The document provides an overview of first aid techniques for common injuries. It defines first aid as helping an injured or sick person until medical help arrives to prevent further harm. Key areas covered include checking breathing and circulation, treating bleeding, shock, fractures, wounds, burns, poisoning, simple injuries, and safe transportation of casualties. Proper first aid equipment and supplies for first aid kits are also outlined.

1. WELCOME Lecture on… “ FIRST AID TO THE INJURED” By : M.M. Gupta ASSTT. COMMISSIONER SJAB.

3. What is FIRST AID ?

4. FIRST AID IS…. A matter of Common Sense Application of mind Swift Response

5. DEFINITION First AID is the help given to a person in case of SUDDEN INJURY or SICKNESS so that the INJURY/SICKNESS does not AGGRAVATE FURTHER and due to swift action further DETERIORATION is checked, same condition is maintained & recovery promoted till the arrival of Medical Help.

6. SCOPE OF FIRST AID From the definition four things are apparent : PREVENT further deterioration PRESERVE in the same condition PROMOTE recovery To arrange for regular Medical AID

7. METHOD OF FIRST AID Diagnosis Treatment Disposal

8. DIAGNOSIS BASED ON Circumstantial Evidence Signs Symptoms (Patient tells) (you observe)

9. PRIORITIES OF FIRST AID Check Breathing Check Blood loss Treat Shock Treat Fracture Look For Simple Injuries Disposal

10. BREATHING PROCESS

11. CHECK BREATHING Can Hear It Can Feel It Can Observe It (Normal Person Breathes 15-18 Times In One Minute)

12. ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION Mouth To Mouth Mouth To Nose @ 10 Breaths Per Minute & Check Pulse Give 2 ventilations if there is no breathing

13. CHEST COMPRESSION (Give 30 Compression if there is no Circulation )

14. RECOVERY POSITION (In case of unconscious casualty)

15. BLEEDING (HAMEORRAGE) Blood Contains About 5 Litres in a normal body - Red cells - White cells - Plasma

16. BLOOD CIRCULATES THROUGH Arteries Carry Blood from Heart to body Capillaries Small Blood Vessels Veins Carry Blood Back to Heart

17. CIRCULATORY PROCESS

18. CIRCULATORY PROCESS

19. CIRCULATORY PROCESS

20. CIRCULATORY PROCESS

21. CIRCULATORY PROCESS

22. CYCLE OF FLOW OF BLOOD L V Body R A R V R V L 1 L 2 L A L V ( LUNGS ) ( HEART ) ( HEART ) ( 72-80 Times in one minute )

24. INTERNAL BLEEDING Bleeding from Nose/Ears. Bleeding from Lungs with cough From Stomach with Vomiting Through Urine (Bladder,Unitary track, Kidney) Through Rectum with Stool (injury in intestines) TREATMENT Handle Carefully and transport for Medical AID

26. SHOCK : SIGNS & SYMPTOMS Discolourisation of Face Loss of Power Slow/weak Pulse Cold Sweating Irregular Breathing/Shallow breathing Nausea & Giddiness Clammy & Sandy Skin Fall in Temperature

27. SHOCK TREATMENT Remove Cause From Effect Lay down the Patient & Loose Clothing Let Fresh Air Come Reassure the Patient Try to Maintain Temperature Resort toArtificial Respiration Arrange Medical Aid

29. Skeleton System

31. BONES IN BODY 206 – Bones in Human Body Skull (8 + 14) = 22 Collar Bones ( CLAVICLE ) = 2 Chest (7 + 3 + 2) x 2 = 24 Spine ( 7 + 12 + 5 + 5 + 4) = 33 Shoulder Blade ( SCAPULA ) = 2 Upper Arm ( HUME RUS ) = 2 Lower Arm ( RADIUS - ULNA ) = 4 Wrist ( CARPALS ) = 16 Palm ( META CARPALS ) = 10 Fingers ( PHALANGES ) = 28 Pelvis ------- = 2 Thigh ( FEMUR ) = 2 Knee Cap ( PATELLA ) = 2 Lower Leg ( TIBBIA FABULA ) = 4 Ankle ( TARSUS ) = 14 Foot ( META TARSUS ) = 10 Fingers ( PHALANGES ) = 28 ( NECK - BACK - WAIST - HIP - TAIL ) ( CERVICAL / DORSAL / LUMBAR / SACRAL / TAIL / COCCYGIAL ) Breast bone(sternum) = 1

34. FRACTURE Any Breaking , Bending , Dislocation or Cracking of Bone is called Fracture.

37. FRACTURE : SIGNS & SYMPTOMS Pain Swelling Tenderness Loss of Power Deformity Unnatural Movement Irregularity Crapitus

38. FRACTURE TREATMENT Make The Patient Comfortable Prevent Any Movement Check Bleeding Treat for Shock Immobilize the Limb Give Support Transportation.

