Alpha and Beta Particles and Gamma Radiation.pptx
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This document discusses the three main types of radioactive emissions: alpha particles, beta particles, and gamma radiation. Alpha particles are made up of two protons and two neutrons and are the least penetrating emission. Beta particles can be emitted as electrons or positrons. Gamma radiation involves the emission of electromagnetic radiation from an excited nucleus as it transitions to the ground state. The document explains the key properties and effects of each type of emission, and how they result in the radioactive decay and transmutation of elements in a decay series until a stable nuclide is reached.
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Alpha beta and_gamma
1) Henri Becquerel discovered that uranium salts would expose photographic plates even when wrapped in black paper, showing they emitted invisible "rays" he called radioactivity.
2) Marie Curie discovered the radioactive elements polonium and radium, and found radium was over a million times more radioactive than uranium.
3) Ernest Rutherford discovered there were at least two types of radiation, which he called alpha and beta based on how far they could penetrate matter and their opposite electric charges.
Particles (alpha beta gamma)
Alpha particles are positively charged particles emitted from atomic nuclei. They have high ionizing energy but less penetrating power than beta particles. When an alpha particle is emitted, the parent nucleus loses 2 protons and 4 neutrons.
Beta particles are high energy electrons or positrons emitted from atomic nuclei. They have low ionizing energy but high penetrating power. Beta decay changes the atomic number by one but does not change mass number.
Gamma rays are electromagnetic radiation with no mass or charge. They travel at the speed of light and have very high penetrating power but low ionizing power. Gamma emission does not change the mass or charge of the parent nucleus.
Radioactivity
The document provides an introduction to radioactivity, including the three main types of radioactive emissions (alpha, beta, gamma), their penetrating properties, safe handling of radioactive materials, and uses of radioisotopes. It defines key terms and includes sample test questions to assess understanding.
Elementary particles
This document provides an overview of elementary particles. It discusses their classification into baryons, leptons, and mesons. Baryons include protons, neutrons, and heavier hyperons. Leptons contain electrons, photons, neutrinos, and muons. Mesons have masses between baryons and leptons. Each particle is described along with its properties. The document also discusses particles and their antiparticles, and conservation laws related to parity, charge conjugation, time reversal, and the combined CPT symmetry.
Periodic properties
The document discusses the modern periodic law and periodic trends in atomic properties. It can be summarized as follows:
1. The modern periodic law states that the properties of elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers. Elements are arranged in the periodic table based on increasing atomic number and similar outer electron configurations that repeat at regular intervals.
2. The periodic table is divided into blocks based on orbital types. Elements show trends in properties within periods and down groups, including decreasing atomic radius and increasing ionization energy with increasing atomic number. Electron affinity also tends to decrease down groups.
3. Successive ionization energies increase as more energy is required to remove additional electrons. Stability of half-filled and fully-filled
Nuclear physics
Nuclear physics is the study of atomic nuclei and their components. It includes properties of the nucleus, particles within it like protons and neutrons, and their interactions. Key topics covered are radioactivity, nuclear reactions like fission and fusion, and practical applications. Fission is the splitting of large nuclei into smaller ones and is used in nuclear reactors to generate controlled energy. Fusion is the combining of small nuclei into larger ones and produces even more energy but is difficult to control.
Half life
The document discusses the concept of half-life, which is defined as the time it takes for half of the nuclei in a radioactive sample to decay. Each radioactive isotope has its own characteristic half-life that can range from fractions of a second to billions of years. The number of undecayed nuclei decreases exponentially over time according to the radioactive decay equation. Examples of half-lives for some isotopes like uranium-238 and carbon-14 are provided to illustrate the range and applications of half-life.
Radioactivity
This document discusses the discovery and properties of radioactivity. It describes:
- Henri Becquerel's 1896 discovery that uranium salts exposed photographic plates to invisible rays or radiation.
- The three main types of radiation emitted - alpha particles, beta particles, and gamma rays - and their properties like penetrating power and interaction with matter.
- How radioactive decay occurs via emission of these particles or photons from atomic nuclei, and the relationship between decay constant and half-life of radioactive substances.
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Alpha beta and_gamma
1) Henri Becquerel discovered that uranium salts would expose photographic plates even when wrapped in black paper, showing they emitted invisible "rays" he called radioactivity.
