This document discusses biosensors and their applications in agriculture. It begins with defining biosensors as integrated devices that use a biological recognition element in direct contact with a transducer to provide analytical information. It then describes the basic principles and components of biosensors, including immobilization of biological material, interaction with analytes, and signal conversion by transducers. The document outlines characteristics like linearity, sensitivity and selectivity. It discusses various types of biosensors and their advantages. Finally, it provides examples of biosensor applications for detecting pesticides, herbicides and other agricultural pollutants, as well as their use in environmental monitoring and food analysis.

1. SUBMITTED TO
Dr. M. L. Kewat
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
JABALPUR (M.P.)
PRESENTED BY-
RAJUL SONI
M.Sc (Ag).Final Year
Enroll. 160111011
Department of Agronomy
Use Of Biosensors In Agriculure

2. CONTENT
1. Introduction
2. Principles of biosensor
3. Elements of biosensor
4. Basic characteristics of biosensor
5. Types of biosensor
6. Applications of biosensor
7. References

3. INTRODUCTION
The term “biosensor” was introduced by
Clark and Lyos in 1962.
Self contained integrated device that is
capable of providing specific qualitative or
semi-quantitative analytical information using
a biological recognition element which is in
direct spatial contact with a transduction
element.

6. Principle of biosensor
1. Immobilization of biological material on the
immobilization support, the permeable
membrane, in the direct vicinity of a sensor.
2. The substances to be measured pass through
the membrane and interact with the
immobilized material and yield the product.
3. The product passes through another
membrane to the transducer.
4. The transducer converts product into an electric
signal which is amplified.
5. The signal processing equipment converts the
amplified signals into a display most commonly the
electric signal which can be read out and recorded.

7. Working of Biosensors
• The preferred biological material like enzyme is
preferred for conventional methods like physical
or membrane entrapment and non covalent or
covalent binding.
• The preferred biological material is in contact
with the transducer.
• To produce a bound analyte through the analyte
binds to the biological material which produces
the electrical response to be measured.
• In some cases the analyte changed to a product
and have some probability to associate with the
release of heat, gases like oxygen, electrons or
hydrogen ions.

9. BASIC CHARACTERESTICS
• LINEARITY: should be high- for the
detection of high substrate concentration.
• SENSITIVITY: value of electrode
response per substrate concentration.
• SELECTIVITY: chemical interference
must be minimized for obtaining correct
Result.
• RESPONSE TIME: time necessary for
having 95% of the response.

11. Advantages
Highly specific.
Independent of Factors like stiring, pH,
etc.
Linear responcse, Tiny & Biocopatible.
Easy to use, Durable.
 Rapid Accurate, Stable & Sterilizable.

12. Applications of biosensors
• Biosensors have a very wide range of applications that
aim to improve the quality of life.
• This range covers their use for environmental
monitoring, disease detection, food safety, defence, drug
discovery and many more.
• Biosensors can also be used as platforms for monitoring
food traceability, quality, safety and nutritional value .
• These applications fall into the category of ‘single shot’
analysis tools, i.e. where cost-effective and disposable
sensing platforms are required for the application.
• On the other hand, an application such as pollution
monitoring requires a biosensor to function from a few
hours to several days

13. Applications Of Biosensor

14. In Agriculture
Organophosphorus compounds
Group of chemicals that widely used as
insecticides in modern agriculture for
controlling a wide variety of insect, pest,
weeds and disease-transmitting vectors.
Organophosphorus:-
•Pesticides
•Herbicides

15. PESTICIDES
• Of all the pesticides are the most abundant
(present in water, atmosphere, soil, plants
and food).
• Enzymatic sensors, based on the inhibition
of a selected enzyme are the most
extensively used biosensors for the
determination of the compounds.

