This document describes the purpose and process of creating a question bank. It defines a question bank as a planned library of test items designed to assess predetermined objectives. The key points are:
- A question bank aims to improve the teaching and evaluation processes by providing a pool of validated questions that cover the entire curriculum.
- Developing a question bank involves planning, collecting questions, validating questions through analysis, and storing questions for future use in assessments.
- A question bank has several uses, including aiding instruction, preparing study materials, evaluating student progress, and setting exam papers.
It discribes about what is unit plan, definition of unit plan, Characteristics of a Good Unit, Steps in Unit Planning - i. Content analysis, ii. Objectives and specifications, iii. Learning activities & iv. Testing procedures. MODEL UNIT PLANNING, Advantages of Unit Planning & CONCLUSION.
CONTINUOUS AND COMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION(CCE)Sani Prince
CCE was made mandatory in National Policy on Education,1986 (NPE 1986) to introduce Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation in schools as an important step of examination reform and for the qualitative improvement in the education system.
It discribes about what is unit plan, definition of unit plan, Characteristics of a Good Unit, Steps in Unit Planning - i. Content analysis, ii. Objectives and specifications, iii. Learning activities & iv. Testing procedures. MODEL UNIT PLANNING, Advantages of Unit Planning & CONCLUSION.
CONTINUOUS AND COMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION(CCE)Sani Prince
CCE was made mandatory in National Policy on Education,1986 (NPE 1986) to introduce Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation in schools as an important step of examination reform and for the qualitative improvement in the education system.
EDUCATION FOR EDUCATORS IS MOST IMPORTANT FOR DEVELOPING EFFECTIVE EDUCATION SYSTEM.THIS PRESENTATION SHOWS THE CURRENT SCENARIO OF TEACHER EDUCATION IN INDIA.
Measurement is all about the numbers and being able to quantify the performance or the abilities. Evaluation assists with using the data and information to judge success or failure. Evaluation can take place without numerical measurement as it measures performance.
Continuous and comprehensive evaluation (cce)Waheeda Bushra
CONTINUOUS & COMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION
The presentation is made for B. Ed. students.
Reference:
https://youtu.be/gRNq-mDcdQU (epg-Pathshala)
https://www.slideshare.net/josesheba/continuous-and-comprehensive-evaluation
https://www.slideshare.net/NajmaKazi/cce-presentation-5457317
It discuss on CONSTRUCTION OF AN ACHIEVEMENT TEST. It explains what is test, achievement test, history of the achievement test, STAGES OF ACHIEVEMENT TEST, types of achievement test, Basis of the purpose, content, time & quality. It also explain the weightage of the objectives, content, types of question, difficulty level, blue print and steps of blue print.
EDUCATION FOR EDUCATORS IS MOST IMPORTANT FOR DEVELOPING EFFECTIVE EDUCATION SYSTEM.THIS PRESENTATION SHOWS THE CURRENT SCENARIO OF TEACHER EDUCATION IN INDIA.
Measurement is all about the numbers and being able to quantify the performance or the abilities. Evaluation assists with using the data and information to judge success or failure. Evaluation can take place without numerical measurement as it measures performance.
Continuous and comprehensive evaluation (cce)Waheeda Bushra
CONTINUOUS & COMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION
The presentation is made for B. Ed. students.
Reference:
https://youtu.be/gRNq-mDcdQU (epg-Pathshala)
https://www.slideshare.net/josesheba/continuous-and-comprehensive-evaluation
https://www.slideshare.net/NajmaKazi/cce-presentation-5457317
It discuss on CONSTRUCTION OF AN ACHIEVEMENT TEST. It explains what is test, achievement test, history of the achievement test, STAGES OF ACHIEVEMENT TEST, types of achievement test, Basis of the purpose, content, time & quality. It also explain the weightage of the objectives, content, types of question, difficulty level, blue print and steps of blue print.
A PROCESS IS FOLLOWED DURING EXECUTION OF A HEALTH RESEARCH.THIS PRESENTATION IS ABOUT QUESTION BANK PREPARATION,VALIDATION & MODERATION BY PANEL AND ITS UTILIZATION.THIS IS USEFUL FOR PG NURSING STUDENTS.
Classroom Assessment is a systematic approach to formative evaluation, used by instructors to determine how much and how well students are learning. CATs and other informal assessment tools provide key information during the semester regarding teaching and learning so that changes can be made as necessary. "The central purpose of Classroom Assessment is to empower both teachers and their students to improve the quality of learning in the classroom" through an approach that is "learner-centered, teacher-directed, mutually beneficial, formative, context-specific, and firmly rooted in good practice" (Angelo & Cross, 1993, p. 4).
Achievement Test
What is Achievement Tests
Types of Achievement Tests
Standardized Achievement Tests
Features of Achievement Test
Characteristics of Standardized Achievement Tests
Standardized tests versus Informal Classroom Tests
Classification of SAT
Conclusion
This ppt provides the short zest for an effective classroom mangement , hence these slide will help students to gain knowledge in short about the topic which will make an easy go through.
As per part of curriculum of Msc.nursing students have to present syllabus presentation on the particular college selected , so i selected my previous college from where i completed by bachelors , i feel esteemed proud to be called as a ex alumni of this college , so this is a token of gratitude from me towards my college.
