Biosensors can be used in many areas of agriculture and food production. They have applications in planting, livestock farming, packaging and production, storage and transport, and sales and consumption. Biosensors allow farmers to monitor crop and animal health, optimize growth conditions, and detect diseases. They also help ensure food safety and quality during processing, packaging, storage and transport. By reducing waste and improving efficiency, biosensors can make agriculture and food systems more sustainable.
Biosensors (structure and application)Tarun Kapoor
This document discusses biosensors, including their structure, history, working principles, types, sensing elements, transducers, amplifiers, and applications. It defines a biosensor as a device that combines a biological component with a physicochemical detector to detect analytes. The key components are a biological recognition element, transducer to convert the biological response into a measurable signal, and amplifier. Major applications mentioned include glucose monitoring, environmental monitoring, drug discovery, and food/agriculture testing. Disadvantages include inability to use heat sterilization and stability issues with biological materials.
This document summarizes biosensors and their applications. It defines a biosensor as a device that integrates a biological recognition element with a transducer to provide analytical information. Professor Leland C. Clark Jr. is considered the father of biosensors for inventing the Clark electrode to measure oxygen in blood and liquids. Biosensors are used in medicine, environmental monitoring and industry to detect and quantify materials. Examples discussed include glucose monitoring devices, pregnancy tests, and sensors for tuberculosis, toxicants, and mercury. The document also outlines the basic components and working principles of biosensors.
Biosensors show the potential to complement laboratory-based analytical methods for
environmental applications. Although biosensors for potential environmental-monitoring
applications have been reported for a wide range of environmental pollutants, from a regulatory
perspective the decision to develop a biosensor method for an environmental application should
consider several interrelated issues. These issues are discussed in terms of the needs, policies,
and mechanisms associated with the identification and selection of appropriate monitoring
methods.
This document discusses nanobiosensors, which are biosensors on the nano-scale size. It describes their two main components - a biological recognition element and a transducer. Various types are covered, including those using enzymes, antibodies, cells, nucleic acids, and nanoparticles. Applications discussed include medical uses like glucose monitoring, as well as environmental monitoring and agricultural quality control. The future potential of nanobiosensors for early cancer detection is also mentioned.
This document discusses biosensors and their applications in agriculture. It begins with defining biosensors as integrated devices that use a biological recognition element in direct contact with a transducer to provide analytical information. It then describes the basic principles and components of biosensors, including immobilization of biological material, interaction with analytes, and signal conversion by transducers. The document outlines characteristics like linearity, sensitivity and selectivity. It discusses various types of biosensors and their advantages. Finally, it provides examples of biosensor applications for detecting pesticides, herbicides and other agricultural pollutants, as well as their use in environmental monitoring and food analysis.
IntroductionDefinitionPescidesType of pesticidesFate of pesticides in environmentBiodegradation of pesticides in soil Criteria for biodegradation
Strategies for biodegradationDifferent approaches of biodegradationChemical reaction leading to biodegradationChanging the spectrum of toxicityExample of biodegradationAdvantageDisadvantage
This document discusses biosensors and nanobiosensors. It begins by defining biosensors as sensors that integrate a biological recognition element with a physiochemical transducer. It then describes the three main components of a biosensor: the recognition element, transducer, and signal processor. The document outlines different types of biosensors including electrochemical, optical, mass-based, and colorimetric. It also discusses the principles of detection for each type. Nanobiosensors are described as having characteristics like sensitivity, specificity, portability, and versatility. Current research highlighted includes wearable nanobiosensors to monitor health and implantable versions to continuously measure analytes like glucose. Applications of nanobiosensors span fields like medical diagnostics
A nanobiosensor is a biosensor that operates on the nano-scale and combines a biological component with a physicochemical detector. Nanobiosensors can be optical, electrical, electrochemical, use nanotubes or nanowires, and come in viral or nanoshell variations. They function by detecting a biological recognition element through a transducer. Nanobiosensors have applications in DNA sensing, immunosensing, cell-based sensing, point-of-care testing, bacteria sensing, enzyme sensing, and environmental monitoring. Future applications include cancer monitoring through the detection of cancer biomarkers from body fluids.
Biosensors (structure and application)Tarun Kapoor
This document discusses biosensors, including their structure, history, working principles, types, sensing elements, transducers, amplifiers, and applications. It defines a biosensor as a device that combines a biological component with a physicochemical detector to detect analytes. The key components are a biological recognition element, transducer to convert the biological response into a measurable signal, and amplifier. Major applications mentioned include glucose monitoring, environmental monitoring, drug discovery, and food/agriculture testing. Disadvantages include inability to use heat sterilization and stability issues with biological materials.
This document summarizes biosensors and their applications. It defines a biosensor as a device that integrates a biological recognition element with a transducer to provide analytical information. Professor Leland C. Clark Jr. is considered the father of biosensors for inventing the Clark electrode to measure oxygen in blood and liquids. Biosensors are used in medicine, environmental monitoring and industry to detect and quantify materials. Examples discussed include glucose monitoring devices, pregnancy tests, and sensors for tuberculosis, toxicants, and mercury. The document also outlines the basic components and working principles of biosensors.
Biosensors show the potential to complement laboratory-based analytical methods for
environmental applications. Although biosensors for potential environmental-monitoring
applications have been reported for a wide range of environmental pollutants, from a regulatory
perspective the decision to develop a biosensor method for an environmental application should
consider several interrelated issues. These issues are discussed in terms of the needs, policies,
and mechanisms associated with the identification and selection of appropriate monitoring
methods.
This document discusses nanobiosensors, which are biosensors on the nano-scale size. It describes their two main components - a biological recognition element and a transducer. Various types are covered, including those using enzymes, antibodies, cells, nucleic acids, and nanoparticles. Applications discussed include medical uses like glucose monitoring, as well as environmental monitoring and agricultural quality control. The future potential of nanobiosensors for early cancer detection is also mentioned.
This document discusses biosensors and their applications in agriculture. It begins with defining biosensors as integrated devices that use a biological recognition element in direct contact with a transducer to provide analytical information. It then describes the basic principles and components of biosensors, including immobilization of biological material, interaction with analytes, and signal conversion by transducers. The document outlines characteristics like linearity, sensitivity and selectivity. It discusses various types of biosensors and their advantages. Finally, it provides examples of biosensor applications for detecting pesticides, herbicides and other agricultural pollutants, as well as their use in environmental monitoring and food analysis.
