given to the aerobic reactors containing the fungal and bacterial species. Data obtained indicated that the Rhizopus showed good reduction in colour (71%), lignin (77%), COD (68%) and BOD (70%) in 5days whereas Pleurotus, Pseudomonas and Bacillus species showed reduction in colour (68%, 31%, 18%), lignin (64%, 43%, 44%), COD (58%, 42%, 43%) and BOD (60%, 40%, 42%) respectively in 5days. Thus Rhizopus was identified as the microbe with better degradation capacity. Key Words: Pulp and paper mill effluent1, Lignin, Anaerobic treatment, Rhizopus stolonifer.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Potential of Neem Leaf Powder as Bio Adsorbents for Dye Colour Removalijtsrd
In this study, two types of eco friendly and low cost bio adsorbents, Neem leaf powder NLP and acid treated Neem leaf powder TNLP were prepared for the removal of dye color from Congo red solution. The physicochemical parameters of the prepared absorbents were measured. The structural features of these absorbents were analyzed by FTIR, XRD, and SEM. These experiments were conducted with different process parameters such as adsorbent dosage and agitating time using batch adsorption method. Firstly, the dosage amount of adsorbents was optimized for constant shaking for one hour and it was observed that the maximum percent adsorption was found at 91 of 0.4 g for NLP and 76 of 0.4 g for TNLP. The optimum dosage amount of adsorbents, 0.4 g was selected for further study. After optimizing the adsorbent dosage, the optimum agitating time was observed at 60 min with the percent removal of 91 for NLP and 76 for TNLP. From this research, it was observed that NLP and TNLP can be used as bio adsorbents to remove the color of the dye solution. Thet Thet Wai | Ei Mon Aung | Nyein Chan Kyaw "Potential of Neem Leaf Powder as Bio-Adsorbents for Dye Colour Removal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27987.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/chemical-engineering/27987/potential-of-neem-leaf-powder-as-bio-adsorbents-for-dye-colour-removal/thet-thet-wai
STUDIES ON TREATMENT OF PHARMACEUTICAL WASTE EFFLUENTS BY POLYMER MATERIALS M...EDITOR IJCRCPS
In the present study, sorption technique was used to achieve the optimum recovery of the pharmaceutical waste from effluents.
The modified urea formaldehyde resin was prepared and mixed with inorganic adsorbent at various proportions. The removal
capabilities of pharmaceutical waste by the prepared composite materials were investigated. Different factors affecting the uptake
such as contact time, pH value and aqueous volume to resin weight ratio have been investigated. The reaction mechanisms and
the optimum conditions for the treatment were deduced in the light of the obtained results.
Keywords: Sorption technique, Pharmaceutical waste, Different factors.
Treatment of Effluent from Granite Cutting Plant by Using Natural Adsorbents ...IJERD Editor
Granite cutting plant is one such industry that releases polluting and turbid effluent. The residue from all these processes is discharged with water as an effluent. The effluent mainly contains many solids that harm the environment. Hence it requires treatment techniques before disposal. Several conventional methods are available for removal of contaminants like coagulation, adsorption, polyelectrolyte methods and biological methods. Most of them are cost prohibitive. The reduction of solids concentration in the effluent before disposal by using the techniques, coagulation followed by adsorption using natural adsorbents, like rice husk carbon and saw dust carbon, in contrast to the usage of activated carbon as it is costly. From a local Granite cutting plant near Anantapur, the effluent is collected and its physico-chemical characteristics are estimated and found to be pH(7.5), TS(4240mg/l), TSS(21560mg/l), TDS(12373mg/l).Effluent obtained is subjected to coagulation by potash alum followed by adsorption using saw dust carbon and rice husk carbon.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
A New Low Cost Biosorbent for a Cationic Dye TreatmentIJEAB
The aim of our study consists to investigate the adsorption of Methylene Blue from aqueous solution by a new biosorbent prepared from Papaya seed. Adsorption behavior of the cationic dye was analyzed by variation of solution pH, contact time, adsorbent dose, and temperature. Adsorption isotherms were studied according to the Langmuir and Freundlich Model, and adsorption kinetics according to pseudo first and second order. Results show that the maximum adsorption is obtained at ambient temperature with the yield of 98.82% and was reached in first 20min (pH = 10, adsorbent dose of 100 mg in 50 mL). The Langmuir isotherm shows a correlation coefficient of 99.4% higher than 95.4%obtained for Freundlich model and the adsorption kinetic model follow a pseudo-second order with a maximum adsorption capacity of 52.28 mg/g.
