Biosensors show the potential to complement laboratory-based analytical methods for
environmental applications. Although biosensors for potential environmental-monitoring
applications have been reported for a wide range of environmental pollutants, from a regulatory
perspective the decision to develop a biosensor method for an environmental application should
consider several interrelated issues. These issues are discussed in terms of the needs, policies,
and mechanisms associated with the identification and selection of appropriate monitoring
methods.
Hydrocarbon are major constituents of crude oil and petroleum. They can be biodegraded by naturally-occurring microorganisms in freshwater and marine environments under a variety of aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The ability of microorganisms - bacteria, archaea, fungi, or algae - to break down hydrocarbons is the basis for natural and enhanced bioremediation. To promote biodegradation, amendments such as nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizer are often added to stimulate microbial growth and metabolism
Biosensors in Environmental MonitoringSindhBiotech
This lecture is presented by our volunteer Bushra Umer, she is from Karachi, Pakistan, and she is covering "Biosensors in Environmental Monitoring"
For video: https://youtu.be/DoO2Aw7bRrk
Bioremediation of heavy metals pollution by Udaykumar Pankajkumar BhanushaliUdayBhanushali111
Mechanisms and techniques used for Bioremediation which includes phytoremediation, Bacterial & fungal bioremediation. Examples of heavy metal pollution
Hydrocarbon are major constituents of crude oil and petroleum. They can be biodegraded by naturally-occurring microorganisms in freshwater and marine environments under a variety of aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The ability of microorganisms - bacteria, archaea, fungi, or algae - to break down hydrocarbons is the basis for natural and enhanced bioremediation. To promote biodegradation, amendments such as nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizer are often added to stimulate microbial growth and metabolism
Biosensors in Environmental MonitoringSindhBiotech
This lecture is presented by our volunteer Bushra Umer, she is from Karachi, Pakistan, and she is covering "Biosensors in Environmental Monitoring"
For video: https://youtu.be/DoO2Aw7bRrk
Bioremediation of heavy metals pollution by Udaykumar Pankajkumar BhanushaliUdayBhanushali111
Mechanisms and techniques used for Bioremediation which includes phytoremediation, Bacterial & fungal bioremediation. Examples of heavy metal pollution
Biosensors: brief description about principles, working principle and illustration. Description about biosensors helping in environmental challenges in 21st century. Types of biosensors are also discussed.
Hope this presentation helps!!
"Remediate" means to solve a problem, and "bio-remediate" means to use biological organisms to solve an environmental problem such as contaminated soil or groundwater.
Bioremediation means to use a biological remedy to abate or clean up contamination.
According to the EPA, bioremediation is a “treatment that uses naturally occurring organisms to break down hazardous substances into less toxic or non toxic substances”.
This ppt contains all types of Microbial Bioremediation methods . Everyone can understand clearly . Explaining with neat pictures and animation . Useful for presentation about Microbes in bioremediation . At last it contains a small animated video which helps to get clear view .
Biodegradation or biological degradation is the phenomenon of biological transformation of organic compounds by living organisms, particularly the microorganisms.
Biodegradation basically involves the conversion of complex organic molecules to simpler (and mostly non-toxic) ones. The term biotransformation is used for incomplete biodegradation of organic compounds involving one or a few reactions. Biotransformation is employed for the synthesis of commercially important products by microorganisms.
Bioremediation refers to the process of using microorganisms to remove the environmental pollutants i.e. the toxic wastes found in soil, water, air etc. The microbes serve as scavengers in bioremediation. The removal of organic wastes by microbes for environmental clean-up is the essence of bioremediation. The other names used (by some authors) for bioremediation are bio-treatment, bio-reclamation and bio-restoration.
It is rather difficult to show any distinction between biodegradation and bioremediation. Further, in biotechnology, most of the reactions of biodegradation/bioremediation involve xenobiotic.
•Introduction of bioremediation: Bioremediation refers to the process of using microorganisms to remove the environmental pollutants i.e. toxic wastes found in soil, water, air etc.
•In situ bioremediation:
It involves a direct approach for the microbial
degradation of xenobiotics at the sites of pollution
(soil, ground water).
•Types of in situ bioremediation:
Natural attenuation.
Engineered in situ bioremediation.
- Bioventing, biosparging, bioslurping,
phytoremediation.
•Ex situ bioremediation:
Waste or toxic pollutants can be collected from the polluted sites and bioremediation can be carried out at a designated place or site.
• Types of ex situ bioremediation
Land farming, windrow, biopiles, bioreactors.
•Microorganisms use in bioremediation:
A number of naturally occurring marine microbes
such as Pseudomonas sp. is capable of degrading oil and other hydrocarbons.
•Factors affecting bioremediation:
Nutrient availability, moisture content, pH, temperature, contaminant availability.
•References:
Satyanarayana U. Biotechnology. BOOKS AND ALLIED (P) Ltd.
Sharma P.D. Environmental Microbiology. RASTOGI PUBLICATIONS.
Gupta P.K. Biotechnology and Genomics. RASTOGI PUBLICATIONS.
Dubey R.C. A Textbook of Biotechnology. S Chand And Company Ltd.
Dubey R.C. A Textbook of Microbiology. S Chand And Company Ltd.
Willey/Sherwood/Woolverton. Prescott’s Microbiology. McGRAW-HILL INTERNATIONAL EDITION.
www.sciencedirect.com/bioremediation.
