QUALITY OF IRRIGATION WATER AND MANAGEMENT OF SALINE WATER FOR IRRIGATION GOVARDHAN LODHA
Enroll. No. (160111017)
Department of Agronomy
M.Sc. (Ag) Agronomy 2nd semester
describes the irrigation and irrigation requirements of different crops. this ppt also describes about different methods to measure the soil moisture availability.
Potassium- Forms,Equilibrium in soils and its agricultural significance ,mech...Vaishali Sharma
The slide is conserned with the potassium fertilisers apllied in the soils. When the fertiliser applied in higher amount then it is avail in different form for plant uptake and there exist a equilibrium in soils and it has many agricultural significance and the slide also deal with brief on the mechanism of potassium fixation in the soil.
describes the irrigation and irrigation requirements of different crops. this ppt also describes about different methods to measure the soil moisture availability.
Potassium- Forms,Equilibrium in soils and its agricultural significance ,mech...Vaishali Sharma
The slide is conserned with the potassium fertilisers apllied in the soils. When the fertiliser applied in higher amount then it is avail in different form for plant uptake and there exist a equilibrium in soils and it has many agricultural significance and the slide also deal with brief on the mechanism of potassium fixation in the soil.
cropping systems and farming systems,Ppt lodha introGovardhan Lodha
Concept of sustainability in cropping systems and farming systems, scope
and objectives; production potential under monoculture, double cropping,
multiple cropping, alley cropping, sequential cropping and intercropping,
mechanism of yield advantage in intercropping systems.
Soils can process and hold considerable amount of water. They can take in water, and will keep doing so until they are full, or until the rate at which they can transmit water into and through the pores is exceeded. Some of this water will steadily drain through the soil (via gravity) and end up in the waterways and streams, but much of it will be retained, despite the influence of gravity. Much of this retained water can be used by plants and other organisms, thus contributing to land productivity and soil health.
Tillage is the manipulation of soil with tools & implements for loosening the surface crust & bringing about conditions favorable for the germination of seeds and the growth of crops.
soil condition resulting from tillage
good Tilth - soft, friable & properly aerated
crop emergence, establishment, growth and development
easy infiltration of water & are retentive of moisture for satisfactory growth of plants
To prepare the seed bed to a satisfactory level which promotes good germination and establishment of the seedlings
To control weeds and improve close plant-soil interaction in the rooting zone.
To loosen the soil for easy penetration and proliferation
To remove the other sprouting materials in the soil
To modify the soil temperature
To break hard soil pans and improve drainage facilities
To manage the plant residues by incorporating into the soil or to retain on the top layer to reduce erosion.
To improve the physical conditions of the soil
To harvest rain water easily and soil erosion can be minimised.
To establish specific surface configurations for sowing, irrigation, drainage, etc.
To incorporate and mix applied fertilizers and manures into the soil.
To destroy the eggs and larvae of insects and their breeding places.
Soil moisture characteristic curve is the relationship between the water content and the soil water potential, ψ.
It describes the functional relationship between soil water content and its energy status in terms of its matric potential under equilibrium conditions.
This curve is characteristic for different types of soil.
It is also called the Water retention curve
cropping systems and farming systems,Ppt lodha introGovardhan Lodha
Concept of sustainability in cropping systems and farming systems, scope
and objectives; production potential under monoculture, double cropping,
multiple cropping, alley cropping, sequential cropping and intercropping,
mechanism of yield advantage in intercropping systems.
Soils can process and hold considerable amount of water. They can take in water, and will keep doing so until they are full, or until the rate at which they can transmit water into and through the pores is exceeded. Some of this water will steadily drain through the soil (via gravity) and end up in the waterways and streams, but much of it will be retained, despite the influence of gravity. Much of this retained water can be used by plants and other organisms, thus contributing to land productivity and soil health.
Tillage is the manipulation of soil with tools & implements for loosening the surface crust & bringing about conditions favorable for the germination of seeds and the growth of crops.
soil condition resulting from tillage
good Tilth - soft, friable & properly aerated
crop emergence, establishment, growth and development
easy infiltration of water & are retentive of moisture for satisfactory growth of plants
To prepare the seed bed to a satisfactory level which promotes good germination and establishment of the seedlings
To control weeds and improve close plant-soil interaction in the rooting zone.