Removal of chromium (vi) by activated carbon derived from mangifera indicaeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Mass Transfer, Kinetic, Equilibrium, and Thermodynamic Study on Removal of Di...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Three distinct agricultural waste materials, viz., casuarina fruit powder (CFP), sorghum stem powder
(SSP), and banana stem powder (BSP) were used as low-cost adsorbents for the removal of toxic lead(II)
from aqueous solutions. Acid treated adsorbents were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM),
energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The
effects of parameters like adsorbent dose, pH, temperature, initial metal ion concentration, and time of
adsorption on the removal of Pb(II) were analyzed for each adsorbent individually and the efficiency order
was BSP > SSP > CFP. Based on the extent of compatibility to Freundlich/Langmuir/Dubinin–Radushkevich/
Temkin adsorption isotherms and different models (pseudo-first and second order, Boyd, Weber’s, and
Elovich), chemisorption primarily involved in the case of BSP and SSP, whereas simultaneous occurrence of
chemisorption and physisorption was proposed in the case of CFP correlating with the thermodynamic study
results conducted at different temperatures. Based on the observations, it was proposed that three kinetic
stages involve in the adsorption process, viz., diffusion of sorbate to sorbent, intra particle diffusion, and then
establishment of equilibrium. These adsorbents have a promising role towards the removal of Pb(II) from
industrial wastewater to contribute environmental protection
Adsorption Studies of an Acid Dye From Aqueous Solution Using Lagerstroemia ...IJMER
The effectiveness of adsorption for acid dye removal from wastewaters has made it an ideal alternative to other expensive treatment options. The removal of acid Violet 4BS onto seeds of Lagerstroemia indica (LIS) from aqueous solutions was investigated using parameters such as contact time, pH, temperature, adsorbent doses, and initial dye concentration. Adsorption isotherms of dyes onto LIS were determined and correlated with common isotherm equations such as the Langmuir and
Freundlich models. It was found that the Langmuir isotherm appears to fit the isotherm data better than
the Freundlich isotherm. Parameters of the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were determined using adsorption data. The maximum removal of Acid Violet 4BS by the adsorbent was obtained at pH 2. The maximum percentage of dye removal (86.67%) was obtained at an initial dye concentration of 10mg/L with adsorbent dosage of 50 mg per 50 ml of dye solution. The adsorption kinetics of acid violet 4BS could be described by the pseudo-second order reaction model. The data obtained from adsorption
isotherms at different temperatures were used to calculate several thermo-dynamic quantities such as the
Gibbs energy (ΔG0), enthalpy (ΔH0), and entropy (ΔS
0) of adsorption. The adsorption process was found
to be spontaneous, exothermic and physical in nature. Locally available adsorbent LIS was found to have
a low cost and was promising for the removal of acid violet 4BS from aqueous solutions
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Sequential anaerobic and aerobic treatment of pulp and paper mill efluenteSAT Journals
Abstract Paper mill is one of the major sources of pollution causing industry with intensely coloured effluent. The effluent is rich in lignocellulosic materials and other chemicals used during manufacturing which results in high Bio-chemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). Due to its high toxic and mutagenic nature when discharged untreated there is a growing demand to treat the effluent before discharge. Biological treatment is a promising technique as it greatly reduces colour, BOD and COD. Various fungal and bacterial species are capable of degrading the lignocellulosic materials present in the effluent. In the present study characterization of the paper mill effluent and identification of the degradation efficiency of lignin degrading fungal species - Pleurotus species and Rhizopus stolonifer and bacterial species – Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis in laboratory scale was done. Here sequential anaerobic and aerobic treatment was carried out in two bio-reactors in series. The study indicated that anaerobic treatment gave a reduction of colour (18%), lignin (25%), COD (36%), BOD (28%) in 5days. The anaerobically treated effluent was then separately given to the aerobic reactors containing the fungal and bacterial species. Data obtained indicated that the Rhizopus showed good reduction in colour (71%), lignin (77%), COD (68%) and BOD (70%) in 5days whereas Pleurotus, Pseudomonas and Bacillus species showed reduction in colour (68%, 31%, 18%), lignin (64%, 43%, 44%), COD (58%, 42%, 43%) and BOD (60%, 40%, 42%) respectively in 5days. Thus Rhizopus was identified as the microbe with better degradation capacity. Key Words: Pulp and paper mill effluent1, Lignin, Anaerobic treatment, Rhizopus stolonifer.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Potential of Neem Leaf Powder as Bio Adsorbents for Dye Colour Removalijtsrd