Exposure to lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and selenite (SeO3−2) consider the main heavy metals that threat human health. These heavy metals can interfere with the function of vital cellular components. Soil heavy metal contamination represents risks to humans and the ecosystem through drinking of contaminated groundwater, direct ingestion or the food chain, and reduction in food quality. Bioremediation means cleanup of polluted environment via transformation of toxic heavy metals into less toxic form by microbes or its enzymes. Otherwise, bioremediation by microbes has limitations like production of toxic metabolites. The efflux of metal ions outside the cell, biosorption to the cell walls and entrapment in extracellular capsules, precipitation, and reduction of the heavy metal ions to a less toxic state are mechanisms to metals’ resistance.
Biosensors: brief description about principles, working principle and illustration. Description about biosensors helping in environmental challenges in 21st century. Types of biosensors are also discussed.
Hope this presentation helps!!
"Remediate" means to solve a problem, and "bio-remediate" means to use biological organisms to solve an environmental problem such as contaminated soil or groundwater.
Bioremediation means to use a biological remedy to abate or clean up contamination.
According to the EPA, bioremediation is a “treatment that uses naturally occurring organisms to break down hazardous substances into less toxic or non toxic substances”.
This ppt contains all types of Microbial Bioremediation methods . Everyone can understand clearly . Explaining with neat pictures and animation . Useful for presentation about Microbes in bioremediation . At last it contains a small animated video which helps to get clear view .
Biodegradation or biological degradation is the phenomenon of biological transformation of organic compounds by living organisms, particularly the microorganisms.
Biodegradation basically involves the conversion of complex organic molecules to simpler (and mostly non-toxic) ones. The term biotransformation is used for incomplete biodegradation of organic compounds involving one or a few reactions. Biotransformation is employed for the synthesis of commercially important products by microorganisms.
Bioremediation refers to the process of using microorganisms to remove the environmental pollutants i.e. the toxic wastes found in soil, water, air etc. The microbes serve as scavengers in bioremediation. The removal of organic wastes by microbes for environmental clean-up is the essence of bioremediation. The other names used (by some authors) for bioremediation are bio-treatment, bio-reclamation and bio-restoration.
It is rather difficult to show any distinction between biodegradation and bioremediation. Further, in biotechnology, most of the reactions of biodegradation/bioremediation involve xenobiotic.
•Introduction of bioremediation: Bioremediation refers to the process of using microorganisms to remove the environmental pollutants i.e. toxic wastes found in soil, water, air etc.
•In situ bioremediation:
It involves a direct approach for the microbial
degradation of xenobiotics at the sites of pollution
(soil, ground water).
•Types of in situ bioremediation:
Natural attenuation.
Engineered in situ bioremediation.
- Bioventing, biosparging, bioslurping,
phytoremediation.
•Ex situ bioremediation:
Waste or toxic pollutants can be collected from the polluted sites and bioremediation can be carried out at a designated place or site.
• Types of ex situ bioremediation
Land farming, windrow, biopiles, bioreactors.
•Microorganisms use in bioremediation:
A number of naturally occurring marine microbes
such as Pseudomonas sp. is capable of degrading oil and other hydrocarbons.
•Factors affecting bioremediation:
Nutrient availability, moisture content, pH, temperature, contaminant availability.
•References:
Satyanarayana U. Biotechnology. BOOKS AND ALLIED (P) Ltd.
Sharma P.D. Environmental Microbiology. RASTOGI PUBLICATIONS.
Gupta P.K. Biotechnology and Genomics. RASTOGI PUBLICATIONS.
Dubey R.C. A Textbook of Biotechnology. S Chand And Company Ltd.
Dubey R.C. A Textbook of Microbiology. S Chand And Company Ltd.
Willey/Sherwood/Woolverton. Prescott’s Microbiology. McGRAW-HILL INTERNATIONAL EDITION.
www.sciencedirect.com/bioremediation.
Exposure to lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and selenite (SeO3−2) consider the main heavy metals that threat human health. These heavy metals can interfere with the function of vital cellular components. Soil heavy metal contamination represents risks to humans and the ecosystem through drinking of contaminated groundwater, direct ingestion or the food chain, and reduction in food quality. Bioremediation means cleanup of polluted environment via transformation of toxic heavy metals into less toxic form by microbes or its enzymes. Otherwise, bioremediation by microbes has limitations like production of toxic metabolites. The efflux of metal ions outside the cell, biosorption to the cell walls and entrapment in extracellular capsules, precipitation, and reduction of the heavy metal ions to a less toxic state are mechanisms to metals’ resistance.
A biosensor is an analytical device which converts a biological response into an electrical signal. The term
'biosensor' is often used to cover sensor devices used in order to determine the concentration of substances and
other parameters of biological interest even where they do not utilize a biological system directly. This very
broad definition is used by some scientific journals (e.g. Biosensors, Elsevier Applied Science) but will not be
applied to the coverage here. The emphasis of this Chapter concerns enzymes as the biologically responsive
material, but it should be recognized that other biological systems may be utilized by biosensors, for example,
whole cell metabolism, ligand binding and the antibody-antigen reaction. Biosensors represent a rapidly
expanding field, at the present time, with an estimated 60% annual growth rate; the major impetus coming from
the health-care industry (e.g. 6% of the western world are diabetic and would benefit from the availability of a
rapid, accurate and simple biosensor for glucose) but with some pressure from other areas, such as food quality
appraisal and environmental monitoring. The estimated world analytical market is about 12,000,000,000 year-
1
of which 30% is in the health care area. There is clearly a vast market expansion potential as less than 0.1% of
this market is currently using biosensors. Research and development in this field is wide and multidisciplinary,
spanning biochemistry, bioreactor science, physical chemistry, electrochemistry, electronics and software
engineering. Most of this current endeavour concerns potentiometric and amperometric biosensors and
colorimetric paper enzyme strips. However, all the main transducer types are likely to be thoroughly examined,
for use in biosensors, over the next few years
A biosensor is an analytical device which converts a biological response into an electrical signal. The term biosensor is often used to cover sensor devices used in order to determine the concentration of substances and other parameters of biological interest even where they do not utilize a biological system directly. Biosensors have become essential analytical tools, since they offer higher performance in terms of sensitivity and selectivity than any other currently available diagnostic tool. With appropriate progress in research, biosensors will have an important impact on environmental monitoring, reducing cost and increasing efficiency. Biosensors represent a rapidly expanding field, at the present time, with an estimated 60% annual growth rate; where major focus is on health care industry. Although there use is unquestionable in the field of agri food, research, security and defence. In this paper various aspects of biosensors have been touched.