IntroductionDefinitionPescidesType of pesticidesFate of pesticides in environmentBiodegradation of pesticides in soil Criteria for biodegradation
Strategies for biodegradationDifferent approaches of biodegradationChemical reaction leading to biodegradationChanging the spectrum of toxicityExample of biodegradationAdvantageDisadvantage
This document discusses biosensors and nanobiosensors. It begins by defining biosensors as sensors that integrate a biological recognition element with a physiochemical transducer. It then describes the three main components of a biosensor: the recognition element, transducer, and signal processor. The document outlines different types of biosensors including electrochemical, optical, mass-based, and colorimetric. It also discusses the principles of detection for each type. Nanobiosensors are described as having characteristics like sensitivity, specificity, portability, and versatility. Current research highlighted includes wearable nanobiosensors to monitor health and implantable versions to continuously measure analytes like glucose. Applications of nanobiosensors span fields like medical diagnostics
A nanobiosensor is a biosensor that operates on the nano-scale and combines a biological component with a physicochemical detector. Nanobiosensors can be optical, electrical, electrochemical, use nanotubes or nanowires, and come in viral or nanoshell variations. They function by detecting a biological recognition element through a transducer. Nanobiosensors have applications in DNA sensing, immunosensing, cell-based sensing, point-of-care testing, bacteria sensing, enzyme sensing, and environmental monitoring. Future applications include cancer monitoring through the detection of cancer biomarkers from body fluids.
A biosensor is an analytical tool that detects a biological response and converts it into a measurable signal. It has five main components: an analyte, bioreceptor, transducer, electrical interface, and electronic system. The bioreceptor interacts specifically with the analyte, causing a change in the transducer that is converted into an electrical signal via the interface and processed by the electronic system. Common types include electrochemical, optical, thermal, and resonant biosensors. Examples of applications include food analysis, medical diagnosis, environmental monitoring, and more.
Biosensors in Environmental MonitoringSindhBiotech
This lecture is presented by our volunteer Bushra Umer, she is from Karachi, Pakistan, and she is covering "Biosensors in Environmental Monitoring"
For video: https://youtu.be/DoO2Aw7bRrk
Biodegradation or biological degradation is the phenomenon of biological transformation of organic compounds by living organisms, particularly the microorganisms.
Biodegradation basically involves the conversion of complex organic molecules to simpler (and mostly non-toxic) ones. The term biotransformation is used for incomplete biodegradation of organic compounds involving one or a few reactions. Biotransformation is employed for the synthesis of commercially important products by microorganisms.
Bioremediation refers to the process of using microorganisms to remove the environmental pollutants i.e. the toxic wastes found in soil, water, air etc. The microbes serve as scavengers in bioremediation. The removal of organic wastes by microbes for environmental clean-up is the essence of bioremediation. The other names used (by some authors) for bioremediation are bio-treatment, bio-reclamation and bio-restoration.
It is rather difficult to show any distinction between biodegradation and bioremediation. Further, in biotechnology, most of the reactions of biodegradation/bioremediation involve xenobiotic.
Biosensors are based on use of biological material as the sensing element which reacts or interacts with the analyte resulting in a detectable chemical or physical change.
Cholesterol Bio Sensors: getter better fastJeffrey Funk
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to analyze the increasing economic feasibility of bio-sensors for measuring cholesterol in humans. Bio-sensors detect the level of cholesterol (and other biological materials) using enzymes, matrices, and transducers. The enzymes, which are held in a matrix, react with the cholesterol and an electric signal is produced from an amperometric transducer. Improvements in sensitivity, response time, shelf life, detection limit, and reusability have been achieved through creating more appropriate biological materials for the enzymes, matrices, and transducers.
This document discusses plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). It begins by defining PGPR as beneficial bacteria that colonize plant roots and promote plant growth. It then covers the classification, characteristics, and mechanisms of action of PGPR, including direct mechanisms like nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, and phytohormone production as well as indirect mechanisms like siderophore production and induced systemic resistance. The document also discusses the roles, commercialization, and importance of PGPR as biofertilizers for sustainable agriculture.
Enzyme based Biosensor for pesticide DetectionSubhasis Sarkar
The biosensors could be used for pesticides rapid detection with a good stability and repeatability. As a new analytical method, biosensor could be widely used in the determination of food contamination. Biosensor techniques based on the principle of specific biological-recognition have shown satisfactory results for environmental control, food quality monitoring and toxicity detection in recent years. All these detection methods based on biosensors were shorter time response and lower cost comparing with the traditional method, but these methods were not enough convenient to use, moreover, complex detection procedures make them unsuitable for commercial and industrial applications.
Nanobiosensors use biological components on the nano-scale to detect target molecules. They consist of a bioreceptor element for molecular recognition connected to a transducer that converts the biological response into a measurable signal. Common transduction methods include optical, electrochemical and mechanical. Examples are nanowire field effect sensors that detect binding as a change in electrical conductivity, and cantilever sensors that detect binding as a change in resonant frequency through surface stress. Nanobiosensors show potential for applications in healthcare diagnostics, environmental monitoring, and more.
This document provides an overview of biosensors. It defines a biosensor and discusses its key elements, including the biological recognition component, transducer, and electronic system. The document outlines the history of biosensors, from early work immobilizing enzymes in the 1910s-1920s to the development of the first glucose biosensor by Clark in 1962. It also describes various types of biosensors like calorimetric, piezoelectric, electrochemical, and optical, as well as DNA-based biosensors. Applications of biosensors discussed include food analysis, medical diagnostics, environmental monitoring, and more.
Biosensors are the analytical device that are used to measure the concentration of analye , these type of biosensors are made with conjugation of enzymes as a biological eliment to quantify a (bio)chemical substance / analyte are reffered to as Enzyme-probe Biosensors .
Biosensors are of many types but focusing on Enzyme biosensors there are 4 main types which are briefly described in this power point presentation .
Biosensors: General Principles and ApplicationsBhatt Eshfaq
1. A biosensor is a device that uses specific biochemical reactions to detect chemical compounds in biological samples through the integration of a biological element with a physiochemical transducer.