In this study, two types of eco friendly and low cost bio adsorbents, Neem leaf powder NLP and acid treated Neem leaf powder TNLP were prepared for the removal of dye color from Congo red solution. The physicochemical parameters of the prepared absorbents were measured. The structural features of these absorbents were analyzed by FTIR, XRD, and SEM. These experiments were conducted with different process parameters such as adsorbent dosage and agitating time using batch adsorption method. Firstly, the dosage amount of adsorbents was optimized for constant shaking for one hour and it was observed that the maximum percent adsorption was found at 91 of 0.4 g for NLP and 76 of 0.4 g for TNLP. The optimum dosage amount of adsorbents, 0.4 g was selected for further study. After optimizing the adsorbent dosage, the optimum agitating time was observed at 60 min with the percent removal of 91 for NLP and 76 for TNLP. From this research, it was observed that NLP and TNLP can be used as bio adsorbents to remove the color of the dye solution. Thet Thet Wai | Ei Mon Aung | Nyein Chan Kyaw "Potential of Neem Leaf Powder as Bio-Adsorbents for Dye Colour Removal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27987.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/chemical-engineering/27987/potential-of-neem-leaf-powder-as-bio-adsorbents-for-dye-colour-removal/thet-thet-wai
Decolorization potential of immobilized pseudomonas putida mtcc 1194 with low...eSAT Journals
Abstract A simultaneous adsorption and biodegradation method for removal of reactive blue-4 is reported here. The mustard stalk activated carbon (MSAC) using Pseudomonas putida MTCC1194 was applied to decolorize reactive blue-4. Batch studies were performed to evaluate the influences of various parameters; initial pH, adsorbent dose, temperature and initial concentration, on removal of reactive blue-4. Optimum conditions for reactive blue -4 removals were found to be pH 7, adsorbent dose10g/l, temperature 32°C at equilibrium time 360 min for 150 mg/l of dye concentration. Experimental data were analyzed by pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order kinetics and intra-particle diffusion model. Equilibrium isotherms for the adsorption of reactive blue 4 onto MSAC were analyzed by Freundlich, Langmuir, Temkin and Dubinin–Radushkevich (D-R). The results show that experimental data follow pseudo-second order kinetics and intra-particle diffusion model. Out of four isotherms, Langmuir was found to be best fit with experimental data (R2 > 0.97), with 70.2% removal of reactive blue 4. Keywords: activated carbon mustard stalk, reactive blue 4, simultaneous adsorption and biodegradation (SAB), Pseudomonas putida
Adsorption Studies of an Acid Dye From Aqueous Solution Using Lagerstroemia I...IJMER
The effectiveness of adsorption for acid dye removal from wastewaters has made it an ideal
alternative to other expensive treatment options. The removal of acid Violet 4BS onto seeds of
Lagerstroemia indica (LIS) from aqueous solutions was investigated using parameters such as contact
time, pH, temperature, adsorbent doses, and initial dye concentration. Adsorption isotherms of dyes onto
LIS were determined and correlated with common isotherm equations such as the Langmuir and
Freundlich models. It was found that the Langmuir isotherm appears to fit the isotherm data better than
the Freundlich isotherm. Parameters of the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were determined using
adsorption data. The maximum removal of Acid Violet 4BS by the adsorbent was obtained at pH 2. The
maximum percentage of dye removal (86.67%) was obtained at an initial dye concentration of 10mg/L
with adsorbent dosage of 50 mg per 50 ml of dye solution. The adsorption kinetics of acid violet 4BS
could be described by the pseudo-second order reaction model. The data obtained from adsorption
isotherms at different temperatures were used to calculate several thermo-dynamic quantities such as the
Gibbs energy (ΔG
0
), enthalpy (ΔH
0
), and entropy (ΔS
0
) of adsorption. The adsorption process was found
to be spontaneous, exothermic and physical in nature. Locally available adsorbent LIS was found to have
a low cost and was promising for the removal of acid violet 4BS from aqueous solutions
The Effluent Quality Discharged and Its Impacts on the Receiving Environment ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The study evaluates the performance of Kacyiru Sewage Treatment Plant and its effluent impacts on the receiving wetland. Influent and effluent wastewaters as well as receiving wetland water qualities were measured from April to September 2019, at Kacyiru estate. The average removal efficiency (%) of the parameters such as TN, TP, COD, BOD 5 were recorded as 46.57; 61.49; 50.51; 66.79 respectively. The parameters such as pH, TDS, temperature value, were recorded within the prescribed limit of Rwanda standards for domestic wastewater discharge. The other parameters such as NTU, TN, TP, TSS, BOD 5 and Fecal coliforms were not complying with National standards requirements for domestic wastewater discharge. The finding showed that the excess nutrient observed may present potential sources of pollution in wetland and decrease the oxygen levels which affect the water living organisms. The discharged effluents contain microbes which can negatively devastate the receiving environment, thus the effect of discharged wastewater on environment is significant.