Biosenser are now a days a very helpful device which have various application in the field of medical in this presentation i described about biosensors and their types major application of biosensors
A Descriptive Review over the field of Biosensors has been given here; its origin history events; its working principle; its classification based on various parameters; applications and future scope
Since so many years a problem occurs in KSB Pump Va mbori for casting process i.e. cracks occurs in the castings & it is repeated one. Therefore the compan y has given opportunity to me to solve this problem . In case of steel casting there are mainly cracks & also blo w holes induced due to the casting procedure. There are many factors for the casting defects .The factor is unev en material feeding in casting & also due to the mo uld material & also the core material. These cracks finally brea k directly the component of the casting i.e. in cas e of pump the casting component is like Impeller,Volute casing & casing cover. At the time of feeding of steel material in to the casting the material is in liquid us form i.e. it i s hot material & this material is feeding into casting at the time o f feeding it develop different region of heat. At o ne side the temp is high &at other side the temp is low this also pr oduce cracks. To simulate that casting we use the M AGMA SOFTWARE for simulation & validate it using NDT.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DESIGN OF SIMPLE SPUR GEAR TRAIN AND HELICAL GEAR TRAI...ijiert bestjournal
In recent times,the gear design has become a highl y complicated and comprehensive subject. A designer of modern gear drive system must have to r emember that the main objective of gear drive is to transmit higher power with comparatively smaller overall dim ensions of the driving system which can be construc ted with minimum possible manufacturing cost,runs reas onably free of noise and vibration and which requir es little maintenance. In this paper single stage spur gear t rain and helical gear train with a idler gear are d esigned by American Gear Manufacturing Association (AGMA) stan dard. A idler gear is placed between two gearwheel to obtained the same direction of rotation. AGMA stres s equation is used to determined the tooth bending strength and surface contact strength. As a result,dimensio ns of gears are find out and comparative study is c arried out to select the optimum design of gear train for a give n input parameter
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CONVENTIONAL LEAF SPRING AND COMPOSITE LEAFijiert bestjournal
A leaf spring is a simple form of spring,commonly used for the suspension in wheeled vehicles. It is also one of the oldest forms of spring. Sometimes referred to as a semielliptical l eaf spring (SELS) it takes the form of a slender ar c-shaped length of spring steel of rectangular cross section. The centre of the arc p rovides location for the axle,while tie holes are provided at either end for attaching to the vehicle body. In the present work,a seven-leaf steel spring use d in passenger cars is replaced with a composite mu lti leaf spring made of glass/epoxy composites. The dimensions sand the num ber of leaves for both steel leaf spring and compos ite leaf springs are considered to be the same. The primary objective is to compare their load carrying capacity,stiffness and weight savings of composite leaf spring. Finally,fatigue life of steel and com posite leaf spring is also predicted using life dat a
Brimmed diffuser is collection�acceleration device which shrouds a wind turbine.For a given turbine di ameter,the power augmentation can be achieved by brimmed diffuser,p opularly known as wind lens. The present numerical investigation deals with the effect of low pressure region created by wind l ens and hence to analyze the strong vortices formed by a brim attached to the shroud diffuser at exit. Also in this analysis,a c omparative numerical prediction of mass flow rates through the wind turbine has been carried out with various types of wind lens wh ich in turn helps to optimize the torque augmentati on. It has been numerically proved that there is significant increase in the wa ke formation & vortex strength when brimming effect is added to a diffuser
FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF CONNECTING ROD OF MG-ALLOY ijiert bestjournal
The automobile engine connecting rod is a high volume production,critical component. It co nnects reciprocating piston to rotating crankshaft,transmitting the thrust of the piston to the crankshaft. Every vehicle that uses an internal combustion engine requires at least one connecting rod depending upon the number of cylinders in the engine. As the purp ose of the connecting rod is to transfer the reciprocating motion of the piston into rotary motion of the crankshaft. Connecting ro ds for automotive applications are typically manufactured by forging from either w rought steel or powdered metal. the material used f or this process is Mg-Alloy and also finite element analysis of connecting rod
REVIEW ON CRITICAL SPEED IMPROVEMENT IN SINGLE CYLINDER ENGINE VALVE TRAINijiert bestjournal
The purpose of valve train is to operate the inlet and outlet valves of the engine. The valve train m ainly consists of rocker arm,push rod,cam,poppet valve and spring for kee p the valves closed position. The Greaves G400WG en gine valve train is operated at the maximum speed of 3600 rpm. The main objective of this project is to improve the valve train speed up to safe speed limit that is up to 5000 rpm. The valve spring parameters are optimized based on space availability,stress limit,stiffness,buckl ing of pushrod and natural frequency of the system. The optimized valv e spring configuration is used in the push rod type valve train and the valve train dynamics for different engine speed is studie d using commercially available multi-body dynamic A DMAS software. A comparative valve train dynamics analysis is also c arried out with the existing and optimized valve sp ring combinations. It is observed that valve jump engine speed with respect to optimized valve spring is enhanced to considerab le amount when compared to the existing valve spring configuration. Design improvements include detail study on following topi cs:1. Valve Spring Stiffness. 2. Push rod buckling. 3. Valve closing Velocity. 4. Contact stress between cam and follower
ENERGY CONVERSION PHENOMENON IN IMPLEMENTATION OF WATER LIFTING BY USING PEND...ijiert bestjournal
This paper consist of working of reciprocating pump which is driven by a compound pendulum. It provide s the energy required to lift the water from a tank placed approximately several meter below the ground level. Basic application of the mechanism will be for watering the garden which will be operated by means of operation opening and closing of entrance gate. Paper consists of basic concept,design of pump and compound pendulum mecha nism and fabricationed model. The concept can also be implemented in the rural areas,having the problem of electric supply. We aim at making a prototype for providing some me an for pumping of water by the pump which requires less human efforts,conside ring cost effectiveness,easy to operate and portab le mechanism.