2. Professor Leland C Clark Jr is considered the "Father of the Biosensor" for his work developing the first enzyme electrode for glucose detection in 1962.
3. There are various types of biosensors including calorimetric, potentiometric, amperometric, and optical biosensors that use different sensing techniques like fluorescence, DNA microarrays, and surface plasmon resonance.
This document discusses plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and their ability to solubilize inorganic phosphate. Some key points:
- PGPR are bacteria that live in the rhizosphere and provide benefits to plants. An important function is solubilizing insoluble phosphate minerals making phosphorus available for plant uptake.
- Common insoluble phosphates include tricalcium phosphate, dicalcium phosphate, and hydroxyapatite. Bacteria secrete organic acids like lactic acid and acetic acid to solubilize these minerals.
- Successful phosphate solubilizing bacteria include species from Bacillus, Pseudomonas, and Rhizobium genera. Screening methods involve checking for clearing zones
In Situ Bioremediation;Types, Advantages and limitations Zohaib HUSSAIN
In situ bioremediation uses microorganisms to treat hazardous waste in place, without removing the contaminated material. It can be applied in both the unsaturated zone (e.g. bioventing) and saturated zones (groundwater). Intrinsic bioremediation relies on naturally occurring microbes, while engineered approaches accelerate degradation by supplying oxygen, nutrients, or other stimulants. Successful in situ bioremediation is evidenced by measuring increased microbial activity, growth of degrading populations, and production of degradation byproducts at the site.
Preservation of industrially important microbial strainAishwarya Konka
This document discusses techniques for preserving industrially important microbial strains. It describes methods where microbes are kept in a continuous metabolic active state through periodic transfer to fresh media, overlaying cultures with mineral oil, and storage in sterile soil. It also covers techniques where microbes are placed in a suspended metabolic state, such as drying in vacuum, lyophilization, cryopreservation in liquid nitrogen, and storage in silica gel. The goal of preservation is to maintain microbial cultures alive, uncontaminated, and as healthy as possible for long periods of time.
This document provides an overview of biosensors and their applications in diagnostic purposes. It discusses the characteristics and types of biosensors, including enzymatic, immunological, and DNA biosensors. It then focuses on the use of various biosensors for diagnostic applications in diabetes (glucose monitoring), cardiovascular diseases (cholesterol, cardiac markers), cancer (protein biomarkers), and detection of pathogens like viruses, bacteria, and protozoa. The document provides examples of electrochemical, optical, and other biosensors developed for specific diagnostic tests.
Bio mining uses microorganisms like bacteria and fungi to extract metals from ores. It involves two main processes: bioleaching and biooxidation. Bioleaching involves dumping low-grade ore into a heap and soaking it with acid and bacteria, which degrade the ore and release minerals into fluid. This technique is commonly used to extract gold, copper, nickel, zinc, uranium, and silver. The most common microbes used are Thiobacillus and Leptospirillium.
This document discusses biosensors. It defines a biosensor as a device that converts a biological signal into a measurable electrical signal. It notes that Professor Leland C. Clark is considered the father of biosensors. The document outlines the key parts of a biosensor including the bioreceptor, transducer, and signal processor. It describes different types of biosensors such as calorimetric, optical, resonant, piezoelectric, and electrochemical biosensors. Applications of biosensors include uses in food analysis, drug development, medical diagnostics, and environmental monitoring.
A biosensor is a compact analytical device incorporating a biological or biologically derived sensing element either associated or integrated within a physicochemical transducer
Here are some slides to discuss about biosensors and their application which we prepared in graduation.
This seminar report discusses biosensors used in agriculture. It provides an overview of different types of biosensors including electrochemical, potentiometric, amperometric, calorimetric and optical biosensors. It discusses the principle of signal transduction that biosensors use to convert biological reactions into electrical signals. The report also examines the role of biosensors in agriculture for detecting crop diseases and pathogens in plants. Some advantages of biosensors include high sensitivity, selectivity and rapid response times. Potential disadvantages include susceptibility to interference and limited lifespan.
A biosensor is an analytical tool that detects a biological response and converts it into a measurable signal. It has five main components: an analyte, bioreceptor, transducer, electrical interface, and electronic system. The bioreceptor interacts specifically with the analyte, causing a change in the transducer that is converted into an electrical signal via the interface and processed by the electronic system. Common types include electrochemical, optical, thermal, and resonant biosensors. Examples of applications include food analysis, medical diagnosis, environmental monitoring, and more.
Biosensors in Environmental MonitoringSindhBiotech
This lecture is presented by our volunteer Bushra Umer, she is from Karachi, Pakistan, and she is covering "Biosensors in Environmental Monitoring"
For video: https://youtu.be/DoO2Aw7bRrk
Biodegradation or biological degradation is the phenomenon of biological transformation of organic compounds by living organisms, particularly the microorganisms.
Biodegradation basically involves the conversion of complex organic molecules to simpler (and mostly non-toxic) ones. The term biotransformation is used for incomplete biodegradation of organic compounds involving one or a few reactions. Biotransformation is employed for the synthesis of commercially important products by microorganisms.
Bioremediation refers to the process of using microorganisms to remove the environmental pollutants i.e. the toxic wastes found in soil, water, air etc. The microbes serve as scavengers in bioremediation. The removal of organic wastes by microbes for environmental clean-up is the essence of bioremediation. The other names used (by some authors) for bioremediation are bio-treatment, bio-reclamation and bio-restoration.
It is rather difficult to show any distinction between biodegradation and bioremediation. Further, in biotechnology, most of the reactions of biodegradation/bioremediation involve xenobiotic.
Biosensors are based on use of biological material as the sensing element which reacts or interacts with the analyte resulting in a detectable chemical or physical change.
Cholesterol Bio Sensors: getter better fastJeffrey Funk
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to analyze the increasing economic feasibility of bio-sensors for measuring cholesterol in humans. Bio-sensors detect the level of cholesterol (and other biological materials) using enzymes, matrices, and transducers. The enzymes, which are held in a matrix, react with the cholesterol and an electric signal is produced from an amperometric transducer. Improvements in sensitivity, response time, shelf life, detection limit, and reusability have been achieved through creating more appropriate biological materials for the enzymes, matrices, and transducers.