To loosen the soil for easy penetration and proliferation
To remove the other sprouting materials in the soil
To modify the soil temperature
To break hard soil pans and improve drainage facilities
To manage the plant residues by incorporating into the soil or to retain on the top layer to reduce erosion.
To improve the physical conditions of the soil
To harvest rain water easily and soil erosion can be minimised.
To establish specific surface configurations for sowing, irrigation, drainage, etc.
To incorporate and mix applied fertilizers and manures into the soil.
To destroy the eggs and larvae of insects and their breeding places.
Soil moisture characteristic curve is the relationship between the water content and the soil water potential, ψ.
It describes the functional relationship between soil water content and its energy status in terms of its matric potential under equilibrium conditions.
This curve is characteristic for different types of soil.
It is also called the Water retention curve
QUALITY OF IRRIGATION WATER AND MANAGEMENT OF SALINE WATER FOR IRRIGATION
GOVARDHAN LODHA
Enroll. No. (160111017)
Department of Agronomy
M.Sc. (Ag) Agronomy 2nd semester
quality of water irrigation and factors lead poor water qualitynasuura
Water quality is the physical, chemical, biological, and aesthetic characteristics of water which determines its fitness for a variety of uses and for protecting the health and integrity of aquatic ecosystems.
Another general perception of water quality is that of a simple
property that tells whether water is polluted or not. Water
quality depends on the local geology and ecosystem, as well as
human uses such as sewage dispersion, industrial pollution, use
of water bodies as a heat sink, and overuse (which may lower the level of the water).
Agriculture, nursery, and turfgrass managers depend on an adequate supply of water for irrigation. With the increasing demand for potable water, irrigation managers are turning to alternative, poorer quality sources of water (e.g., recycled runoff, saline groundwater, reclaimed water) for irrigation purposes.
Poor quality irrigation water poses many hazards to plant production if not managed properly.
Management Options and Policy Guidelines forUse of Poor Quality Ground water...UTTAM KUMAR
the amount and quality of irrigation water available in the arid and semi-arid regions of the world are the main limiting factors to the agricultural productivity. Saline-sodic irrigation water, coupled with low annual rainfall and high evapotranspiration in the arid and semi-arid regions, not only results in accumulation of soluble salts in soil solution but also exhibit external signs of salt toxicity in the plants. therefore research works are needed to find the best cultivation conditions for uses of p
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Group Presentation 2 Economics.Ariana Buscigliopptx
assignment on Quality of irrigation water
1. Assignment
On
QUALITY OF IRRIGATION WATER AND MANAGEMENT OF SALINE
WATER FOR IRRIGATION
SUB.- PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES OF WATER MANAGEMENT
MANAGEMENT
Submitted To –
Ms. NISHA SAPRE
Assistant Professor
Department of Agronomy
J.N. Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya,
CollegeofAgriculture,Jabalpur
Submitted By –
GOVARDHAN LODHA
Enroll. No. (160111017)
Department of Agronomy
M.Sc. (Ag) Agronomy 2nd semester
M.Sc. (Ag.) Previous 2nd semester
2. QUALITY OF IRRIGATION WATER AND MANAGEMENT OF SALINE
WATER FOR IRRIGATION
INTRODUCTION
The suitability of irrigation water is mainly depends on the amounts and
type of salts present in water. The main soluble constituents are calcium,
magnesium, sodium as cations and chloride, sulphate, biocarbonate as anions.
The other ions are present in minute quantities are boron, selenium, molybdenum
and fluorine which are harmful to animals fed on plants grown with excess
concentration of these ions
All irrigation waters are not pure and may contain some soluble salts.
In arid and semi-arid regions successful crop production without supplemental
irrigation is not possible. Irrigation water is usually drawn from surface or ground
water sources, which typically contain salts in the range of 200 to 2000 ppm (=
200 to 2000 g/m3
). Irrigation water contains 10 – 100 times more salt than rain
water. Thus, each irrigation event adds salts to the soil. Crop removes water from
the soil to meet its water needs (ETc) leaving behind most of the salts to
concentrate in the shrinking volume of soil water (Fig. 26.1). This is a continuous
process. Application of saline water may hinder the crop growth directly and may
also cause soil degradation. Beyond its effect on crop and soil, irrigation water of
low quality can also affect environment by introducing potentially harmful
substances in to surface and ground water sources. Therefore, a salt balance in
the soil has to be maintained through proper water management practices for
continuous and successful cultivation of crops.