The IC engine has seen numerous revolutionary and e volutionary modifications in technology and design over the past few decades. The sole motto behind the modifications wa s to increase the overall efficiency of the IC Engi ne including volumetric and thermal efficiency. Recently few benchmarking techn ologies like the CRDI,MPFI,HCCI,etc. in the Otto cycle and Diesel cycle engines have created an enormous revolution in the automobile industry. In spite of these technologica l and design advances,the efficiencies are not being more than a particular l imit. However,the concept of split cycle engines has dra stically increased the overall performance in all respect. The split cycle concept basically separates the fou r strokes of the conventional cycle. The Scuderi engine one of the best-in-class engine desi gns based on the split cycle concept. The Scuderi engine works on the split cycle and gives higher efficiency than the previous split cycle engines resulting overall high perform ance. It also eliminates the problems faced by previous engines based on the spl it cycle in terms of breathing (volumetric efficien cy) and thermal efficiency. This paper throws light on the greater volumetric,thermal and overall efficiency key points related t o the Scuderi Engines.
EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION IN JOURNAL BEARING OPERAT...ijiert bestjournal
The excessive rise of temperature in the journal be aring operating at boundary/mixed lubrication regim es. Journal bearing test set- up is used to measure the temperature along the cir cumference of the bearing specimen for different lo ading conditions. Here in this journal bearing of l/d ratio 1,diameter of jo urnal is 60mm and the bearing length is 60mm,clear ance is .06mm has been designed and tested to access the temperature rise of the bearing. The result shows that as the load o n the bearing is increasing temperature also increasing. Temperature analysis o f journal bearing is also done by the Ansys workben ch software
STUDY OF SOLAR THERMAL CAVITY RECEIVER FOR PARABOLIC CONCENTRATING COLLECTOR ijiert bestjournal
Energy is one of the building blocks of the country . The growth of the country has been fueled by chea p,abundant energy resources. Solar energy is a form of renewable ener gy which is available abundantly and collected unre servedly. The parabolic concentrator reflects the direct incident solar rad iation onto a receiver mounted above the dish at it s focal point. The conversion of concentrated solar radiation to heat takes place in receiver. The heat transfer characteristics of the receiver changes during the rotation of the receiver which affects thermal performance. The working temperature may also influence the ther mal performance and overall efficiency of the system. Thermal as well as optica l losses affect the performance of a solar paraboli c dish-cavity receiver system. The thermal losses of a solar cavity receiver include c onvective and radiative losses to the air in the ca vity and conductive heat loss through the insulation used behind the helical tube surface. Convective and radiative heat losses form the major constituents of the thermal losses. The convection heat loss from cavit y receiver in parabolic dish solar thermal power sy stem can significantly reduce the efficiency and consequently the cost effectiveness of the system. It is important to assess this heat loss and subsequently improve the thermal performance of the receiver.
DESIGN, OPTIMIZATION AND FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF CRANKSHAFTijiert bestjournal
Crankshaft is a crucial component in an engine asse mbly. Crankshaft is consisting of two web sections and one crankpin,which converts the reciprocating displacement of the pist on to a rotary motion with a four link mechanism. G enerally crankshafts are manufactured using cast iron and forged steel mater ial. In this work to design and finite element anal ysis of crankshaft of 4 cylinder petrol engine of Maruti swift Vxi. of 1200 cubic capacity. The finite element analysis in ABA QUS software by using six materials based on their composition viz. Cast iron,EN30B,SAE4340,Structural steel,C70 Alloy steel and Aluminium based composite material reinforced with silicon carbide & fly ash. The parameter like von misses stress,deformation;maximum and minimum principal stress & strain were obtained from analysis software. The results of Finite element show that t he Aluminium based composite material is best mater ial among all. Compare the result like weight and Stiffness parameter. It is resulted of 65.539 % of weight,with reduction i n deformation.
ELECTRO CHEMICAL MACHINING AND ELECTRICAL DISCHARGE MACHINING PROCESSES MICRO...ijiert bestjournal
Nowadays,necessity of small components is a common trend. These requirements encourage the researcher s to develop very minutest size components to fulfill the demand. The manufact uring of these type of components is a difficult ob ligation and for that various machining methods are develop to manufacture such c omponents. In this article the Electro Chemical mac hining and Electrical Discharge Machining is reviewed. We tried to summar ize the work of various researchers. The study show s that this type of machining processes gives good alternative.