This document discusses plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). It begins by defining PGPR as beneficial bacteria that colonize plant roots and promote plant growth. It then covers the classification, characteristics, and mechanisms of action of PGPR, including direct mechanisms like nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, and phytohormone production as well as indirect mechanisms like siderophore production and induced systemic resistance. The document also discusses the roles, commercialization, and importance of PGPR as biofertilizers for sustainable agriculture.
Enzyme based Biosensor for pesticide DetectionSubhasis Sarkar
The biosensors could be used for pesticides rapid detection with a good stability and repeatability. As a new analytical method, biosensor could be widely used in the determination of food contamination. Biosensor techniques based on the principle of specific biological-recognition have shown satisfactory results for environmental control, food quality monitoring and toxicity detection in recent years. All these detection methods based on biosensors were shorter time response and lower cost comparing with the traditional method, but these methods were not enough convenient to use, moreover, complex detection procedures make them unsuitable for commercial and industrial applications.
Nanobiosensors use biological components on the nano-scale to detect target molecules. They consist of a bioreceptor element for molecular recognition connected to a transducer that converts the biological response into a measurable signal. Common transduction methods include optical, electrochemical and mechanical. Examples are nanowire field effect sensors that detect binding as a change in electrical conductivity, and cantilever sensors that detect binding as a change in resonant frequency through surface stress. Nanobiosensors show potential for applications in healthcare diagnostics, environmental monitoring, and more.
This document provides an overview of biosensors. It defines a biosensor and discusses its key elements, including the biological recognition component, transducer, and electronic system. The document outlines the history of biosensors, from early work immobilizing enzymes in the 1910s-1920s to the development of the first glucose biosensor by Clark in 1962. It also describes various types of biosensors like calorimetric, piezoelectric, electrochemical, and optical, as well as DNA-based biosensors. Applications of biosensors discussed include food analysis, medical diagnostics, environmental monitoring, and more.
Biosensors are the analytical device that are used to measure the concentration of analye , these type of biosensors are made with conjugation of enzymes as a biological eliment to quantify a (bio)chemical substance / analyte are reffered to as Enzyme-probe Biosensors .
Biosensors are of many types but focusing on Enzyme biosensors there are 4 main types which are briefly described in this power point presentation .
Biosensors: General Principles and ApplicationsBhatt Eshfaq
1. A biosensor is a device that uses specific biochemical reactions to detect chemical compounds in biological samples through the integration of a biological element with a physiochemical transducer.
2. Professor Leland C Clark Jr is considered the "Father of the Biosensor" for his work developing the first enzyme electrode for glucose detection in 1962.
3. There are various types of biosensors including calorimetric, potentiometric, amperometric, and optical biosensors that use different sensing techniques like fluorescence, DNA microarrays, and surface plasmon resonance.
This document discusses plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and their ability to solubilize inorganic phosphate. Some key points:
- PGPR are bacteria that live in the rhizosphere and provide benefits to plants. An important function is solubilizing insoluble phosphate minerals making phosphorus available for plant uptake.
- Common insoluble phosphates include tricalcium phosphate, dicalcium phosphate, and hydroxyapatite. Bacteria secrete organic acids like lactic acid and acetic acid to solubilize these minerals.
- Successful phosphate solubilizing bacteria include species from Bacillus, Pseudomonas, and Rhizobium genera. Screening methods involve checking for clearing zones
In Situ Bioremediation;Types, Advantages and limitations Zohaib HUSSAIN
In situ bioremediation uses microorganisms to treat hazardous waste in place, without removing the contaminated material. It can be applied in both the unsaturated zone (e.g. bioventing) and saturated zones (groundwater). Intrinsic bioremediation relies on naturally occurring microbes, while engineered approaches accelerate degradation by supplying oxygen, nutrients, or other stimulants. Successful in situ bioremediation is evidenced by measuring increased microbial activity, growth of degrading populations, and production of degradation byproducts at the site.
Preservation of industrially important microbial strainAishwarya Konka
This document discusses techniques for preserving industrially important microbial strains. It describes methods where microbes are kept in a continuous metabolic active state through periodic transfer to fresh media, overlaying cultures with mineral oil, and storage in sterile soil. It also covers techniques where microbes are placed in a suspended metabolic state, such as drying in vacuum, lyophilization, cryopreservation in liquid nitrogen, and storage in silica gel. The goal of preservation is to maintain microbial cultures alive, uncontaminated, and as healthy as possible for long periods of time.
This document provides an overview of biosensors and their applications in diagnostic purposes. It discusses the characteristics and types of biosensors, including enzymatic, immunological, and DNA biosensors. It then focuses on the use of various biosensors for diagnostic applications in diabetes (glucose monitoring), cardiovascular diseases (cholesterol, cardiac markers), cancer (protein biomarkers), and detection of pathogens like viruses, bacteria, and protozoa. The document provides examples of electrochemical, optical, and other biosensors developed for specific diagnostic tests.
Bio mining uses microorganisms like bacteria and fungi to extract metals from ores. It involves two main processes: bioleaching and biooxidation. Bioleaching involves dumping low-grade ore into a heap and soaking it with acid and bacteria, which degrade the ore and release minerals into fluid. This technique is commonly used to extract gold, copper, nickel, zinc, uranium, and silver. The most common microbes used are Thiobacillus and Leptospirillium.
This document discusses biosensors. It defines a biosensor as a device that converts a biological signal into a measurable electrical signal. It notes that Professor Leland C. Clark is considered the father of biosensors. The document outlines the key parts of a biosensor including the bioreceptor, transducer, and signal processor. It describes different types of biosensors such as calorimetric, optical, resonant, piezoelectric, and electrochemical biosensors. Applications of biosensors include uses in food analysis, drug development, medical diagnostics, and environmental monitoring.
A biosensor is a compact analytical device incorporating a biological or biologically derived sensing element either associated or integrated within a physicochemical transducer
Here are some slides to discuss about biosensors and their application which we prepared in graduation.
This seminar report discusses biosensors used in agriculture. It provides an overview of different types of biosensors including electrochemical, potentiometric, amperometric, calorimetric and optical biosensors. It discusses the principle of signal transduction that biosensors use to convert biological reactions into electrical signals. The report also examines the role of biosensors in agriculture for detecting crop diseases and pathogens in plants. Some advantages of biosensors include high sensitivity, selectivity and rapid response times. Potential disadvantages include susceptibility to interference and limited lifespan.