2) Marie Curie discovered the radioactive elements polonium and radium, and found radium was over a million times more radioactive than uranium.
3) Ernest Rutherford discovered there were at least two types of radiation, which he called alpha and beta based on how far they could penetrate matter and their opposite electric charges.
Particles (alpha beta gamma)
Alpha particles are positively charged particles emitted from atomic nuclei. They have high ionizing energy but less penetrating power than beta particles. When an alpha particle is emitted, the parent nucleus loses 2 protons and 4 neutrons.
Beta particles are high energy electrons or positrons emitted from atomic nuclei. They have low ionizing energy but high penetrating power. Beta decay changes the atomic number by one but does not change mass number.
Gamma rays are electromagnetic radiation with no mass or charge. They travel at the speed of light and have very high penetrating power but low ionizing power. Gamma emission does not change the mass or charge of the parent nucleus.
Radioactivity
The document provides an introduction to radioactivity, including the three main types of radioactive emissions (alpha, beta, gamma), their penetrating properties, safe handling of radioactive materials, and uses of radioisotopes. It defines key terms and includes sample test questions to assess understanding.
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This document provides an overview of elementary particles. It discusses their classification into baryons, leptons, and mesons. Baryons include protons, neutrons, and heavier hyperons. Leptons contain electrons, photons, neutrinos, and muons. Mesons have masses between baryons and leptons. Each particle is described along with its properties. The document also discusses particles and their antiparticles, and conservation laws related to parity, charge conjugation, time reversal, and the combined CPT symmetry.
Periodic properties
The document discusses the modern periodic law and periodic trends in atomic properties. It can be summarized as follows:
1. The modern periodic law states that the properties of elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers. Elements are arranged in the periodic table based on increasing atomic number and similar outer electron configurations that repeat at regular intervals.
2. The periodic table is divided into blocks based on orbital types. Elements show trends in properties within periods and down groups, including decreasing atomic radius and increasing ionization energy with increasing atomic number. Electron affinity also tends to decrease down groups.
3. Successive ionization energies increase as more energy is required to remove additional electrons. Stability of half-filled and fully-filled
Nuclear physics
Nuclear physics is the study of atomic nuclei and their components. It includes properties of the nucleus, particles within it like protons and neutrons, and their interactions. Key topics covered are radioactivity, nuclear reactions like fission and fusion, and practical applications. Fission is the splitting of large nuclei into smaller ones and is used in nuclear reactors to generate controlled energy. Fusion is the combining of small nuclei into larger ones and produces even more energy but is difficult to control.
Half life
The document discusses the concept of half-life, which is defined as the time it takes for half of the nuclei in a radioactive sample to decay. Each radioactive isotope has its own characteristic half-life that can range from fractions of a second to billions of years. The number of undecayed nuclei decreases exponentially over time according to the radioactive decay equation. Examples of half-lives for some isotopes like uranium-238 and carbon-14 are provided to illustrate the range and applications of half-life.
Radioactivity
This document discusses the discovery and properties of radioactivity. It describes:
- Henri Becquerel's 1896 discovery that uranium salts exposed photographic plates to invisible rays or radiation.
- The three main types of radiation emitted - alpha particles, beta particles, and gamma rays - and their properties like penetrating power and interaction with matter.
- How radioactive decay occurs via emission of these particles or photons from atomic nuclei, and the relationship between decay constant and half-life of radioactive substances.
RADIOACTIVE DECAY AND HALF-LIFE CONCEPTS
Contents of this slide-share presentation:
Understanding decay concepts
Facts about Radioactive decay
Types of radioactive decay
Understanding Half-life concepts
Graphing and calculating Half-life
Using count rate to study and analyse radioactive decay
Radioactivity
Radioactivity refers to the particles which are emitted from nuclei as a result of nuclear instability. Because the nucleus experiences the intense conflict between the two strongest forces in nature, it should not be surprising that there are many nuclear isotopes which are unstable and emit some kind of radiation.
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This document provides an overview of key concepts related to radiation. It defines common terminology like frequency, wavelength, and electromagnetic spectrum. It describes the structure of atoms and different types of radiation like alpha, beta, gamma, x-rays. It explains the relationships between wavelength, frequency, and energy. Measurement units for radiation, exposure, absorbed dose, and dose equivalent are also outlined. Radiation can be ionizing or non-ionizing depending on its ability to ionize atoms.