HEAT TRANSFER ENHANCEMENT BY USING NANOFLUID JET IMPINGEMENTijiert bestjournal
An experimental investigation was carried out for s tudying the heat transfer performance of the water-Al2O3 (28nm average particle size) nanofluid inside a liquid evacuated impinging jet system dest ined to the cooling of circular target surface. Results have shown that th e surface heat transfer coefficient increases consi derably when the mass flow rate is increased,but is relatively insensitive to the nozzle-to heated-surface distance. It was foun d that the use of a nanofluid can provide a heat transfer enhancement when compared t o water. Thus most practical applications of jet im pingement occur in industries where the heat transfer requirements hav e exceeded capacity of ordinary heating and cooling techniques. This work presents and discusses the results of an experiment al investigation of heat transfer between the horiz ontal smooth plate of impinged jets.
MODIFICATION AND OPTIMIZATION IN STEEL SANDWICH PANELS USING ANSYS WORKBENCH ijiert bestjournal
The demand for bigger,faster and lighter moving ve hicles,such as ships,trains,trucks and buses has increased the importance of efficient str uctural arrangements. In principle two approaches exist to develop efficient structures:e ither application of new materials or the use of new structural design. A proven and well-establi shed solution is the use of composite materials and sandwich structures. In this way high strength to weight ratio and minimum weight can be obtained. The sandwich structures have potential to offer a w ide range of attractive design solutions. In addition to the obtained weight reduction,these so lutions can often bring space savings,fire resistance,noise control and improved heating and cooling performance. Laser-welded metallic sandwich panels offer a number of outstand ing properties allowing the designer to develop light and efficient structural configuratio ns for a large variety of applications. These panels have been under active investigations during the last 15 years in the world.
IMPACT ANALYSIS OF ALUMINUM HONEYCOMB SANDWICH PANEL BUMPER BEAM: A REVIEW ijiert bestjournal
Bumper is a energy absorbing protective element whi ch absorb the energy in front collision and protect valuable parts like radiator etc. Bumper is act like protect ive shield generally made of steel material. As eco nomic point of view and to reduce consumption of fuel manufacturin g of light weight vehicle is requirement of current situation. Application of composite material in automobile sec tor is now day common thing. Aluminum honeycomb san dwich panel is basically material from aerospace industri es and known for its high strength to weight ratio. Sandwich structure basically having its properties due to ge ometry. To determine various properties of sandwich structure conducting experiments is expensive,so generally F EA is used .However complex geometry is hurdle so t here are various theories are available for simplification o f model. These theories convert 3D model in to homo genous model .As far as concerning India manufacturing rate of s andwich structure is very less,so generally cost i s more. Greatest giant manufacturer is china we can observe their bu llet train and metro transport facility constructio n. Recently in march 2014 largest selling Indian cars are failed in NCap test in 100% frontal crash test. So requirement of more energy absorbing material with economy cons ideration is important.
Robotic welding requires specialized fixtures to ac curately hold the work piece during the welding operation. Despite the large variety of welding fix tures available today the focus has shifted in maki ng the welding arms more versatile,not the fixture. T he new fixture design reduces cycle time and operat or labor while increasing functionality;and allows co mplex welding operations to be completed on simple two axis welding arms
ADVANCED TRANSIENT THERMAL AND STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF DISC BRAKE BY USING ANS...ijiert bestjournal
In these paper structural fields of the solid disc brake during short and emergency braking with four different materials is studied. The distribution of the tempe rature depends on the various factors such as frict ion,surface roughness and speed. The effect of the angular velo city and the contact pressure induces the temperatu re rise of disc brake. The finite element simulation for three -dimensional model was preferred due to the heat fl ux ratio constantly distributed in circumferential direction . Here value of temperature,friction contact power,nodal displacement and deformation for different pressure condition using analysis software with four materi als namely cast iron,cast steel,aluminium and carbon fibre reinforced plastic are taken. Presently the D isc brakes are made up of cast iron and cast steel. With the v alue of simulation result best suitable material fo r the brake drum with higher life span is determined.
REVIEW ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF NON-ASBESTOS COMPOSITE MATERIAL USED IN BR...ijiert bestjournal
Metallic matrix composites are combinations of two or more different metals inter metallic compounds or second phases in which dispersed phases are embe dded within the metallic matrix. They are produced by controlling the morphologies of the constituents to achieve optimum combination of properties. Properties of the composites depend on the properti es of the constituent phases,their relative amount,and dispersed phase geometry including particle siz e,shape and orientation in the matrix. In this pap er,The mechanical properties,behaviour and micro stru ctural evolution of aluminium metal matrix metallic composites fabricated under various process conditi ons were investigated to understand their process- structure�property relations by optimization proces s. Addition of silicon carbide to aluminum has show n an increase in its mechanical properties.
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF COTTON SEED OIL FOR MULT...ijiert bestjournal
A lubricant is a substance that reduces friction an d wear by providing a protective film between two moving surfaces. Good lubricants possess the proper ties such as low toxicity,high viscosity index,hi gh load carrying capacity,excellent coefficient of fr iction,good anti-wear capability,low emission int o the environment,high ignition temperature. So tribolog y related problems can be minimized by proper selection of lubricant from wear consideration. Tod ay,the depletion of reserves of crude oil,the gro wing prices of crude oil and concern about protecting th e environment against pollution have developed the interest towards environment-friendly lubricants. B ecause of these the purpose of this work is to eval uate the anti-wear characteristics of cottonseed oil and to check the suitability of cottonseed oil as a lu bricant for multi-cylinder engine. Four ball testing machin e is used for anti-wear testing as per ASTM D 4172. The wear preventive characteristic of cottonseed oi l is obtained by measuring wear scar diameter. The present study shows the potential of cotton seed oi l as an alternating lubricant.