Parametric Studies on Detergent Using Low Cost SorbentIOSR Journals
: Water is a valued natural resource for the existence of all living organisms. Indian rivers are
polluted due to the discharge of untreated sewage and industrial effluents. Management of the quality of this
precious resource is, therefore, of special importance. In these study industrial effluents samples from the
various detergent factories were collected and analyzed for physicochemical and bacteriological evaluation of
pollution. The use and effectiveness of granular and powder activated carbon made from agricultural waste i.e.
coconut husk and that coconut husk is a suitable adsorbent for such an effluent. Maximum adsorption capacity
is a derived from Langmuir isotherm. A series of fixed bed experiments was carried out and the results were
applied to a bed-depth/service time model for column adsorption. The validity of such a model is discussed. In
the removal of organic matter in wastewater effluents from a industry waste water were investigated. The effect
of process variables such as carbonization temperature, carbonization duration and activation temperature on
the production and quality of activated carbon was studied as well as adsorption capacity was studied
Equilibrium Studies of Malachite Green from Aqueous Solution Using Corn Cob a...IJERD Editor
The objective of this work is the study of adsorption of dye solution which is a dye malachite green
using corn cob. Removal of this dye from aqueous solution using corn cob has been investigated. Liquid phase
adsorption experiments were conducted. Batch adsorption studies are Carried out by observing the effect of
experimental parameters, namely, pH, and amount of adsorbents, contact time and initial concentration.
Optimum conditions for dye removal are studied like pH value, contact time required, amount of adsorbent,
initial concentration, etc. The results generated by this work can be used for determination of optimum
conditions for adsorption of dye in aqueous solutions. Dye is present in mixture form in various Industrial
effluents like Textile Industries, Sewage water, Water treatment plants. This work can have use in Design of
adsorption columns for dyes removal. The Freundlich adsorption model assumes that adsorption takes place on
heterogeneous surfaces. Adsorption increases with increase in pH. The adsorption of cationic dye is mainly
influenced by the amount of negative charges in the solution which is actually influenced by the solution pH. At
pH=2 there is net positive charge in the solution so adsorption is less whereas at pH=12there is increase in
negative charges increasing adsorption of malachite green. Maximum adsorption was found to take place at
pH=12. Adsorption tends to increase with contact time. At first the increase in adsorption is very rapid as there
are lots of free sites for the adsorption to take place. Adsorption decreases at later stages till saturation is reached
due to saturation of active sites. The optimum contact time for equilibrium was found to be 100 min.
Effect of Earthworms on Distillery Effluent Treatment through VermifiltrationIJERA Editor
Distillery is an important sub-unit of sugar production industry. Distillery wastewater generated from different
stages of sugar and ethanol production contains huge amount of pollutants that are very harmful to the
environment if released without proper treatment. The present paper describes the application of vermiculture
based wastewater technology with the primary objective of converting liquid effluent into eco-friendly safe
water. Vermifiltration of wastewater using waste eater earthworms is a newly conceived novel technology. The
BOD, COD, TSS and TDS decreased by 90%, 94%, 88% and 82% respectively through vermifiltration.
Removal of fluoride from synthetic waste water by using “bio adsorbents”eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Adsorption studies of some dyes on acacia concinna powdereSAT Journals
Abstract
The low cost activated carbon from Acacia Concinna was processed by treating with 2% HCl and 2% NaOH. The treated Acacia Concinna (Shikakai powder) was then roasted to get activated carbon. The influence of parameters like pH, concentration, dose and contact time were studied on adsorption of activated carbon for Congo red, Rhodamine-B, Crysoidine, Bismark brown and Titan yellow. The adsorption capacity of activated carbon was found to be 97, 98, 95, 98 and 96% respectively at pH 2 and contact time 24-48 hrs for all the dyes. The effect of concentration indicated that, as concentration increases adsorption decreases, hence increase in dose amount increases the adsorption. The data obtained through batch adsorption study was applied for Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich(D-R) isotherms. The curve was linear for all the three isotherms and correlation coefficient (R2) was 0.92, 0.970 and 0.977 respectively indicating that the developed model was favourable.
Keywords: Adsorption, Acacia Concinna, dyes, isotherms, XRD.
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Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
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Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
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This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
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Spent Coffee Grounds as Adsorbents for Pesticide Paraquat
1.
Abstract— Spent coffee grounds were evaluated for adsorption
efficiency in the removal of pesticide paraquat from its aqueous
solutions. The influence of the adsorbent mass, agitation time,
paraquat concentration and pH have been investigated in the batch
sorption mode. Adsorption capacity (mg/g) has been found to be
27.87 ± 1.57 mg/g, while the removal efficiency has resulted of 32.25
± 1.79 %. Adsorption rate was found to be very fast, whereby the
time required for equilibrium adsorption occurred within first 20
minutes. The process behavior was predicted using the second-order
kinetic model. On the basis of the observed data, further process
optimization may be greatly facilitated, thus it is considered that
coffee waste may be exploited well for pesticides removal purposes.
Keywords—Adsorption, coffee residues, paraquat, pesticides.