Isotopes, isotones, and isobars
This document defines and provides examples of isotopes, isotones, and isobars. Isotopes are nuclides of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. Isotones are nuclides with the same number of neutrons but different elements. Isobars are nuclides with the same mass number but different protons and neutrons. The document provides exercises to identify isotopes, isobars, and isotones for given nuclides.
Radioactivity
The document discusses the discovery of radioactivity and the different types of radioactive decay:
- Alpha, beta, and gamma decay were discovered through experiments by Henri Becquerel, Marie and Pierre Curie, and Ernest Rutherford in the late 19th century.
- Alpha decay involves emitting an alpha particle (helium nucleus), beta decay involves emitting an electron or positron, and gamma decay involves emitting high-energy photons.
- The decays result in the transmutation of elements and conservation of nucleon number. Radioactive decay occurs at exponential rates described by half-lives and can be used to date materials.
IGCSE PHYSICS CORE: ATOMIC PHYSICS
Atoms are unstable and decay through alpha, beta, or gamma emissions, forming new elements. Alpha particles have a +2 charge and knock out electrons, while beta particles have a -1 charge and are faster. Gamma rays are electromagnetic waves that penetrate deeply. Radioactive decay is used in carbon dating, medical tracers, sterilization, and more. Radiation can ionize atoms and damage DNA, potentially causing cancer, so precautions like shielding and limiting exposure time are important.
Absorbance and emission
Ultraviolet and visible (UV-Vis) absorption spectroscopy measures the attenuation of light passing through or reflected from a sample. When light energy matches an electronic transition in a molecule, some light is absorbed, promoting electrons to higher orbitals. The resulting absorbance spectrum shows absorbance versus wavelength. Fluorescence spectroscopy involves excitation of molecules to higher electronic singlet states followed by emission of light as they relax to ground states. Quantum yield is the ratio of emitted to absorbed photons. Both techniques are useful in characterizing biological systems like proteins, DNA, and fluorophores.
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This document provides an overview of electrochemical cells. It defines oxidation and reduction reactions and describes how electrons are transferred in these reactions. It explains the basic components and workings of electrolytic cells, which use an external power source to drive non-spontaneous chemical reactions, and galvanic cells, which generate electricity from spontaneous reactions. Reversible and irreversible electrodes are also discussed. Thermodynamics relationships for electrochemical cells are outlined.
Radioactivity and laws of radioactivity
The document discusses the discovery and laws of radioactivity. It describes how Henri Becquerel discovered radioactivity in uranium in 1896 and how Marie and Pierre Curie isolated polonium and radium. It defines the three types of radiation emitted in radioactive decay - alpha, beta, and gamma rays. The document also discusses natural and artificial radioactivity, units of radioactivity like the curie, and devices used to detect radioactivity like Geiger counters. It concludes by explaining Rutherford and Soddy's law of radioactive decay, which states that the rate of decay is proportional to the number of radioactive atoms present and is unaffected by physical or chemical processes.
Types of radiation
Different forms of radiation, including alpha, beta, and gamma, are emitted during radioactive decay as the unstable nucleus transforms into a more stable form. Alpha particles are helium nuclei, beta particles are electrons, and gamma radiation is electromagnetic radiation similar to x-rays. Ernest Rutherford discovered alpha particles in 1899 while studying uranium. The inverse square law states that the intensity of radiation decreases inversely with the square of the distance from the source. This law can be used to calculate intensity at different distances from a radioactive source.
Radioactive decay
Radioactive decay is the process by which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles such as alpha particles, beta particles, or gamma rays. Alpha decay occurs when an atom ejects an alpha particle (helium nucleus). Beta decay is the emission of an electron. Gamma decay is the release of energy in the form of electromagnetic waves.
Radioactivity
Detection of Radioactivity
Characteristics of the Three Types of Emission
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Uses of Radioactive Isotopes Including Safety Precautions
nuclear physics,unit 6
1. Nuclear physics studies the composition and interactions of atomic nuclei. Nuclei are composed of protons and neutrons, which interact via the strong nuclear force.
2. Nuclear reactions such as fission, fusion, and radioactive decay involve changes in nuclear binding energies and mass defects. Fission releases energy as heavy nuclei split into lighter nuclei, while fusion releases energy by combining light nuclei into heavier ones.