16. Examples of biosensors used in
the detection of pesticides
Analyte Type of interaction Recognition
biocatalyzer
Transduction
system
Simazina Biocatalytic Peroxidase Potentiometric
Isoproturon Biocatalytic Antibody
encapsulate
Immunosensor
immunoreaction
Parathion Biocatalytic Parathion hyrolase Amperometric
Paraxon Biocatalytic Alkaline
phosphatase
Optical
Carbaril Biocatalytic Acetilcolinesterase Amperometric

17. Herbicides
• For the detection of herbicides such as the
phenylurease and triazines, biosensors
have been designed with membrane
receptors of thylakoid and chloroplast,
photo system and reaction centers or
complete cells such as unicellular alga and
phenylureas and triazines,in which mainly
amperometric and optical transductors
have been employed

18. Examples of biosensors used in
the detection of herbicides
Analyte Type of
interaction
Recognition
biocatalyzer
Transduction
system
2,4-
Dichlorofenoxia
cetic
Immunoanalysis Acetilcolinesterase Amperometric
Diuron,
Paraquat
Biocatalytic Cynobacteria Bioluminescence

19. •Such biosensors can be termed ‘long-term monitoring’
analysis tools.
• Whether it is long-term monitoring or single shot analysis,
biosensors find their use as technologically advanced
devices both in resource-limited settings and sophisticated
medical set-ups: e.g. with applications in drug discovery
for the detection of a number of chemical and biological
agents that are considered to be toxic materials of defence
interest for use in artificial implantable devices such as
pacemakers and other prosthetic devices and sewage
epidemiology .
•A range of electrochemical, optical and acoustic sensing
techniques have been utilised, along with their integration
into analytical devices for various applications indicates
different areas of research where biosensors have been
used.

20. Environmental MONITORING
• Using biological engineering researchers have
created many microbial biosensors. An
example is the arsenic biosensor. To detect
arsenic they use the Ars operon Using
bacteria, researchers can detect pollutants in
samples.

21. Analyte
Recognition
biocomponent
Transduction
system
Matrix
Nickel ions
Bacillus
sphaericus strain
MTCC 5100
Electrochemical
Electrochemical
Industrial
effluents and
foods
Zinc, copper,
cadmium, nickel,
lead, iron and
aluminum
Chlorella vulgaris
strain
CCAP211/12
Electrochemical Urban waters
Mercury() and
lead() ions
DNA Optical Water
Cadmium, copper
and lead
Sol-gel-
immobilized
urease
Electrochemical
Synthetic
effuents
Mercury,
cadmium and
arsenic
Urease enzyme Electrochemical
Standard
solutions

22. Food analysis
•There are several applications of biosensors in food
analysis.
• In the food industry, optics coated with antibodies are
commonly used to detect pathogens and food toxins.
•Commonly, the light system in these biosensors is
fluorescence, since this type of optical measurement can
greatly amplify the signal.
A range of immuno- and ligand-binding assays for the
detection and measurement of small molecules such as
water-soluble vitamins and chemical contaminants (drug
residues) such as sulfonamides have been developed for
use on SPR based sensor systems, often adapted from
existing ELISA or other immunological assay. These are in
widespread use across the food industry.

23. Summary
• Biosensors are nowadays ubiquitous in different areas
of healthcare.
• A range of transduction techniques such as
electrochemical, optical and acoustic, can be used for
biosensors.
• High-affinity reagents such as antibodies, enzymes and
synthetic biomolecules can be coupled to the
transducer in order to provide specificity of the
biosensors.
• Nanotechnology has had a major impact on recent
advances of biosensing technology.

24. Referances
• de Picciotto, S; Dickson, PM; Traxlmayr, MW; Marques,
BS; Socher, E; Zhao, S; Cheung, S; Kiefer, JD; Wand,
AJ; Griffith, LG; Imperiali, B; Wittrup, KD (Jul 2016).
"Design Principles for SuCESsFul Biosensors: Specific
Fluorophore/Analyte Binding and Minimization of
Fluorophore/Scaffold Interactions". J Mol Biol. 428:
4228–4241. PMID 27448945.
doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2016.07.004
• Saharudin Haron Archived 5 March 2016 at the Wayback
Machine. and Asim K. Ray (2006) Optical biodetection of
cadmium and lead ions in water. Medical Engineering
and Physics, 28 (10). pp. 978–981.

25. •"Protein Engineering and Electrochemical Biosensors".
Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology: 65–
96. doi:10.1007/10_2007_080.
Krupin, O.; Wang, C.; Berini, P. "Optical plasmonic
biosensor for leukemia detection". SPIE Newsroom (22
January 2016). doi:10.1117/2.1201512.006268.
En. Wikipedia. Org/wiki/biosensor
Turner, Anthony; Wilson, George; Kaube, Isao (1987).
Biosensors:Fundamentals and Applications. Oxford, UK:
Oxford University Press. p. 770. ISBN 0198547242.

26. THANK YOU