I. INTRODUCTION
HE modern agriculture production depends considerably
on the use of pesticides, as protective agents against all
sorts of plant diseases [1]. Herbicides represent more than
50% of all pesticides used in most of the major agricultural
countries [1], [2]. Paraquat (1,1-dimethyl-4,4-bipyridyl
dichloride, Fig. 1) is a very important substance in a group of
bipyridylium herbicides, holding the largest share of the global
herbicide market [1], [2]. It is quick-acting, unselective
Marija D. Pavlović is with Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy,
University of Belgrade, Department of Biochemical Engineering and
Biotechnology, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia (corresponding
author’s phone: +381638979450).
Aneta V. Buntić is with Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University
of Belgrade, Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology,
Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
Slavica S. Šiler-Marinković is with Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy,
University of Belgrade, Department of Biochemical Engineering and
Biotechnology, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
Dušan G. Antonović is with Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy,
University of Belgrade, Department of Biochemical Engineering and
Biotechnology, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
Milica D. Milutinović is with Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy,
University of Belgrade, Department of Biochemical Engineering and
Biotechnology, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
Neda R. Radovanović is with Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy,
University of Belgrade, Department of Biochemical Engineering and
Biotechnology, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
7 Suzana I. Dimitrijević-Branković is with Faculty of Technology and
Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Department of Biochemical Engineering
and Biotechnology, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
herbicide that leaves no residues because of its rapid,
irreversible adsorption to soil [1].
H3C N N CH3
Cl Cl
Fig. 1. Chemical structure of paraquat
Increasing the use of paraquat in agriculture and domestic
activities is polluting our soil and water resources day by day
[3]. There have been many authentic cases of the detection of
its residues in water sources [3], [4]. This class of pollutants is
of particular importance due to strong toxicity, carcinogenity
and mutagenic effects to humans and animals [2]. Therefore, it
is important to prevent the release of these contaminants into
the environment [3].
Adsorption is considered to be an attractive method for
removing pesticides from dilute solutions [2], [3]. Numerous
evidences demonstrated that adsorption is capable of
deactivating the equivalent of ample of paraquat applications
over a wide range of soils and water solutions [5]. There are
many literature surveys about adsorption of paraquat by clays
and resins [6]-[13]. Although the adsorption onto commercial
activated carbons is popular it is also very expensive,
requiring elaborate reactivation and regeneration processes,
which subsequently affects the economic viability of the
operation. Thus, there is a growing demand to find efficient,
low cost and easily available adsorbents, particularly if the
adsorbents were recycled waste. This study is, therefore,
oriented toward finding of inexpensive plant based waste
adsorbent. One such material, under consideration is derived
from the coffee waste. Coffee is nowadays one of the most
popular commodities consumed all over the world.
Consecutively, large quantities of residues occurred in both
producing countries as well as consuming countries after
beverage preparations. Spent coffee grounds (SCG) are
residues with fine particle size, obtained during the treatment
of raw coffee powder with hot water or steam for the instant
coffee preparation. SCG is generated in extensive amounts,
with a worldwide annual generation of 6 million tons, and
numerically, about 2 kg of wet SCG is obtained to each 1 kg
of soluble coffee produced [14].
Several studies have shown that the activation of coffee
waste can result in a product with a comparable surface area to
Spent Coffee Grounds as Adsorbents for
Pesticide Paraquat Removal from its
Aqueous Solutions
Marija D. Pavlović1, Aneta V. Buntić2, Slavica S. Šiler-Marinković3, Dušan G. Antonović4, Milica D.
Milutinović5, Neda R. Radovanović6 and Suzana I. Dimitrijević-Branković7
T
International Conference on Civil, Biological and Environmental Engineering (CBEE-2014) May 27-28, 2014 Istanbul (Turkey)
http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/IICBE.C514541 60
2. commercially available activated carbon, exhibiting promising
wastewater remediation performance [2]. Our previous studies
revealed excellent crystal violet dye removal capabilities, after
the polyphenolic compounds were extracted from the spent
coffee residues [15], [16]. As far as is known, no efforts have
been made to explore the feasibility of using coffee waste to
remove paraquat from aqueous solutions. Therefore, the data
obtained at a variety of adsorbent masses, agitation time,
paraquat concentration and pH, were interpreted to gain
insights into the factors that promote or prevent the adsorption
process and the applicability of common kinetic models has
been evaluated, as well.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
A.Preparation of adsorbent and pesticide stock solution
The espresso coffee was obtained from ‘‘Doncafe –
Espresso Aromatico – cialde’’, Strauss Adriatic d.o.o,
Šimanovci, Serbia. The coffee residues after preparation of a
beverage were collected, dried and polyphenol compounds
were extracted using a microwave oven on the way presented
in our previous study [15]. The obtained solid phase was
separated and dried in an oven at 105 °C for overnight and
employed as adsorbent in the adsorption experiments.
