The document discusses principles of teaching and learning methodology. It outlines 5 distinct phases of the learning process: unfreezing, problem diagnosis, goal setting, practicing new behaviors, and refreezing. It also discusses characteristics of learning like it being developmental and interactive. The teacher's role is as a facilitator who seeks to meet learner needs and interests. Principles of learning include the learner being ready, motivated, and active in the process. Methodology refers to an orderly way of teaching and connecting the learner to the subject matter. Factors that determine the best method include the educational aims, subject matter, and learner characteristics.

1. Teaching Learning Principles
and Methodology
By: Kathleen Cate Sumbilon

2. The Learning Process
Learning is an integrated, ongoing process
occuring within the individual, enabling him to
meet his specific aims, fulfill his needs and
interests, and cope within the living process.

3. The Learning Process
5 Distinct Phases of Learning:
1. Unfreezing- the individual becomes ready to
consider changes in knowledge, skills,
attitudes, and behavior.
2. Problem diagnosis- the forces supporting the
need for change and the forces working
against the changed needs are identified and
presented.

4. The Learning Process
5 Distinct Phases of Learning:
3. Goal Setting- the desired changes in knowledge,
skills, attitudes, and behavior are stated
specifically.
4. New behavior- the individual learns and practices
those newer knowledge, skills, attitudes and
behavior which are desired.
5. Refreezing- the newer learnings have been found
to be beneficial and are assimilated into the
individuals ongoing framework of knowledge,
skills, attitudes and behavior.

5. Characteristics of Learning
1. Learning is Developmental- as the individual
grows and develops, he acquires various
types of knowledge, habits, and skills which
may be essential to his successful adjustment
during different stages of development.
2. Learning is Interactive- it is only when the
learner reacts to the environmental stimuli
that he is going to learn.

6. Characteristics of Learning
3. Learning is Basic- learning is basically an
association between them, and this
association can be strengthened by constant
exercise.

7. The Teacher as the Facilitator
1. Provides the conditions for effective learning.
2. Seeks to meet the needs and interests of the
learner.
3. Helps to create conditions for openness,
respect, trust, acceptance, confrontation and
self evaluation.
4. Places emphasis on the uniqueness and rights of
the individual.
5. Seeks feedback which will improve his
effectiveness as a facilitator of the learning
process.

8. Principles of Learning
The learner must:
○ Clearly perceive the goal.
○ Be psychologically and physiologically ready.
○ Be motivated to learn.
○ Be active not passive for maximum learning.
○ Repeat or practice what he has learned in
order to remember.

9. Principles of Learning
o Put together the parts of a task and perceive it
as a meaningful whole.
o See the significance, meanings ,implications,
and applications that will make a given
experience understandable.
o Be prepared to respond.
o The process of problem solving and learning
are highly unique and specific.

10. Principles Of Learning
• Be motivated to learn.
Two types of motivation:
Extrinsic and Intrinsic
Extrinsic Motivations – comes in the form of
reward and punishment such as grades (high
and low), honors monetary rewards, medals,
disqualification from joining occuricular
activity and the like.

11. Principles of Learning
• Be motivated to learn
Intrinsic Motivation – means creating a desire
to learn a subject because it is worth knowing.

12. Conditions Which Facilitate
Learning
Pick and explain game :D

13. Methodology
Method in the Educative Process
In the educative process the three most
important factors are the child, the teacher
and the subject matter.

14. Importance of Method
o The teacher must follow a method of he
expects to achieve the desired results.
o Method is probably more important in the
elementary grades than in high school or in
college where the students are more mature
and can study by themselves.
o The learning by the young children must be
guided, and method provides this guidance.

15. Meaning of Method
The word method comes from the Greek
methodos , which in turn comes from two
Greek words: meta (after) and hodos (way).
Dictionary meaning of Method- a mode of
procedure, especially an orderly or systematic
mode; a way of doing something especially in
accordance with a definite plan.

16. Meaning of Method
Method in teaching means- a series of related
and progressive acts performed by the teacher
and the pupils to accomplish the general and
specific aims of the lesson.

17. Relation between Method of
Teaching and Method of Learnig
Teaching Learning

18. Functions of Method
o Forms the bridge between the child and the
subject matter;
o Makes learning easier;
o Links the child and the society;
o The child’s personality unfolds and he learns
to adjust to his surroundings;
o Child learns restraint and self control;
o A child learns to cooperate with others

19. Factors that Determine the
Method
o The educational objective and aim of the
lesson;
o Nature of the subject matter or the lesson;
o The nature of the learners;
o School equipment and facilities; and
o The teacher.

20. Distinctions Among Method,
Device, and Technique
A device is a “little method”. It is a teaching aid
or tool to facilitate instruction. It is used to
make the teaching clearer, more meaningful
and more interesting.
Technique- refers to the art or skill of
performance.( action and gestures, changing
facial expressions,…)
“Two teachers may use the same method and
devices in teaching the same subject matter,
but they may be differ in technique.”

21. Characteristics of a Good
Method
“There is no single best method, but there are
many good methods.”
A teaching method is good if:
o It makes use of the principles of learning and
permits the operation of these principles such
as readiness, exercise, and effect as provided
for.

22. Characteristics of a Good
Method
o It utilizes the principle of “learning by doing”;
o It provides for individual differences;
o It stimulates thinking and reasoning; and
o It provides for growth and development.

23. Influence of Differing Schools of
Thought on Method
Traditionally Conservative Schools- time-tested
methods
Modern Progressive Schools- Improved
instructional practices and Discussion
procedures
Compare them with their Objectives, Role of the
teacher, Curriculum, and Discipline