Bioindicators are organisms, such as lichens,birds and bacteria, that are used to monitor the health of the environment. The organisms and organism associations are monitored for changes that may indicate a problem within their ecosystem. The changes can be chemical, physiological or behavioural. Bioindicators are relevant for Ecological health
This document discusses biosensors and their uses for monitoring food. A biosensor combines a biological component with a detection system to detect chemicals. Biosensors can be used to detect microorganisms, heavy metals, pesticides, and toxins in food. They offer advantages like rapid and continuous measurement, high specificity, and fast response times. Biosensors represent sensitive and accurate methods for modern food analysis.
This document discusses biosensors and their use in monitoring aquatic environments for pollution. It begins by defining biosensors as analytical devices that combine a biological component with a physicochemical detector. It then outlines the general principles of how biosensors work using a bio-receptor and transducer. The document goes on to describe various types of biosensors and their applications in detecting different types of environmental pollutants like heavy metals, pesticides, antibiotics, hormones, and more. It provides examples of specific biosensors used to monitor levels of pollutants in water.
Biosensors for environment application by danish amin111DANISHAMIN950
This document provides an overview of biosensors for environmental applications. It discusses how biosensors have the potential to allow for portable, miniaturized, and on-site monitoring of pollutants with minimal sample preparation. It describes different types of biosensors, including electrochemical and optical biosensors, and examples of their use in monitoring pollutants like pesticides, heavy metals, and endocrine disrupting compounds. The document also outlines some principles of using organisms as biosensors to monitor environmental conditions.
The document discusses preharvest food safety and security. It summarizes a meeting of professionals who discussed current preharvest food safety practices, problems caused by pathogens on farms, research needs, and communication priorities. Key topics included the diversity of food production environments; surveillance and risk assessment of foodborne pathogens; incentives for improving safety practices; and the role of trade in affecting practice changes. Research needs focused on detection methods, understanding impacts of illnesses, and microbial ecology/interactions on farms.
This document discusses biosensors, including their main components, working principle, types, applications, and recent research. A biosensor contains a biological recognition element and transducer. It detects analytes like glucose or toxins and converts biochemical reactions into measurable signals. Common types include calorimetric, potentiometric, piezoelectric, and optical biosensors. Applications range from food safety and disease monitoring to environmental analysis. Recent studies explore electrochemical impedimetric biosensors for rapid, inline food pathogen detection and the potential for biosensors to enable on-line quality control in food production.
This document discusses rapid detection techniques for foodborne pathogens, including conventional and emerging methods. It introduces biosensors as analytical devices that combine a biomolecule receptor with a transducer to detect pathogens. There are several types of biosensors like whole-cell, enzyme, and optical biosensors that can detect bacteria through techniques like bioluminescence, electrochemistry, and fluorescence. Research is exploring new biosensor materials like carbon nanotubes and methods like immunomagnetic separation to rapidly detect pathogens. While rapid methods are increasingly used, technology continues advancing to develop real-time multi-pathogen detection assays like biosensors and DNA chips for food monitoring.
Bio sensing technology for sustainable food safetySumera Saleem
The document discusses biosensing technology for sustainable food safety. It begins by defining a biosensor as a device that uses biochemical reactions to detect compounds in biological samples. It then describes the components of biosensors and how they are used to detect various substances in food like glucose, glutamine, pesticides, herbicides, toxins, and heavy metals. The document outlines some limitations of biosensor technology but concludes that biosensors offer a reliable and inexpensive method for evaluating food quality and safety compared to conventional methods due to advantages like speed, specificity, sensitivity, and automation.
Biosensors are devices used to detect the presence or concentration of biological analyte (Sample) such as biomolecule, a biological structure or a microorganisms.
A biosensor is an analytical device which converts the biological signal into a measurable electrical signal.
Dr. Cyril Gay - Alternatives to AntibioticsJohn Blue
Alternatives to Antibiotics - Dr. Cyril Gay, Senior National Program Manager, USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS), from the 2017 NIAA Annual Conference, U.S. Animal Agriculture's Future Role In World Food Production - Obstacles & Opportunities, April 4 - 6, Columbus, OH, USA.
More presentations at http://www.trufflemedia.com/agmedia/conference/2017_niaa_us_animal_ag_future_role_world_food_production
Avs prospect and application of biosensor in plant disease managementAMOL SHITOLE
The document discusses biosensors, their principles, types, and applications. It notes that biosensors combine biological components with physicochemical detectors to convert biological responses into analyzable signals. Various types are described including electrochemical, optical, and whole cell biosensors. Key applications discussed include use in agriculture to detect pathogens and toxins, clinical diagnostics, environmental monitoring, and food analysis. The electronic nose is also summarized as a type of biosensor system used for microbial detection.
This document discusses biosensors, which contain immobilized biological materials that interact with analytes to produce detectable signals. It covers the main components of biosensors including the sensor, transducer, amplifier and display. The working principle involves a bioreceptor interacting with an analyte and the transducer measuring this interaction. Various types of biosensors are described such as calorimetric, potentiometric, amperometric and optical biosensors. Applications include food analysis, medical diagnosis, drug development and environmental monitoring. Glucose biosensors are discussed as an example for medical use in diabetes monitoring. The future of biosensor technology is seen to involve greater use of nanotechnology, microfluidics and home-based monitoring.
This document discusses biosensors, which contain an immobilized biological material that interacts with an analyte to produce a measurable signal. It describes the main components of a biosensor including the sensor, transducer, amplifier, processor and display unit. It then discusses the working principle of biosensors and different types including calorimetric, potentiometric, acoustic wave, amperometric and optical biosensors. Applications are covered in areas like food analysis, medical diagnosis, drug development and environmental monitoring. The document concludes with discussing the future of biosensor technology.
Biosensors integrate a biological recognition element with a physiochemical transducer to produce a measurable signal proportional to the analyte concentration. There are several key components of a biosensor including the bioreceptor, transducer, and detector. Common types of biosensors include optical, resonant, physical, ion-sensitive, and electrochemical biosensors. Biosensors offer advantages like specificity, rapid response, and continuous monitoring capability. They have wide applications in fields like medical diagnostics, environmental monitoring, food analysis, and industrial process control.