Magnetic abrasive finishing is a machining process where the tooling allowance is remove by media wi th both magnetic and abrasive properties,with a magnetic f ield acting as a binder of a grain. Such machining falls into the category of erosion by abrasive suspension and lend itself to the finishing of any type of surface . The possibility of finishing complex surfaces is a spec ial benefit of this machining. Magnetic abrasive fi nishing process is most suitable for obtaining quality fini sh on metallic and non-metallic surfaces. Magnetic abrasive finishing used for complicated product finishing & Roughness and tolerance band achieved that is diffi cult using conventional machine process. The product dimension al requirement easily possible with taking trial wi th MAF parameters.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Water billing management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project entitled “Water Billing Management System” aims is to generate Water bill with all the charges and penalty. Manual system that is employed is extremely laborious and quite inadequate. It only makes the process more difficult and hard.
The aim of our project is to develop a system that is meant to partially computerize the work performed in the Water Board like generating monthly Water bill, record of consuming unit of water, store record of the customer and previous unpaid record.
We used HTML/PHP as front end and MYSQL as back end for developing our project. HTML is primarily a visual design environment. We can create a android application by designing the form and that make up the user interface. Adding android application code to the form and the objects such as buttons and text boxes on them and adding any required support code in additional modular.
MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software. It is a stable ,reliable and the powerful solution with the advanced features and advantages which are as follows: Data Security.MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
1. NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIONS IN ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY [IJIERT]
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BIOSENSOR FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING
Swati Nasipude
Saniya Bagwan
M.Tech. First Year Students, Department Of Technology, Shivaji University Kollhapur
Mr. Anil C. Ranveer
Assistant Professor, Department of Technology, Shivaji University, Kolhapur
ABSTRACT
Biosensors show the potential to complement laboratory-based analytical methods for
environmental applications. Although biosensors for potential environmental-monitoring
applications have been reported for a wide range of environmental pollutants, from a regulatory
perspective the decision to develop a biosensor method for an environmental application should
consider several interrelated issues. These issues are discussed in terms of the needs, policies,
and mechanisms associated with the identification and selection of appropriate monitoring
methods.
KEY WORDS: sensors, sensing elements, bio recognizing elements, transducer etc.
INTRODUCTION
In recent years, a growing number of initiatives and legislative actions for environmental
pollution control, with particular emphasis on water quality control, have been adopted in
parallel with increasing scientific and social concern in this area. The need for disposable
systems or tools for environmental monitoring has encouraged the development of new
technologies and more suitable methodologies, the ability to monitor the increasing number of
analyses of environmental relevance as quickly and as cheaply as possible, and even the
possibility of allowing on-site field monitoring. In this respect, biosensors have demonstrated a
great potential in recent years and thus arise as proposed analytical tools for effective monitoring
in these programs. A biosensor is defined by IUPAC as a self-contained integrated device that is
capable of providing specific quantitative or semi-quantitative analytical information using a
biological recognition element (biochemical receptor), which is retained in direct spatial contact
with a transduction element. A biosensor should be clearly distinguished from a bio analytical
system, which requires additional processing steps, such as reagent addition. A device that is
both disposable after one measurement, i.e., is single use, and unable to monitor the analytic
concentration continuously or after rapid and reproducible regeneration should be designated a
single-use biosensor.
The main advantages offered by biosensors over conventional analytical techniques are the
possibility of portability, of miniaturisation and working on-site, and the ability to measure
pollutants in complex matrices with minimal sample preparation. Although many of the systems
developed cannot compete with conventional analytical methods in terms of accuracy and
reproducibility, they can be used by regulatory authorities and by industry to provide enough
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information for routine testing and screening of samples. For the time being, the monitoring of
water quality has generally relied on the collection of spot water samples followed by extraction
and laboratory-based instrumental analysis. However, this provides only a snapshot of the
situation at the sampling time and fails to provide more realistic information due to spatio-
temporal variations in water characteristics. Biosensors can be useful, for example, for the
continuous monitoring of a contaminated area. They may also present advantageous analytical
features, such as high specificity and sensitivity (inherent in the particular biological recognition
bioassay). At the same time, biosensors offer the possibility of determining not only specific
chemicals but also their biological effects, such as toxicity, cytotoxicity, genotoxicity or
endocrine disrupting effects, i.e., relevant information that in some occasions is more meaningful
than the chemical composition itself. They can provide, finally, total and bio available/bio
accesible pollutant concentrations. Despite these advantages, the application of biosensors in the
environmental field is still limited in comparison to medical or pharmaceutical applications,
where most research and development has converged. Nevertheless, the majority of the systems
developed are prototypes that still need to be validated before being used extensively or before
their commercialization. Biosensors can be used as environmental quality monitoring tools in the
assessment of biological/ecological quality or for the chemical monitoring of both inorganic and
organic priority pollutants. In this review article we provide an overview of biosensor systems
for environmental applications, and in the following sections we describe the various biosensors
that have been developed for environmental monitoring, considering the pollutants and analysis
that are usually mentioned in the literature.