3. Key concepts include the strong nuclear force, mass defect and binding energy, radioactive decay and half-lives, and the types of radiation involved in different nuclear reactions like fission and fusion.
Properties of cathode and anode rays
To explain the production and properties of cathode and anode rays. and also differentiate between two rays.
Radioactivity
The document summarizes the history and key discoveries related to radioactivity and nuclear physics. It discusses how Becquerel discovered radioactivity in uranium in 1896, leading the Curies to isolate the elements polonium and radium. It then covers atomic structure, the different types of radioactive decay, units of radioactivity, decay processes, and nuclear reactions including fission and fusion.
Radioactivity
Radioactivity is the process of spontaneous disintegration of unstable nuclei through emission of radiation. There are three main types of radiation emitted: alpha, beta, and gamma rays. Alpha particles have the highest ionizing power but lowest penetration ability. Beta particles are high energy electrons emitted from neutron decay. Gamma rays are electromagnetic radiation emitted during nuclear transitions. Radioactivity can be natural, occurring in heavy elements like uranium, or artificial through bombardment of stable nuclei. It is measured using instruments like Geiger counters and detected through ionization of matter.
hund's rule
Hund's rules describe the ground state of multielectron atoms and ions. Rule 1 states that the atomic state with the highest total spin S will have the lowest energy. Rule 2 states that for a given spin multiplicity, the term with the largest orbital angular momentum L has the lowest energy. Rule 3 considers energy shifts due to spin-orbit coupling, where the splitting is determined by the spin-orbit coupling constant λ and the quantum numbers J, L, and S. Examples are provided to illustrate the application of Hund's rules to determine the ground states of silicon and titanium.
Hydrogen spectrum
1) When hydrogen gas is excited by electricity, the electrons absorb energy and move to higher energy orbits. As the electrons fall back down, they emit photons of light at specific wavelengths.
2) The wavelengths of emitted photons form distinct line spectra that are unique to hydrogen. Bohr calculated the wavelengths for the hydrogen spectral lines.
3) There are several hydrogen spectral series defined by the electron falling from different excited states to the n=1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 states. The Lyman, Balmer, Paschen, Brackett, and Pfund series occur in the ultraviolet, visible, and infrared regions of the spectrum.
Periodic Trends
This document discusses periodic trends in properties such as ionization energy, atomic radius, electronegativity, and electron affinity. It explains that these properties generally increase or decrease predictably across periods and down groups on the periodic table due to factors like nuclear charge, electron shielding, and electron configuration. Predictable trends in properties can be understood and used to make inferences about elements based on their positions in the periodic table.
Chapter 2 the structure of the atom
The document discusses the structure of atoms and isotopes. It begins by defining matter and the particle theory of matter. It then explains that atoms are made up of protons, neutrons and electrons. The atomic structure of various elements is discussed through their electron configurations. Isotopes are then introduced as atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. Examples of isotopes including hydrogen and oxygen isotopes are provided.
Radiobiology2
The document discusses different types of radioactive decay including alpha, beta, gamma radiation and fission. It explains that alpha decay involves emitting an alpha particle (helium nucleus), beta decay occurs when there are too many neutrons or protons, and gamma radiation is emitted during nuclear relaxations. The half-life of a radioactive substance is the time it takes for half of the radioactive atoms to decay.
Production of xray
The document discusses the properties and production of x-rays. Some key points:
- Wilhelm Roentgen discovered x-rays in 1895 and was awarded the first Nobel Prize in Physics for this work.
- X-rays are a type of electromagnetic radiation produced when electrons are accelerated and decelerated. They can behave as waves or particles.
- In an x-ray tube, a high voltage is used to accelerate electrons towards a metal target, where x-rays are produced via braking radiation or characteristic radiation.
- X-rays can be absorbed or scattered in matter. Their interaction depends on tissue electron density and thickness and the x-ray energy. These interactions are useful in medical imaging.
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Contents of this slide-share presentation:
Understanding decay concepts
Facts about Radioactive decay
Types of radioactive decay
Understanding Half-life concepts
Graphing and calculating Half-life
Using count rate to study and analyse radioactive decay
Radioactivity
Radioactivity refers to the particles which are emitted from nuclei as a result of nuclear instability. Because the nucleus experiences the intense conflict between the two strongest forces in nature, it should not be surprising that there are many nuclear isotopes which are unstable and emit some kind of radiation.