This document discusses biosensors and diagnostic products. It defines a biosensor as a device that combines a biological component with a physicochemical detector to detect analytes. It describes different types of biosensors including calorimetric, potentiometric, electrochemical and optical biosensors. It also discusses applications of biosensors in glucose monitoring, environmental monitoring, and pathogen detection. The document then defines diagnostic products and provides an overview of the diagnostic market in India including types, size, growth rate and examples.
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
different Modes of Insect Plant InteractionArchita Das
different modes of interaction between insects and plants including mutualism, commensalism, antagonism, Pairwise and diffuse coevolution, Plant defenses, how coevolution started
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
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1. BIOSENSORS FOR AGRICULTURE
AND FOOD SAFETY: RECENT TRENDS
AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
K. PRAVIN KUMAR DR. M. NATARAJAN
PG SCHOLAR ASSISTANT PROFESSOR,
DEPT. OF AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION
2. HISTORY:
• In 1956, Leland C. Clark Jr. was invented the first true biosensor for oxygen detection in
blood, water and other liquid.
• Hence he is called as "Father of Biosensors".
3. BIOSENSOR:
• Biosensors can be defined as analytical devices which contain a combination of biological
detecting elements like sensor system and a transducer.
• A biosensor is an analytical device which converts a biological reaction into an electrical
signal.
• Biosensors can aid in sustainable agriculture by providing continuous monitoring or early
detection of disease outbreaks that can be averted.
5. COMPONENTS OF BIOSENSOR
1. Bio-receptor
2. Electrical Interface/Transducer
3. Signal Amplifier/Signal Detector
4. Signal Processor
5. Electronic Display
6.
7. USES OF THE COMPONENTS:
• Bio-receptors are biological materials such as tissues, cell receptors, antibodies,
microorganisms, enzymes, nucleic acids, and organelles.
• Transducer: Bio-receptors send a response to the transducer element which
generates an electrical or digital signal.
• Amplifier: The electrical signals are detected and amplified by a signal amplifier
which sends the amplified signals to signal the processor.
• Signals are finally converted into an electrical display after going through
processing steps.
8. PRINCIPLES OF BIOSENSOR
• Immobilization of biological material
• Surface treatment to the transducer
• Interaction of analyte with biological material
• Conversion of biological signal
• Amplification of signal
10. BASIC CHARACTERISTICS:
There are four basic characteristics:
Linearity should be high for the detection of high substrate concentration.
Sensitivity importance of electrode response per substrate concentration.
Selectivity chemical interference must be minimized for obtaining correct
Result.
Response time necessary for having 95% of the response.
11. TYPES OF BIOSENSOR:
Transducer type Biosensor type Application
Electrochemical Potentiometric Urea, CO2, pesticide, sugar, pH determination
Conductometric Environmental contamination,
pesticide, and heavy metal detection
Amperometric Organophosphate pesticide, pathogen detection
Impedimetric Peptide, small protein, milk toxin, and food borne pathogen detection
12. Optical Bioluminescent Heavy metal detection, food toxicant, pathogen study.
Fluorescence BOD measurement, water availability to plants, pathogen detection
Colorimetric Water and food borne pathogen detection
Surface Plasmon Resonance
(SPR)
Livestock disease diagnosis, drug residue testing, toxic gas monitoring
Piezoelectric Quartz Crystal
Microbalance (QCM), Surface
Acoustic Wave (SAW)
Humidity, food safety, organophosphate and carbamate pesticide detection,
glucose monitoring
Thermal Thermistor Organophosphate pesticide, water and food pathogen detection
14. Wireless Sensor Network (WSN):
Nowadays, wireless sensor networks (WSN) are widely used in agriculture monitoring to improve the quality and
productivity of farming. In this application, sensors gather different types of data (i.e., humidity, carbon dioxide level, and
temperature) in real-time scenarios
15. Big data analysis :
Big data provides farmers granular data on rainfall patterns, water cycles, fertilizer requirements, and more. This enables
them to make smart decisions, such as what crops to plant for better profitability and when to harvest. The right decisions
ultimately improve farm yields.
16. BIOSENSORS IN AGRICULTURE:
• Agriculture includes the production of crops and the rearing of livestock producing
different products which are used in daily life.
• These elements have always been disposed to damage in the form of pests and diseases
causing a loss in the profits.
• Hence, a way of increasing profits would be to decrease the loss of crops and livestock by
such natural threats.
• With the advancement in bioterrorism, the need for biosecurity becomes necessary. Also,
the need for biosecurity is necessary when agricultural produce or any living object is to
be transported across international borders.
17. • A concentration of herbicides, pesticides and heavy metals in agricultural lands is
increasing and this is a matter of concern.
• Biosensors can play a major role in this field as they provide rapid and specific detection
compared to the older techniques.
• Biosensors can be used to compute the levels of pesticides, herbicide, and heavy metals in
the soil and groundwater.
• Biosensors can be used to forecast the possible occurrence of soil disease, which has not
been feasible with the existing technology.
18. • By comparing two data it can be possible to quantitatively decide which microbe favors
the soil. It is feasible, therefore, to predict whether or not soil disease is prepared to break
out in the tested soil beforehand.
• Nitrate biosensor has been developed for the detection of the quantity of nitrate present in
the soil.
• Enzyme biosensors have been used to identify traces of organophosphates and carbamates
from pesticides.
19. • The basic principle of soil diagnosis with the biosensor is to approximate the relative
activity of “good microbes” and “bad microbes” in the soil on the source of quantitative
measurement of differential oxygen consumption in the respiration of two types of soil
microorganisms.
• The biological diagnosis of soil using biosensor means opening the approach to reliable
prevention and decontamination of soil disease at an earlier stage.
21. 1. Planting:
• Climate and environment are important factors that affect crop yields, but with the
development of intensive agriculture, these factors can be artificially improved to a
certain degree, and a series of commercial sensors.
• Biosensors can be used in planting to monitor and optimize various aspects of crop
growth and health.
• This can help farmers optimize the use of fertilizers and water, and improve the yield and
quality of the crops.
• Biosensors can also be used to detect the presence of pests and diseases.