The paraquat pesticide was used as adsorbate in the present
study and it was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. The stock
solution of paraquat (1 g/L) in distilled water was diluted for
the working pesticide solutions of different concentrations
(from 0.2 to 1 g/L) before each adsorption experiment.
B. Batch adsorption experiments
Batch adsorption experiments were performed in 100 mL
Erlenmeyer flasks with 50 ml of the pesticide solution and
pre-determined adsorbent dose. A whole mixture was placed
on a translatory shaker (IKA – KS 4000i control, Staufen,
Germany) at room temperature. The experimental parameters:
the adsorbent dose, the initial paraquat concentration, the
initial pH solution and the rate of stirring were investigated.
The effect of the temperature was deliberately excluded from
the experiment, keeping in mind the practical application of an
embodiment of the process and the remediation of water
streams in the environment. Each adsorption experiment was
carried out under the conditions where one parameter changed
while the other parameters held constant. All of the factor’s
value ranges were set in an accordance with the preliminary
examinations. Each experiment was done in triplicate. After
one hour of the process duration, samples were collected and
the concentrations of pesticide solutions before and after
adsorption were determined using UV/VIS spectrophotometer
(Ultrospec 3300 pro, Amersham Biosciences, USA) at 297
nm. The adsorption capacity and the efficiency of paraquat
removal were calculated as follows (1) and (2), respectively:
( ⁄ )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
where C0 is the initial pesticide concentration (mg/L) and Ct
is the residual concentration of the pesticide (mg/L) at
different time intervals, V is volume (L) and m is the adsorbent
dose (g) [17]-[19].
C. Adsorption kinetic studies
Adsorption kinetic experiments were conducted by 20 g/L
of adsorbent mass in different Erlenmeyer flasks containing
250 mL of the pesticide solution of varying the initial paraquat
concentrations (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1 g/L), placed on a
translatory shaker for two hours. The samples were collected
at pre-determined time intervals, filtered and analyzed spectro-photometrically
for the residual paraquat concentrations.
D. Determination of pHpzc
The point of zero charge (pHpzc), that evaluates the
adsorbent surface charge, was determined by adding 50 mL of
0.01 M NaCl into the 100 mL Erlenmeyer flask. pH was
adjusted to 2–12 using 0.1 M HCl or 0.1 M NaOH. Thereafter
0.15 g of the adsorbent was added and the resulting pH was
measured after 48 h of agitation at room temperature. The
point pHpzc is revealed in the place where the pH initial line
crossed the pH final curve [20].
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A.Effect of the adsorbent dose
The effect of the adsorbent dose on the paraquat adsorption
was studied in 5, 13 and 20 g/L, whereas other parameters: the
initial paraquat concentration (0.2 g/L), the initial pH solution
(pH 7) and the rate of stirring (160 rpm) were held constant.
Run 1 Run 2 Run 3
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
Adsorption capacity (mg/g)
Adsorbent dose (g/L)
Adsorption capacity (mg/g)
Removal (%)
5 13 20
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
Removal (%)
Fig. 2. Effect of the coffee dose on the adsorption process
It is evident from Fig. 2 that the adsorption capacity
increased with decreasing the adsorbent dose. This result is in
agreement with the report of Tsai, Lai and Hsien (2004) [21]
for the adsorption of paraquat onto activated bleaching earth.
On the other hand, the removal efficiency increased with
increasing the adsorbent dose. The best removal efficiency of
paraquat (32.25 ± 1.79 %) in this research was reached in this
set of the experimental conditions, with the adsorbent dose of
20 g/L. Leite, dos Reis, Robaina, Pacheco and Cassella (2013)
[17] were came to the same inferences about behavior of the
removal of paraquat from aqueous medium by Amberlite
XAD-2 and XAD-4resins.
International Conference on Civil, Biological and Environmental Engineering (CBEE-2014) May 27-28, 2014 Istanbul (Turkey)
http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/IICBE.C514541 61
3. B. Effect of the initial paraquat concentration
The effect of the initial paraquat concentration on the
paraquat adsorption was studied in 0.2, 0.6 and 1 g/L, whereas
other parameters: the adsorbent dosage (5 g/L), the initial pH
solution (pH 7) and the rate of stirring (160 rpm) were held
constant. This set of the experimental conditions gave the
highest adsorption capacity at a concentration of 1 g/L,
resulting of 27.87 ± 1.57 mg/g. It was the best reached
adsorption capacity in all experiments which were made in
this investigation. It was higher almost two times than the
maximal adsorption capacity, which was obtained by Tsai,
Hsien, Chang and Lo (2005) [22] for adsorption of paraquat
onto spent and treated diatomaceous earth. From the Fig. 3. it
is clear that the adsorption capacity increased with increasing
of initial paraquat concentration, but when it relates to the
efficiency of pesticide removal from the solution, the situation
was reversed. These results are in a good agreement with the
results these were achieved for paraquat adsorption on the
other adsorbents [12], [21].
