This document discusses radioactive isotopes and the different types of radiation they emit when decaying. It explains that unstable atomic nuclei will emit alpha, beta, or gamma radiation to become stable. Alpha radiation is emitted as a helium nucleus, beta as a high-speed electron, and gamma as a high-energy electromagnetic wave. It describes the properties and interactions of each type of radiation, and how they can damage cells and potentially cause cancer if absorbed in the body. Examples are given of uses of radioisotopes and radiation such as electricity generation, sterilization, and food irradiation.

2. Name ID
 Md.Ashaduzzaman 131-15-2392
 Md. Ruhul Amin 131-15-2353
 Shakir Sourov 131-15-2180
 Fdffgfg 131-15-545
 Dtfgfg 131-15-njj

4. An unstable atomic nucleus emits a form of radiation
(alpha, beta, or gamma) to become stable.
In other words, the nucleus decays into a different
atom.
4

5. Atoms and Radioactivity
Isotopes of some elements have unstable nucleus .In
order to become stable the make break apart or decay
.This decay causes the nucleus to emit ionising
radiation, and an atom of a different element is
formed . These isotopes are called radioisotopes or
radio nuclides
Example – using Carbon
A normal carbon
nucleus looks like this,
it has 6 protons and 6
neutrons. This is
perfectly stable.
Proton
Neutron

6. He4
2
 Alpha ( )
 helium nucleus paper2+
 Beta-minus ( -)
 electron e0
-1
1- lead
 Gamma ( )
 high-energy photon 0
concrete

7. It is actually the nucleus of a helium atom consisting of 2 protons and
2 neutrons, held tightly together.
It comes directly from the nucleus, so only big atoms tend to emit it.
It strongly interacts with matter around it, smashing past atoms and
ionising them.
The alpha radiation, a helium
nucleus (2,protons and 2
neutrons).
Alpha radiation

8. Beta Radiation
 Is a high speed electron, given off when a neutron turns
into a proton
 They are many times smaller than alpha radiation
 They interact much less strongly with matter
Beta radiation, (a high speed electron)

9. Sometimes a nucleus that is still unstable after a beta or alpha decay
is still unstable so may emit gamma radiation to become more stable.
This is an electromagnetic wave with a very short wavelength
It does not change the number of protons or neutrons in the nucleus
Gamma Radiation
Gamma
Radiation, (a
short
electromagne
tic wave)

10.  The decay process is random.
 No one can predict when 1 nucleus decays.
 The emission is spontaneous.
 It is possible to make a statistical prediction.

11. Betas and gammas are the most dangerous
 they can penetrate and reach the cells of organs
 They are absorbed and ionise the cells
 This can cause cancer
 Alphas are the least dangerous

12. The gamma rays they
emit can travel long
distances without
absorption

13. This has been caused by long exposure to gamma
rays

14.  Alpha radiation is the most dangerous as it
is strongly absorbed and ionises cells
 Betas and gammas are not strongly
absorbed and cause less ionisation damage

15. Gamma rays are used to kill
cancer cells and bacteria

16. Electricity Generation
Sterilization of hospital equipment
Checking leaks in pipes
Irradiation of food

17. 19/17
Thank you
for your time .