IMPORTANCE
As a result of human and technological development, a wide range of man-made chemicals and
by-products formed in industrial or combustion processes have been, and still are, released in the
environment. Some of these substances, such as pesticides, heavy metals or PCBs, are well-
recognized contaminants known to affect the quality of the environment. As a consequence, a
variety of biosensors have already been developed and applied to their environmental
determination. For organ phosphorous and carbamate pesticides, for example, various enzymatic
biosensors based on the activity of the choline oxidase and on the inhibition of acetyl
cholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) have been developed. For environmental
pollution risk assessment, the integration of both chemical and effect-related analyses (toxicity,
endocrine disruption activity, etc.) is essential. Many efforts have been made during the last
years to develop different bioassays and biosensors for toxicity evaluation of water samples In
the case of endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs), there is a need to develop integrated
analytical chemistry/toxicity identification evaluation procedures. At present, apart from
biosensors for chemical analysis of some specific EDCs there are other sensors, based on
estrogen receptors (ER), conceived for evaluation of their biological effects. The natural sensing
element most commonly used is the human estrogen receptor. The binding ability of the
chemicals toward the ER is measured in these biosensors as an indicator of their estrogenic
activity. Examples of ER-based biosensor are the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors
developed by Usamietal., Hock et al. and Seifert et al. . Even though the number of chemicals
amenable to analysis by biosensors continuously increases, there is still a lack of systems
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suitable for determination of emerging contaminants, such as bisphenol A, phtalates and
polybrominated compounds, many of which act as EDCs.
PRINCIPLE OF BIOSENSOR
Ecology tells us that each organism grows in specific set of conditions (niche) that can be
defined in terms of food, temperature, moisture, pH, etc. One can thus use each organism as a
biosensor for a set of conditions. After we learn to read these biosensors, pollution monitoring
becomes a simple and quick job. We give below, a few guiding principles that one can use while
learning this technique:
1. Pollution is a result of waste of resources, or in other words, waste is a misplaced resource.
2. Signs of pollution are visible and unpleasant, of varying degree, and only serve as warning
signals. It is necessary to read this message and not fight with these signs of pollution (such as
odor, pathogens, pests and several other unpleasant natural phenomena).
3.Biosensors inform us of the band or degree of pollution. This is quite enough to guide us
towards an appropriate action.
4. Appropriate action not only stops the signs of pollution, but display signs of prosperity. These
are clean air, clean water stream, flourishing vegetation, singing birds, etc. and absence of visible
nuisance-causing organisms (pests).
A biosensor is an analytical device composed of a biological sensing element (enzyme, receptor
antibody or DNA) in intimate contact with a physical transducer (optical, mass or
electrochemical) which together relate the concentration of an analyte to a measurable electrical
signal. In theory, and verified to a certain extent in the literature, any biological sensing element
may be paired with any physical transducer. The majority of reported biosensor research has
been directed toward development of devices for clinical markets; however, driven by a need for
better methods for environmental surveillance, research into this technology is also expanding to
encompass environmental applications.
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TYPES OF BIOSENSOR
Biosensors can be grouped according to their biological element or their transduction element.
Biological elements include enzymes, antibodies, micro-organisms, biological tissue, and
organelles. Antibody-based biosensors are also called immune sensors. When the binding of the
sensing element and the analyte is the detected event, the instrument is described as an affinity
sensor. When the interaction between the biological element and the analyte is accompanied or
followed by a chemical change in which the concentration of one of the substrates or products is
measured the instrument is described as a metabolism sensor.
The method of transduction depends on the type of physicochemical change resulting from the
sensing event. Often, an important ancillary part of a biosensor is a membrane that covers the
biological sensing element and has the main functions of selective permeation and diffusion
control of analyte, protection against mechanical stresses, and support for the biological element.
On the basis of the transducing element, biosensors can be categorised as
Electrochemical. :Amperometric and potentiometric transducers are the most commonly used
electrochemical transducers. In amperometric transducers, the potential between the two
electrodes is set and the current produced by the oxidation or reduction of electro active species
is measured and correlated to the concentration of the analyte of interest. Most electrodes are
S0044made of metals like platinum, gold, sliver, and stainless steel, or carbon-based
materials that are inert at the potentials at which the electrochemical reaction takes place.
Optical: Fiber optic probes on the tip of which enzymes and dyes (often fluorescent) have been
co-immobilized are used. These probes consist of at least two fibers. One is connected to a light
source of a given wave length range that produces the excitation wave. The other, connected to a
photodiode, detects the change in optical density at the appropriate wavelength .
Calorimetric: Calorimetric transducers measure the heat of a biochemical reaction at the sensing
element. These devices can be classified according to the way heat is transferred. Isothermal
calorimeters maintain the reaction cell at constant temperature using Joule heating or Peltier
cooling and the amount of energy required is measured. Heat conduction calorimeters measure
the temperature difference between the reaction vessel and an isothermal heat sink surrounding
it.
According to the biorecognition principle, biosensors are classified into :
Enzymes: Enzymes are proteins with high catalytic activity and selectivity towards substrates
(see the article Enzyme Kinetics). They have been used for decades to assay the concentration of
diverse analytes. Their commercial availability at high purity levels makes them very attractive
for mass production of enzyme sensors. Their main limitations are that pH, ionic strength,
chemical inhibitors, and temperature affect their activity.
Antibodies: Antibodies are proteins that show outstanding selectivity. They are produced by b-
lymphocytes in response to antigenic structures, that is, substances foreign to the organism.
Molecules larger than about 10 kDa can stimulate an immune response. Smaller molecules like
vitamins or steroids can be antigenic (also called haptens) but they do not cause an immune
response unless they are conjugated to larger ones like bovine serum albumin. Many antibodies
are commercially available and commonly used in immunoassays
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Microbes: The use micro-organisms as biological elements in biosensors is based on the
measurement of their metabolism, in many cases accompanied by the consumption of oxygen or
carbon dioxide, and is, in most cases, measured electrochemically .