Run 1 Run 2 Run 3
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
Adsorption capacity (mg/g)
Initial paraquat concentration (g/L)
Adsorption capacity (mg/g)
Removal (%)
0.2 0.6 1
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
Removal (%)
Fig. 3. Effect of the paraquat concentration in the adsorption process
C. Effect of the initial pH solution
The investigation of the effect of the initial pH solution on
the paraquat adsorption was studied in a condition of acidity
up to neutrality by setting the pH values to 3, 5 and 7, whereas
other parameters: the adsorbent dosage (5 g/L), the initial
paraquat concentration (0.2 g/L) and the rate of stirring (160
rpm) were held constant. This effect can be explained on the
basis of the adsorbent isoelectric point or pH of point of zero
charge (pHpzc). The net surface charge of material is equal to
zero when the pH value of working solution is the same as the
PZC of the material [23], [24], so, under these conditions the
adsorbent is neutral and has no charge. Therefore, prior to
experiments, zeta potential of spent coffee residues was done.
The zero point of charge of the coffee residues–water system
was determined to be approximately 5.6. Bearing that in mind,
the surface of coffee residues at the experimental conditions of
pH less than 5.6 had positive charge, and reverse, the negative
charge with the initial pH solution greater than point of pHpzc.
The paraquat aqueous solution without adjustment of pH value
was equal to 6. Thus, a better adsorption results should be
obtained when a solution of pesticide was set to pH 7, which
was confirmed by the values obtained in this set of
experiments. Thereby, the easier connection between the
cationic paraquat on the negatively charged coffee surface was
enabled. The adsorption capacity and removal efficiency were
calculated to 17.08 ± 2.91 mg/g and 20.56 ± 0.98 %,
respectively (Fig. 4).
Run 1 Run 2 Run 3
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
Adsorption capacity (mg/g)
Initial pH solution
Adsorption capacity (mg/g)
Removal (%)
3 5 7
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
Removal (%)
Fig. 4. Effect of the initial pH paraquat solution in the adsorption
process
D.Effect of the rate of stirring
The effect of the rate of stirring on the paraquat adsorption
was studied in 80, 120 and 160 rpm, whereas other
parameters: the adsorbent dosage (5 g/L), the initial paraquat
concentration (0.2 g/L) and the initial pH solution (pH 7) were
held constant.
Run 1 Run 2 Run 3
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
Adsorption capacity (mg/g)
Rate of stirring (rpm)
Adsorption capacity (mg/g)
Removal (%)
80 120 160
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
Removal (%)
Fig. 5. The effect of the rate of stirring on the adsorption process
The best results of the adsorption capacity and the removal
efficiency were obtained with the middle value of the rate of
stirring (120 rpm) of 17.46 ± 0.94 % and 18.62 ± 1.18 mg/g,
respectively (Fig. 5). It is considered, with the very low rate of
stirring, the overall adsorbent dose could not contact the
paraquat in the solution because of the turbulence was not
sufficiently strong, and the amount of coffee dose of 20 g/L
was too much for these mixing conditions [16]. On the
contrary, the strong agitation, probably hinders the binding of
paraquat particles to coffee surface active cites or affects the
desorption of already sorbed pesticides from the adsorbent.
The author who studied the effect of stirring rate on paraquat
International Conference on Civil, Biological and Environmental Engineering (CBEE-2014) May 27-28, 2014 Istanbul (Turkey)
http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/IICBE.C514541 62
4. adsorption onto the bleached earths found that adsorption
capacity was increased as the agitation speed increased from
200 to 600 rpm [21], indicating that strong turbulence is
required for the decreasing of the boundary layer thickness
around the adsorbent particles.
E. Effect of the rate of stirring
The adsorption of paraquat was studied as a function of
contact time, ranging between 5 and 120 min, by monitoring
the amount of paraquat adsorbed by coffee residues, in order
to determine equilibration time for maximum pesticide
adsorption. Five different initial paraquat concentrations
ranged between 0.2 and 1 mg/mL were evaluated, whereby
other parameters were set at the fixed value: adsorbent mass of
20 g/L, agitation speed of 120 rpm and room temperature of
27 °C. In addition, no pH adjustments were involved.