22. • This can help farmers take timely action to prevent or control the spread of the infestation,
and minimize the use of pesticides or other chemicals.
• Biosensors can be used to monitor the effectiveness of different planting techniques, such
as irrigation or fertilization, and provide feedback on the most efficient and sustainable
practices.
• This can help farmers reduce their environmental footprint and improve the sustainability
of their operations.
23. 2.LIVESTOCKS:
• Disease diagnosis, health monitoring, disease prevention, and control are important in this
regard of livestock farming, especially the infectious diseases and wildlife pose a serious
threat to human health, while biosensors are playing an important role as a rapid
diagnostic tool.
• Biosensors can be useful in livestock to monitor the health and well-being of the birds, as
well as to optimize their growth and productivity. Here are some examples of how biosensors
can be used in a livestock farm:
• Monitoring of vital signs: Biosensors can be used to monitor the heart rate, respiration
rate, and body temperature of the birds. This can help identify any signs of stress or
illness, and allow for prompt intervention.
24. Detection of diseases: Biosensors can be used to detect the presence of pathogens and
diseases in the birds, such as avian influenza or Newcastle disease. Early detection can
help prevent the spread of disease and reduce the need for antibiotics.
Feed optimization: Biosensors can be used to monitor the feed intake and digestion of
the birds. This can help optimize the feed formulation and feeding schedule to ensure the
birds are receiving the proper nutrients and energy.
Environmental monitoring: Biosensors can be used to monitor the temperature,
humidity, and air quality in the Livestock house. This can help identify any potential
issues with the environment that may be affecting the health and growth of the birds.
25. 3. PACKAGING AND PRODUCTION:
• It was reported that about 30% of the annual world food produced was wasted, and part of
this was due to improper production and packaging.
• Biosensors plays an important role in production environment control and intelligent food
packaging.
• In packaging, biosensors can be used to monitor the quality and safety of food products
during storage and transportation.
• This can help prevent foodborne illnesses and ensure the freshness and quality of the food.
• Biosensors can also detect the presence of pathogens or pests in the crops, and help
farmers take timely actions to prevent or control the infestation.
26. • Overall, the usage of biosensors in packaging and production of agricultural produces can
improve the safety, quality, and efficiency of the food supply chain, while reducing waste
and environmental impact.
• However, only a few of these sensors have been used in some specific high-value food
packaging at present, but most of the reported sensors were either expensive or lack
practicality, which may be a key point that needs to be solved urgently in the future.
• Meanwhile, we believed that if the cost of sensors that have been commercialized can be
adequately reduced, they will be used more widely, decreasing food safety issues and
waste.
27. 4. STORAGE AND TRANSPORT:
• Biosensors can be used in storage and transport of agricultural produce to monitor and
maintain the quality and safety of the products.
• Biosensors can detect the presence of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses
that can cause spoilage or contamination of the produce.
• It reduces waste, and improve the efficiency of the supply chain and the multi-sensors
system can effectively ensure post-harvest quality monitoring and cold chain management
of agricultural products
28. 5. SALES AND CONSUMPTION:
Biosensors can be used in the sales and consumption of agricultural produce in various
ways, such as:
Quality control: Biosensors can be used to test the quality and freshness of agricultural
produce, such as fruits and vegetables, by detecting specific biomolecules, such as
enzymes or metabolites, that are indicative of spoilage or contamination. This
information can be used to ensure that only high-quality produce is sold to consumers,
which can improve sales and customer satisfaction.
Safety testing: Biosensors can also be used to detect harmful pathogens, such as E. coli
or Salmonella, in agricultural produce. This can help to prevent outbreaks of foodborne
illnesses and ensure that only safe products are sold to consumers, which can improve
trust and loyalty among customers.
29. Traceability: Biosensors can be used to track the origin and production history of
agricultural produce, such as through the detection of specific genetic markers or
chemical signatures. This can help to establish a more transparent and trustworthy supply
chain, which can improve sales and customer loyalty.
Shelf-life estimation: Biosensors can also be used to estimate the shelf-life of
agricultural produce by monitoring changes in biomolecules that occur during spoilage
or decay. This information can be used to optimize storage and distribution practices,
which can reduce waste and improve sales.
30. APPLICATIONS OF BIOSENSORS:
Biosensors have a very wide range of applications that aim to develop the quality of life.
This range covers their use for environmental monitoring, disease recognition, food
safety, defense, drug discovery and many more.
Biosensors can be used as platforms for monitoring food traceability, quality, safety, and
nutritional value.
These applications fall into the group of ‘single shot’ analysis tools, i.e. where cost-
effective and disposable sensing platforms are required for the application.
An application such as pollution monitoring requires a biosensor to function from a few
hours to several days.
31. ADVANTAGES:
• It gives specific and accurate readings.
• It is easy to handle.
• It can also measure non-polar molecules.
• There is no need of continuous monitoring.
• It is a sophisticated tool for the detection and monitoring phytopathogens
32. DISADVANTAGES:
• High cost
• It is to be handled very carefully
• It is highly sensitive which affects accuracy and reliability.
• It need regular calibration to maintain their accuracy and reliability, which can be
challenging in field setting.
33. BIOSENSOR FOR FOOD SAFETY:
• Quality assurance and safety of food during manufacturing process are the essential
requirements to preserve the quality of foods while preventing contamination and spread of
foodborne illness.
• Food safety and quality relates to the microbiological, toxicological, chemical, physical
characteristics of foods, which have to be ensured to guarantee in an acceptable level for
adequate protection to consumers.
• Conventional methods have an important role in evaluating the safety and quality of foods, but
they require highly trained staff and long procedures that limit their use for routine analysis.
The demand for rapid, sensitive, and accurate measurements has been continuously rising in
evaluating of food quality and safety during and after food processing.
34. • Recent challenges like food safety and security and climate changes are very important
and need advanced scientific interventions such as nanotechnology to resolve human
health, growth, and development.
• In this regard, nutritious food is very important in the diet with economical, safe, and
sufficient.
• However, our diet is contaminated, i.e. not safe and secure so it requires food safety and
food security measures.
35. SOME EXAMPLES OF BIOSENSORS IN FOOD
SAFETY:
Pathogen detection: Biosensors can be used to detect the presence of bacterial or viral
pathogens in food, such as Salmonella, Listeria, or E. coli. These biosensors can be based
on DNA or protein detection, and can provide results in as little as a few hours.