3. Salinity buildup process in irrigated soils
CRITERIA TO DETERMINE THE QUALITY OF IRRIGATION WATER
The criteria for judging the quality of irrigation water are: Total salt concentration
as measured by electrical conductivity, relative proportion of sodium to other
cations as expressed by sodium adsorption ratio, bicarbonate content, boron
concentration and soluble sodium percentage.
Total soluble salts
Salinity of water refers to concentration of total soluble salts in it. It is the
most important single criterion of irrigation water quality. The harmful effects
increase with increase in total salt concentration. The concentration of soluble
salts in water is indirectly measured by its electrical conductivity (ECw). The
quality of saline waters has been divided into five classes as per USDA
classification given in Table.
Salinity classes of irrigation water
Salinity class
Electrical conductivity
Micro mhos/cm Milli mhos/cm
C1 – Low < 250 < 0.25
C2 – Medium 25– 750 0.25 – 0.75
C3 – Medium to high 750– 2250 0.75 – 2.25
C4 – High 2250 – 5000 2.25 – 5.00
C5 – Very high > 5000 > 5.00
Adverse effects of saline water include salt accumulation, increase in
osmotic potential, decreased water availability to plants, poor germination, patchy
crop stand, stunted growth with smaller, thicker and dark green leaves, leaf
necrosis & leaf drop, root death, wilting of plants, nutrient deficiency symptoms
and poor crop yields.
Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR)
SAR of water indicates the relative proportion of sodium to other cations. It
indicates sodium or alkali hazard.
4. The ion concentration is expressed as meq per litre. Increase in SAR of water
increases the exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) of soil. There is a linear
relationship between SAR and ESP of the soil:
Sodicity classes of water
Sodium class SAR value
S1 – Low < 10
S2 – Moderate 10 – 18
S3 – High 18 – 26
S4 – Very high > 26
Harmful effects of sodic water include destruction of soil structure, crust
formation, poor seedling emergence, reduction in availability of N, Zn and Fe due
to increased soil pH, Na toxicity and toxicity of B & Mo due to their excessive
solubility.
Residual sodium carbonate
Bicarbonate is important primarly in its relation to Ca and Mg. There is a
tendency for Ca to react with bicarbonates and precipitate as calcium carbonate.
As Ca and Mg are lost from water, the proportion of sodium is increased leading
to sodium hazard. This hazard is evaluated in terms of Residual Sodium
Carbonate (RSC) as given below
:
RSC is expressed in meq per litre. Water with RSC more than 2.5 meq/L is
not suitable for irrigation. Water with 1.25 to 2.5 meq/L is marginally suitable and
water with less than 1.25 meq/L is safe for use.
Boron content
5. Though boron is an essential micronutrient for plant growth, its presence in
excess in irrigation water affects metabolic activities of the plant. For normal crop
growth the safe limits of boron content are given in Table
Table . Permissible limts of boron content in irrigation for crops
Boron (ppm) Quality rating
< 3 Normal
3 – 4 Low
4 – 5 Medium
5 – 10 High
More than 10 Very high
Leaching requirement
Leaching requirement (LR) is that fraction of total crop water requirement
which must be leached down below the crop root zone depth to control salts within
the tolerance level (ECe) of the crop.
Where:
ECw = Salinity of applied water in dS/m
ECe = Threshold level soil salinity of the crop in dS/m
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR USING POOR QUALITY WATER
Whenever, it is inevitable to use water of poor quality water for crop
production appropriate management practices helps to obtain reasonable yield of
crops. Some of the important management practices are as follows:
6. a) Application of gypsum: Chemical amendments such as gypsum, when added
to water will increase the calcium concentration in the water, thus reducing
the sodium to calcium ratio and the SAR, thus improving the infiltration rate.