Application of Biosensor:
BOD Measurement : Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD or BOD5) is a parameter widely used
to indicate the amount of biodegradable organic material in water. Its determination is time
consuming, and consequently it is not suitable for online process monitoring. Fast determination
of BOD could be achieved with biosensor-based methods. Most BOD sensors rely on the
measurement of the bacterial respiration rate in close proximity to a transducer, commonly of the
Clark type. With this system the real time analysis of multiple samples was possible. These
handy devices have been marketed primarily for food and pharmaceutical industries. Moreover,
an optical biosensor for parallel multi-sample determination of biochemical oxygen demand in
wastewater samples has been developed by Kwok et al. The biosensor monitors the dissolved
oxygen concentration in artificial wastewater through an oxygen sensing film immobilized on the
bottom of glass sample vials. Then, the microbial samples were immobilized on this film and the
BOD value was determined from the rate of oxygen consumption by the microorganisms in the
first 20 minutes n Escherichia coli Electrochemical Wastewater Zinc, cobalt and copper.
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Heavy Metal Measurement: Heavy metals are currently the cause of some of the most serious
pollution problems. Even in small concentrations, they are a threat to the environment and
human health because they are non-biodegradable. People are constantly been exposed to heavy
metals in the environment. The dangers associated with heavy metals are due to the ubiquitous
presence of these elements in the biosphere, their bioavailability from both natural and
anthropogenic sources, and their high toxicity. Thus, there are several cases described in the
literature where exposure of populations to these pollutants has resulted in severe damage to their
health, including a significant amount of deaths. Many of the bacterial biosensors developed for
analysis of heavy metals in environmental samples, make use of specific genes responsible for
bacterial resistance to these elements, such as biological receptors. Bacterial strains resistant to a
number of metals such as zinc, copper, tin, silver, mercury and cobalt have been isolated as
possible biological receptors
Nitrogen compound measurement: Nitrites are widely used for food preservation and for
fertilization of soils. However, continuous consumption of these ions can cause serious
implications on human health, particularly because it can react irreversibly with hemoglobin .
The increasing levels of nitrate found in groundwater and surface water are of concern because
they can harm the aquatic environment. Developed a biosensor for amperometric determination
of nitrite using cytochrome c nitrite reductase (ccNiR) from Desulfovibrio desulfuricans
immobilized and electrically connected on a glassy carbon electrode by entrapment into redox
active [ZnCr- AQS] double layered hydroxide containing anthraquinone-2-sulfonate (AQS).
The instrument showed a fast response to nitrite (5 seconds) with a linear range between
concentrations of nitrite 0.015 and 2.35 μM and a detection limit of 4nM. A highly sensitive, fast
and stable conduct metric enzymatic biosensor for the determination of nitrate in water.
PCBs Measurement: The level of PCBs in the environment depends on the matrix where it
originated. There are 209 polychlorinated biphenyl congeners that persist worldwide in the
environment and food chain. These congeners are divided into three classes based upon the
orientation of the chlorine moieties, i.e., coplanar, mono-ortho coplanar, and non-coplanar.
Conventional techniques used for the analysis of PCBs are generally based on gas
chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC.MS) Moreover, immunoassays are simple,
sensitive, reliable, and relatively selective for PCBs testing. Among several immunoassay
techniques, the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) combined with colorimetric end-
point detection are the most popular. Another interesting approach is the use of immunosensor
technology . Imunosensors are a class of biosensors that use as biological recognition elements,
antibodies or antigens . Pribyl et al. developed a novel piezoelectric immunosensor for
determination of PCB congeners in the range of concentrations usually found in real matrices
(soil).)
Multi-analyte determination: Sensors capable of determining several analytes simultaneously
allow a reduction in time and sample volume and other reagents required and thus constitute a
valuable tool for environmental monitoring. Large-scale biosensor arrays, composed of highly
miniaturised signal transducer elements, enable the real-time parallel monitoring of multiple
species and are an important driving force in biosensor research . In recent years, several
examples of multi-analyte determinations have appeared in the literature, such as a portable SPR
immunosensor designed for on-site analysis, which was applied to the simultaneous
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determination of benzopyrene and 2-hydroxybiphenyl , and another SPR biosensor that enabled
the division of wavelengths on serial sensing channels by means of a specially designed SPR
prism element . A planar array immunosensor, equipped with a charge-coupled device (CCD) as
a detector and a diode laser as light source, has been also developed and applied to either the
determination of multiple compounds, such as viruses, toxins and bacterial spores, in a single
sample analysis or a single analyte in multiple samples simultaneously.
CURRENT RESEARCH AND TRENDS:
Because in many cases the transduction technology is well established, most of the research is
focused on improving immobilization techniques of the biological element to increase
sensitivity, selectivity, and stability. While critical, the latter has received relatively little
attention probably in part because there is a tendency to design disposable devices that are most
useful in quality assurance laboratories but do not allow on-line implementation for process
control. Another dynamic area of research is miniaturization of sensors and flow systems.
Development of these technologies is mainly driven by the need for in vivo applications for
medical diagnosis and may not find immediate use in the agricultural and food industries. After
almost 40 yr of research in biosensors, a wide gap between research and application is evident.
The lack of validation, standardization, and certification of biosensors has resulted in a very slow
transfer of technology. With faster computers and automated systems this process should
accelerate in the future.
CONCLUSION
Most biosensor systems have been tested only on distilled water or buffered solutions, but more
biosensors that can be applied to real samples have appeared in recent years. In this context,
biosensors for potential environmental applications continue to show advances inareas such as
genetic modification of enzymes and microorganisms, improvement of recognition element
immobilization and sensor interfaces.
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