39. Muscular System

40. Muscular System

41. WOUNDS Any cut in the outer surface of the body is a wound or impairment in the blood vessels. Wounds are of two types: OPEN CLOSED (mostly head injuries)

42. WOUNDS TYPES / CLASSIFICATIONS INCISED PUNCTURED LACERATED CONTUSED

43. WOUNDS TREATMENT LAYDOWN THE PATIENT OR ASK HIM TO SIT DOWN LIFT THE LIMB IF POSSIBLE APPLY PRESSURE – ON THE WOUND - ON PRESSURE POINT

44. WOUNDS TREATMENT In the case of INTERNAL BLEEDING: APPLY COLD FORMULATIONS APPLY TOURNIQUET (All precautions)

45. BURNS & SCALDS Burn is an injury to the body by excessive heat or excessive cold. Burns : Dry Heat (fire, flame, metal, sun, electricity etc and friction Scalds : Moist Heat (steam, boiling water, milk, tea, oil etc) Chemical Burns : Acids : H 2 SO 4 , Nitric Acid, Hcl Alkalis : Caustic Soda, Potash, Ammonia or quick lime Gases : Liquid O 2 or Nitrogen

46. BURNS & SCALDS Area and not the degree of burn is important (Rule of – 9) BURN CAUSES Intense Pain Shock Infection Scars after Healing

47. BURNS & SCALDS MANAGEMENT Reassure the patient Clean wrap the wound Cover the wound Wash with fresh water Keep the patient warm Keep hands above the heart & feet elevated Keep the face prop & observe continuously Cold pack may also be applied (not excessive cold) Do not remove clothing Do not break blisters Treat for shock Move quickly to hospital Remove ring, watch, bangles, belt & boots Can give weak soda & salt solution if patient is conscious and not vomiting.

48. BURNS & SCALDS FOR MINOR BURNS Clean the Area Submerge in water Give soda & salt solution Cover Dry Warm drinks Wash well for chemical corrosive burns Can also neutralize and dilute Remove contaminated clothing Wash the face/eye sideways No rubbing of eyes

49. POISON Poison is any such thing which after coming into contact or entering the body is capable of causing harm or leads to death It can be: Accidental or Intentional Can enter the Body: Through mouth (solid or liquid) Through skin (injection or sting etc) Through nose (gases or toxic fumes)

50. POISON Poison may be: Corrosive or burning (acids, alkalis, insecticides) Non-Corrosive (decomposed food, fungus etc) Depressants (opium, dhatura, sankhiya etc) Signs and Symptoms If through mouth (nausia, vomiting, lose motions, and stomach-ache) Burning of lips, tongue, mouth and throat Affect the brain (can cause asphyxia, deep sleep, fits, unconsciousness and giddiness

51. POISON TREATMENT Call the doctor immediately Keep samples, if possible, of poison, bottle, box or vomit If Unconscious -Do not induce vomiting -Keep the patient in recovery position -Artificial respiration, if needed If Conscious -Give enough water to drink -Do not induce vomiting if acid, alkali or any other chemical is taken -Induce vomiting in other cases (a) By luke warm salty water (b) By irritating tongue/throat Give antidote if available Keep the patient warm

52. SIMPLE INJURY Disinfect the wound Wash with water Cover with any clean thing Don’t apply any lotion except diluted mercurochrome Tincture Iodine etc. Use disinfectant sprays if available

53. Transportation Seek for Ambulance ( local Hospital or Nursing home ) Use Stretcher Handle the spine fracture victim with utmost care and Caution OR Place the patient under proper care ( Improvise if not available ) ( Bicycle, coil, shirt or Blanket etc, ) 102 : Ambulance 1099 : Cats

54. MODES OF CARRYING Single Person ( One First Aiders ) Cradle Human Crutch

55. MODES OF CARRYING Pick a Back Fire man’s lift

56. MODES OF CARRYING Hand Seat ( Two First Aiders ) Four Handed Seat Two Arm Seat ( When The Casualty is Co-operating )

57. MODES OF CARRYING when not conscious or can’t assist Use Hand lock

58. MODES OF CARRYING When space does not permit two hand seat Improvised ( chair )

59. MODES OF CARRYING Carrying Stretcher

60. TRIANGULAR BANDAGE 38” 38” (Preferably Marcin cloth) We get Two Triangular Bandages

61. TRIANGULAR BANDAGE

62. FIRST AID BOX Large : 17 ½” x 10” x 6 ½” Medium : 16” x 7 ¾” x 4” Small : 5” x 3 ½” x 2 ½”

63. FIRST AID BOX Equipment CONTENTS Dressings Medicine for Local Application Medicine for Oral Application

64. FIRST AID BOX Safety Pins Equipment Scissors Pad & Pen Measuring Cup Torch Splints Bamboo Sticks Cotton Wool Dressings Sterilised Dressings Eye Pad Adhesive Plaster Roller Bandages Triangular Bandages Gauze Band-aids Stretch Bandage

65. FIRST AID BOX Savlon/Dettol For Local Application Eye drops/ Ointment Tincture Iodine Tincture Benzoin Iodex etc. Salt For Oral Application Sugar Sodamint Aspirin (250-350 mg.) Medicines

69. FOREIGN OBJECT IN EYE

70. FOREIGN OBJECT IN EYE

71. The End