Basics of Radiation
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to radiation. It defines common terminology like frequency, wavelength, and electromagnetic spectrum. It describes the structure of atoms and different types of radiation like alpha, beta, gamma, x-rays. It explains the relationships between wavelength, frequency, and energy. Measurement units for radiation, exposure, absorbed dose, and dose equivalent are also outlined. Radiation can be ionizing or non-ionizing depending on its ability to ionize atoms.
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This document defines and provides examples of isotopes, isotones, and isobars. Isotopes are nuclides of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. Isotones are nuclides with the same number of neutrons but different elements. Isobars are nuclides with the same mass number but different protons and neutrons. The document provides exercises to identify isotopes, isobars, and isotones for given nuclides.
Radioactivity
The document discusses the discovery of radioactivity and the different types of radioactive decay:
- Alpha, beta, and gamma decay were discovered through experiments by Henri Becquerel, Marie and Pierre Curie, and Ernest Rutherford in the late 19th century.
- Alpha decay involves emitting an alpha particle (helium nucleus), beta decay involves emitting an electron or positron, and gamma decay involves emitting high-energy photons.
- The decays result in the transmutation of elements and conservation of nucleon number. Radioactive decay occurs at exponential rates described by half-lives and can be used to date materials.
IGCSE PHYSICS CORE: ATOMIC PHYSICS
Atoms are unstable and decay through alpha, beta, or gamma emissions, forming new elements. Alpha particles have a +2 charge and knock out electrons, while beta particles have a -1 charge and are faster. Gamma rays are electromagnetic waves that penetrate deeply. Radioactive decay is used in carbon dating, medical tracers, sterilization, and more. Radiation can ionize atoms and damage DNA, potentially causing cancer, so precautions like shielding and limiting exposure time are important.
Absorbance and emission
Ultraviolet and visible (UV-Vis) absorption spectroscopy measures the attenuation of light passing through or reflected from a sample. When light energy matches an electronic transition in a molecule, some light is absorbed, promoting electrons to higher orbitals. The resulting absorbance spectrum shows absorbance versus wavelength. Fluorescence spectroscopy involves excitation of molecules to higher electronic singlet states followed by emission of light as they relax to ground states. Quantum yield is the ratio of emitted to absorbed photons. Both techniques are useful in characterizing biological systems like proteins, DNA, and fluorophores.
Electrochemical cells
This document provides an overview of electrochemical cells. It defines oxidation and reduction reactions and describes how electrons are transferred in these reactions. It explains the basic components and workings of electrolytic cells, which use an external power source to drive non-spontaneous chemical reactions, and galvanic cells, which generate electricity from spontaneous reactions. Reversible and irreversible electrodes are also discussed. Thermodynamics relationships for electrochemical cells are outlined.
Radioactivity and laws of radioactivity
The document discusses the discovery and laws of radioactivity. It describes how Henri Becquerel discovered radioactivity in uranium in 1896 and how Marie and Pierre Curie isolated polonium and radium. It defines the three types of radiation emitted in radioactive decay - alpha, beta, and gamma rays. The document also discusses natural and artificial radioactivity, units of radioactivity like the curie, and devices used to detect radioactivity like Geiger counters. It concludes by explaining Rutherford and Soddy's law of radioactive decay, which states that the rate of decay is proportional to the number of radioactive atoms present and is unaffected by physical or chemical processes.
Types of radiation
Different forms of radiation, including alpha, beta, and gamma, are emitted during radioactive decay as the unstable nucleus transforms into a more stable form. Alpha particles are helium nuclei, beta particles are electrons, and gamma radiation is electromagnetic radiation similar to x-rays. Ernest Rutherford discovered alpha particles in 1899 while studying uranium. The inverse square law states that the intensity of radiation decreases inversely with the square of the distance from the source. This law can be used to calculate intensity at different distances from a radioactive source.
Radioactive decay
Radioactive decay is the process by which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles such as alpha particles, beta particles, or gamma rays. Alpha decay occurs when an atom ejects an alpha particle (helium nucleus). Beta decay is the emission of an electron. Gamma decay is the release of energy in the form of electromagnetic waves.
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Detection of Radioactivity
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Uses of Radioactive Isotopes Including Safety Precautions
nuclear physics,unit 6
1. Nuclear physics studies the composition and interactions of atomic nuclei. Nuclei are composed of protons and neutrons, which interact via the strong nuclear force.