Allergen detection: Biosensors can be used to detect the presence of allergens in food,
such as peanuts, gluten, or milk. These biosensors can be based on immunological or
DNA-based methods, and can provide results in as little as a few minutes.
• Toxin detection: Biosensors can be used to detect the presence of toxins in food, such as
mycotoxins or heavy metals. These biosensors can be based on electrochemical or optical
detection, and can provide results in as little as a few minutes.
36. Quality control: Biosensors can be used for quality control in the food industry, such as
measuring the freshness of meat or the alcohol content of beverages. These biosensors
can be based on enzyme detection or electrochemical detection, and can provide results
in real-time.
Food fraud detection: Biosensors can be used to detect food fraud, such as the presence
of adulterants or counterfeit products. These biosensors can be based on DNA or
chemical detection, and can provide results in as little as a few hours.
37. ROLE OF AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION IN
PROMOTING BIOSENSOR IN AGRICULTURE:
• Agricultural extension services play a critical role in the adoption and use of biosensors in
agriculture.
• However, many farmers may not be familiar with the technology or may not know how to
use it effectively. This is where agricultural extension services come in.
• Agricultural extension workers can educate farmers about the benefits of biosensors, how
to use them, and how to interpret the data they provide.
• Extension workers can also help farmers identify the most appropriate biosensor
technology for their specific needs and provide training on how to use and maintain the
biosensors.
38. • Moreover, agricultural extension services can assist in the development and adaptation of
biosensor technologies to suit local conditions and needs.
• Extension workers can work with research institutions and biosensor manufacturers to
ensure that the technologies are appropriate for local conditions and that they meet the
needs of farmers.
• Agricultural extension services are critical in promoting the adoption and effective use of
biosensors in agriculture.
• Extension workers can help farmers understand and use the technology, assist in the
development of appropriate biosensor technologies, and collect and analyze data
generated by the biosensors to improve agricultural productivity and sustainability.
39. • Extension specialists may also give researchers and businesses input on the applicability
and value of biosensors, which can assist direct future research and development efforts.
• Agricultural extension services can address these barriers by providing farmers with the
necessary information, training, and technical support to effectively adopt and use
biosensors.
• They can offer instruction on how to operate, maintain, and interpret biosensors and the data they
produce.
40. The ways by which agricultural extension services can
promote the use of biosensors in agriculture:
Raising awareness: Agricultural extension workers can raise awareness about the
benefits of biosensors among farmers and other stakeholders in the agricultural value
chain. This can be done through various communication channels, such as workshops,
field demonstrations, and educational materials.
Technology transfer: Agricultural extension services can facilitate the transfer of
biosensor technology to farmers by working with research institutions and biosensor
manufacturers. This can include identifying appropriate technologies for local conditions
and needs, organizing training and demonstrations, and providing technical support.
41. Capacity building: Agricultural extension workers can provide training and technical
support to farmers to help them use and maintain biosensors effectively. This can include
training on data collection and analysis, troubleshooting, and maintenance of the
biosensors.
Data management: Agricultural extension services can help farmers manage the data
generated by biosensors by providing tools and support for data collection, storage, and
analysis. This can help farmers to make informed decisions about crop management, soil
and water conservation, and disease prevention.
42. S. No Conventional agriculture Biosensor based agriculture
1. It is done in small scale cultivation It is done in large scale cultivation
2. It needs some basic agricultural knowledge. It need skill based knowledge and computer operating
specialized person.
3. No installation charges Installation charges are high
4. It cannot identify the accurate data and information
for nutrient requirement.
It provides accurate data and information such as
nutrient requirement, irrigation management, pest and
diseases control.
5. It is a man made process It is computer based process
6. The cost of cultivation is high The cost of cultivation is low
43. FUTURE PERSPECTIVES:
• Biosensors have been a rapidly growing field in the last ten years or so, but regrettably,
only a handful of biosensors addressing sustainable agriculture challenges have been
reported, and the trend in recent publications continues to be the use of well-established
sensor principles to detect classical food contaminants like pathogens, antibiotics, toxins,
etc.
• On the bright side, the commercial sensors technology may be sufficient in existing
scenarios, so it is more important to innovate at the integrated application level.
• The problems of anti-interference, self-calibration, and long-term monitoring that have
been plaguing our biosensors still need to be paid attention to.
44. • The agrifood nanotechnology gives benefits to our farmers through food production and
food industry via food processing, preservation, and packaging.
• Improved detection of food pathogens, pesticides, antibiotics, and food contaminants have
to be done by using nanobiosensors toward food safety otherwise they will pose a threat to
human health.
• Nanobiosensors in agriculture not only detect biological analyte present in agricultural
food but also produce quality food to meet the local and global demands.
45. • Farmers can perform field analysis in fast, accurate, and cost-effective ways using
biosensors with nanoparticles.
• Using nanomaterials in biosensors becomes more advantageous for pathogen detection
particularly in fields like healthcare, food industry, and agriculture.
• Commercial exposure essentially expands future scope. Transducer hardware can be
upgraded with ‘carbon’ nano architecture resulting improved electrochemical signal
transduction.
46. • Future research on new nanomaterials can be a relevant tool in the development of new
biosensors for various purposes, always to improve the characteristics that make them as
attractive as their low cost and time of analysis, outstanding sensitivity and selectivity, as
well as its ability to be transportable.
• Quantam Dot method is another fast-growing technology where fluorescent nanocrystals
are used as semiconductor to measure pathogens in water.
• Hyperspectral sensors can be equipped with bio-molecules to enhance sensitivity and
minimize error towards sensing.
47. CONCLUSION:
• The present microbiological and molecular methods for pathogen detection are time-
consuming, expensive, relatively insensitive, and entirely laboratory-based.
• Hence, cost-effective, sensitive, and specific detection techniques suitable for field diagnosis
are highly desired.
• Besides, the biosensor technology exhibits high sensitivity and specificity and thus, can serve
as good detector of pathogens with unprocessed or crude samples.
• We believe that the biosensor technology is of high potential interest for in-field applications
and exhibits great advantages over other techniques in terms of time, simplicity, and
quantitative analysis.