Gypsum requirement is calculated based on relative concentration of Na, Mg
& Ca ions in irrigation water and the solubility of gypsum. To add 1 meq/L of
calcium, 860 kg of gypsum of 100% purity per ha m of water is necessary.
b) Alternate irrigation strategy:
Some crops are susceptible to salinity at germination &
establishment stage, but tolerant at later stage. If susceptible stages are
ensured with good quality water, subsequent tolerant stages can be irrigated
with poor quality saline water.
c) Fertilizer application:
Fertilizers, manures, and soil amendments include many soluble
salts in high concentrations. If placed too close to the germinating seedling or to
the growing plant, the fertilizer may cause or aggravate a salinity or toxicity
problem. Care, therefore, should be taken in placement as well as timing of
fertilization. Application of fertilizers in small doses and frequently improve uptake
and reduce damage to the crop plants. In addition, the lower the salt index of
fertilizer, the less danger there is of salt burn and damage to seedlings or young
plants.
d) Methods of irrigation:
The method of irrigation directly affects both the efficiency of
water use and the way salts accumulate. Poor quality irrigation water is not
suitable for use in sprinkler method of irrigation. Crops sprinkled with waters
having excess quantities of specific ions such as Na and Cl cause leaf burn. High
frequency irrigation in small amounts as in drip irrigation improves water
availability and uptake due to microleaching effect in the wetted zone.
e) Crop tolerance:
The crops differ in their tolerance to poor quality waters.
Growing tolerant crops when poor quality water is used for irrigation helps to
obtain reasonable crops yields. Relative salt tolerance of crops is given in Table
Method of sowing:
Salinity reduces or slows germination and it is often difficult to
obtain a satisfactory stand. Suitable planting practices, bed shapes, and irrigation
management can greatly enhance salt control during the critical germination
period. Seeds have to be placed in the area where salt concentration is less. Salt
accumulation is less on the slope of the ridge and bottom of the ridge. Therefore,
placing the seed on the slope of the ridge, several cm below the crown, is
recommended for successful crop establishment
g) Drainage:
7. Provide adequate internal drainage. Meet the nece ssary leaching
requirement depending on crop and EC of water. This is necessary to av oid
build of salt in the soil solution to leve ls that will limit crop yields. Leaching
requ irement can be calculated from water test results and tolerance levels of
specific crops.
. Relative salt tolerance of crops
Field crops: Cotton, Safflower, Sugarbeet & Barley
Tolerant
Fruit crops: Date palm & Guava
Vegeta bles: Turnip & Spinach
Forage crops: Berseem & Rhodes grass
Field crops: Sorghum, Maize, Sunflower, Bajra, M ustard, Rice &
Wheat
Semi tolerant
Fruit crops: Fig, Grape & Mango
Vegeta bles: Tomato, Cabbage, Cauliflower, Cucu mber, Carrot &
Potato
Forage crops: Senji & Oats
Field crops: Chick pea, Linseed, Beans, Greengram & Blackgram
Sensitive
Fruit c rops: Apple, Orange, Almond, Peach, Strawberry, Lemon &
Plum
Vegeta bles: Radish, Peas & Lady’s finger
Salinity control with sloping beds
h) Other management practices
8. ♦ Over aged seedlings in rice:
Transplanting of rice with over age d seedlings at a closer
spacing results in better establishment in salt effected soils than normal
aged seedlings. In case of other crops like finger millet, pearl millet etc.,
transplanting is better method than direct sowing of these crops for proper
establishment.
♦ Mulching: Mulching wit h locally available plant material help i n reducing
salt problems by reducing evaporation and by increasing infiltration.
♦ Soil management: All so il management practices that improve infiltration
rate and maintain favourable soil structure reduces salinity hazard.
Crop rotation: Inclusion of crops such as rice in the rotation reduces salinity
References :
Books;-
Panda SC. 2003. Principles and Practices of Water Management. Agrobios.
Michael AM. 1978. Irrigation Theory and Practice. Vikas Publ.
Paliwal KV. 1972. Irrigation with Saline Water. IARI Monograph, New Delhi.
Lenka D. 1999. Irrigation and Drainage. Kalyani
Web pages:-
http://site.iugaza.edu.ps/halnajar/files/2010/03/L8-Irrigation-
Water-Quality.pdf
http://www.agriinfo.in/?page=topic&superid=1&topicid=30
http://www.fao.org/docrep/x5871e/x5871e07.htm
http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/agriculture/agri_irrigationmgt_suitabilit
yofwater.html
Articles /research papers;-
http://www.ajer.org/papers/v2(3)/I0235968.pdf
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266506192_Irrigation_
water_quality_and_its_effects_upon_soil
Article
Irrigation WaterQuality for Leafy Crops:APerspective of
Risks and PotentialSolutions
Ana Allende 1 and James Monaghan 2,*