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
0.2 mg/ml; 0.4 mg/ml; 0.6 mg/ml;
0.8 mg/ml; 1 mg/ml
q
t
(mg/g)
Time (min)
Fig. 6. Effect of contact time for paraquat adsorption onto coffee
residues (adsorbent mass 20 g/L, 120 rpm, 27 °C)
It was found that the adsorption rate of paraquat was very
rapid. The time required for equilibrium adsorption is 20
minutes, and generally, no change in the adsorbed amount is
detected afterward (Fig. 6). The time to reach equilibrium was
concentration independent, while the amount of paraquat
adsorbed per unit weight of adsorbent, qe, was highly
concentration dependent. When the initial adsorption rapidly
occurred, it is considered that the process involves a surface
reaction [3]. Then, lesser adsorption would follow, as the
available sorption site gradually decreases, or the remaining
surface sites were difficult to be occupied [3, 16]. As the
initial pesticide concentration increase, the number of
molecules competing for the available sites on the surface of
activated carbon was high, hence, resulting in higher
adsorption capacity [16].
Due to the fast decrease in residual paraquat concentration
at a short time scale, a simple kinetic analysis of adsorption,
based on pseudo-first and pseudo-second order models, were
employed to fit experimental data. The linearized form of
pseudo first-order kinetic model is presented as:
( )
( )
where qe and qt are the amount of paraquat adsorbed on the
coffee surface (mg/g) at equilibrium and at time t (h),
respectively, and k1 (1/h) is the rate constant of pseudo-first-order
kinetics, and the linearized form of pseudo second-order
kinetic model is given as follows:
( )
where qe and qt have the same meaning as mentioned
previously and k2 (g/mg•h) is the rate constant for the pseudo-second-
o0rder kinetics [25].
The kinetic parameters determined from the corresponding
kinetic order plots are presented in Table 1. High correlation
coefficient values, R2, suggest that adsorption of paraquat onto
coffee residues fitted well pseudo-second-order model (Fig.
7), better than pseudo-first, as regards to all ranges of tested
concentrations. In addition, qe estimated by pseudo-first-order
model differs substantially from that measured experimentally,
while qe for the pseudo-second-order model were much more
reasonable. According to a principle of pseudo-second order
kinetics, the rate limiting step may be chemical sorption
through share or exchange of electrons between cationic
paraquat and the negatively charged coffee particles surface.
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0.2 mg/mL
0.4 mg/mL
0.6 mg/mL
0.8 mg/mL
1 mg/mL
t/q
t
(g·min/mg)
Time (min)
Fig. 7. Pseudo-second-order kinetic plot for the adsorption of
paraquat on coffee residues (adsorbent mass 20g/L, 120 rpm, 27 °C)
TABLE I
International Conference on Civil, Biological and Environmental Engineering (CBEE-2014) May 27-28, 2014 Istanbul (Turkey)
http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/IICBE.C514541 63
5. KINETIC MODEL PARAMETERS FOR PARAQUAT ADSORPTION ON COFFEE RESIDUES AT DIFFERENT INITIAL PARAQUAT
CONCENTRATIONS (ADSORBENT MASS 20 G/L, 120 RPM, 27 °C)
Initial
concentration
mg/mL
qe,exp mg/g
Pseudo-first order kinetic model
Pseudo-second order kinetic model
k1
(1/h)
qe,cal (mg/g)
R2
k2
(g/mg·min)
qe,cal (mg/g)
R2
0.2
4.6125
0.0227
0.1860
0.0216
0.1795
4.6512
0.9995
0.4
8.9796
5.61·10-4
8.7910
0.4020
0.2894
9.0074
0.9998
0.6
9.6666
0.0271
0.2063
0.1762
0.4295
9.6618
0.9999
0.8
14.475
1.08·10-4
13.261
0.0873
0.1472
14.434
0.9995
1.0
18.644
7.16·10-3
0.5076
0.0766
0.2730
18.598
0.9999
The kinetic analysis results are in agreement with previous literature surveys. Paraquat adsorption on different types of adsorbent materials, ranged between well estimated clays and resins up to activated carbons derived from nonspecific materials, also follows a second-order kinetic model [2], [9], [12], [13], [21], [23], [26].
IV. CONCLUSIONS
The present study has demonstrated the ability of inexpensive spent coffee grounds to adsorb and remove the hazardous pesticide paraquat from its aqueous solutions. The results obtained at a variety of adsorbent masses, agitation time, paraquat concentration and pH have provided the screening of the process influential factors. The rate of the adsorption was found to be very fast, and the establishment of a second-order kinetic model has predicted the equilibrium conditions. On the basis of the obtained results, further process optimization for the adsorption improvement could be facilitated. In addition, some economically viable adsorbent modifications may be considered, as well.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The financial support for this investigation given by Ministry of Science and Education of the Republic of Serbia under the project TR 31035 is gratefully acknowledged.
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International Conference on Civil, Biological and Environmental Engineering (CBEE-2014) May 27-28, 2014 Istanbul (Turkey)
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