Buddhist philosophy in brief and con-sized form so that students feel easy to grasp the topic , especially slides has been made keeping in concern to nursing education so that it can work as beneficial resource for nursing student and for others .
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Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
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As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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3. INTRODUCTION
• The questions bank makes
available statistically sound
questions of known
technical worth and model
question paper and thus
facilitates selection of
proper questions for a well
designed to questions
paper.
4. • A question bank is planned
library of test items
designed to fulfil certain
predetermined purposes.
Questions banks should be
prepared with at most care
so as to cover the entire
prescribed text . Questions
bank should be exhaustive
and cover entire content
with different types.
5. “An item bank or questions
bank is a collection of test
items organized, classified
and catalogues the order to
facilitate the construction
of a variety of achievement
and other types of mental
test”.
(By – B.H Choppin)
“An item bank is
defined as an
organized collection
of test items that can
be assessed for test
development”.
(By – Rudner )
6. CHARACTERSTICS OF QUESTION BANK
Questions bank
should be based
on based ideas,
purposes ,
adapted to the
particular
objectives of
mind
Questions bank
should be within
the range of the
students
experiences and
knowledge
Question bank
should present a
challenged which
stimulates an
educative response
in keeping with the
objectives.
7. Question bank should
contain only one ideas, a
many faceted questions only
confuse the students, who
usually answers but one
phase and forget the
remainder
Question
bank is
continuous
process .
Question bank
is based on
action.
8. Questions bank maintains
records of any number of
questions with their answers
in all the languages with their
corresponding courses,
categories and levels.
Questions bank
presents for any
particular course,
level language,
selected category
and type of questions
9. PURPOSES
To improve the teaching learning process.
Through instructional efforts the student’s growth will
be obtained.
To improve evaluation process.
A pool of test items can be used for formative and
summative evaluation of the student’s performance.
It is a pool of readymade quality questions is made
available to teachers and examiners. So that they may
select appropriate questions to assess predetermined
objectives.
10. PRINCIPLES :
•Spent adequate amount of time for developing the question.
•Match the questions to the content.
•Try to make the questions valid , reliable and balanced.
•Use a variety of testing methods.
•Write questions that test skills other than recall.
•While framing questions it has to be ensured that they are unambiguous, simple in the language and
brief as far as possible.
•Each of the questions should evaluate some specific content area or learning outcome.
•Their difficulty level should be appreciated to the group of learners being tested.
•Each questions should be accompanied with some specific information.
•All the objectives items should be grouped in one section , while the short answer type and essay
type item should be in another section.
•In the section of objective type items having the same format e.g. Yes –No type, True –False, Multiple
choice types etc should be grouped together.
•Item in each section should be arranged in order of their difficulty , as far as possible.
11. PREPRATION OF QUESTION BANK :
STEPS
Planning a question bank
Development of question bank and collection
of test items
Blue printing for developing questions bank
Validation
Reviewing the questions paper
Recording and storing
Developing a system for maintaining
confindentiality
12. VALIDATION
USES OF VALIDATION
• Relevance is obtained.
• Grammatical correction done.
• Plausibility of distracters checked
• Can be used as effective tool in class
room teaching.
• Avoids dangerous situations.
• A feed back to teachers.
• Create better learning process.
13. CONSISTS OF THREE STEPS
• Questioner analysis (before the
commencement of the test)
• Critical evaluation of the test (before
the commencement of the test)
• Item analysis(after the test)
STEPS OF
VALIDATION
14. MODERATION
BY PANEL
PURPOSES
A panel comprising of three or more
experts (moderators/subject experts) has to
ensure that:
•The task is clear in each item and the
person attempting an item will know what
is expected. The task in an item is
understood in the same way by all
candidates.
•The items are expressed in a language
which is as clear as possible to the
candidates.
15. •The items are set within and
based on the objectives and course
contents outlined in the syllabus.
The items are technically correct
and accurate, offering the best way
testing the concepts or principles
or knowledge it is intended to test.
They should not have clues to the
correct answers.
•The questions are well
distributed in the
different parts of the
syllabus course
contents/cover syllabus
adequately.
16. •The items are original and not just
copied from the text books or past
examination papers
The items are fair
assessment of
candidates at a
particular level and if
they are not, they
should be tempered to
the level of the
candidates, actually,
among others, that are
moderation
17. UTILIZATION OF QUESTION BANK
•A judicious selection of questions can be made for
instructional purpose.
•Different types of types of questions selected from a
question bank may be used for pre testing, development,
review and revision of a lesson.
•In the preparation of textual material a question poll can
be utilized for preparing review exercises in the text
books.
18. •The preparation of teaching units or resource units also
involves the use of evaluation materials which may be
picked up from the question bank.
•For evaluating the pupil’s progress the question bank can
be used most efficiently. Individual questions can be
stored and grouped for use in topic or unit testing in
periodical test.
19. •Individual questions, unit tests and question papers can
be profitably used by the examining agencies by making
the question bank available for paper setters.
• When question banks are established in institutions,
students can use them for self evaluation in their spare
time.
• When questions on all topics of the prescribed
syllabus are available pupils can review the lessons.
Even teachers can make use of such data for quick
revision.