2. Nuclear reactions such as fission, fusion, and radioactive decay involve changes in nuclear binding energies and mass defects. Fission releases energy as heavy nuclei split into lighter nuclei, while fusion releases energy by combining light nuclei into heavier ones.
3. Key concepts include the strong nuclear force, mass defect and binding energy, radioactive decay and half-lives, and the types of radiation involved in different nuclear reactions like fission and fusion.
Properties of cathode and anode rays
To explain the production and properties of cathode and anode rays. and also differentiate between two rays.
Radioactivity
The document summarizes the history and key discoveries related to radioactivity and nuclear physics. It discusses how Becquerel discovered radioactivity in uranium in 1896, leading the Curies to isolate the elements polonium and radium. It then covers atomic structure, the different types of radioactive decay, units of radioactivity, decay processes, and nuclear reactions including fission and fusion.
Radioactivity
Radioactivity is the process of spontaneous disintegration of unstable nuclei through emission of radiation. There are three main types of radiation emitted: alpha, beta, and gamma rays. Alpha particles have the highest ionizing power but lowest penetration ability. Beta particles are high energy electrons emitted from neutron decay. Gamma rays are electromagnetic radiation emitted during nuclear transitions. Radioactivity can be natural, occurring in heavy elements like uranium, or artificial through bombardment of stable nuclei. It is measured using instruments like Geiger counters and detected through ionization of matter.
hund's rule
Hund's rules describe the ground state of multielectron atoms and ions. Rule 1 states that the atomic state with the highest total spin S will have the lowest energy. Rule 2 states that for a given spin multiplicity, the term with the largest orbital angular momentum L has the lowest energy. Rule 3 considers energy shifts due to spin-orbit coupling, where the splitting is determined by the spin-orbit coupling constant λ and the quantum numbers J, L, and S. Examples are provided to illustrate the application of Hund's rules to determine the ground states of silicon and titanium.
Hydrogen spectrum
1) When hydrogen gas is excited by electricity, the electrons absorb energy and move to higher energy orbits. As the electrons fall back down, they emit photons of light at specific wavelengths.
2) The wavelengths of emitted photons form distinct line spectra that are unique to hydrogen. Bohr calculated the wavelengths for the hydrogen spectral lines.
3) There are several hydrogen spectral series defined by the electron falling from different excited states to the n=1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 states. The Lyman, Balmer, Paschen, Brackett, and Pfund series occur in the ultraviolet, visible, and infrared regions of the spectrum.
Periodic Trends
This document discusses periodic trends in properties such as ionization energy, atomic radius, electronegativity, and electron affinity. It explains that these properties generally increase or decrease predictably across periods and down groups on the periodic table due to factors like nuclear charge, electron shielding, and electron configuration. Predictable trends in properties can be understood and used to make inferences about elements based on their positions in the periodic table.
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- 1. Physics for senior secondary or A-level students ~lalit kishore, The plenum School, HP
- 2. Genesis There exist elements with unstable nuclei Reason: The neutron-proton combination is such that the forces between nucleons get unbalanced To become stable they emit 2 things Particles ...and/or Electro-magnetic radiations Such nuclei are called radioactive and the emission is called radioactivity
- 3. Three types of emissions from radioactive nuclei Types of radioactive emission are: Alpha-particles Beta-particles Gamma radiations Notes: All three emissions originate from nucleus of a radioactive atom Emissions are invisible to the eye They are detected by impressions in the form of tracks on high density photographic films or nuclear emulsion plates
- 4. Alpha-particles -1 Composition 2 protons plus 2 neutrons Properties High speed ~ 10 raised power minus 7 m/s Or 5% speed of light Least penetrating emission (passes thro’ paper, not card, range in air= few cm) Interact with nearby atoms to ionised them...produce 10x5 ion pairs per cm travel
- 5. Alpha particles - 2 An alpha particle is the nucleus of helium atom When an atom emits alpha- particle, it is said to undergo alpha-decay by loosing 2 protons and 2 neutrons With alpha decay, one element changes to another and this process is called transmutation • Emitted alpha particles have the same KE
- 6. Beta particles - 1 Some radioactive elements such radioactive lead and radioactive phosphorus electrons and positrons respectively as beta particles along with neutron particles Even free neutrons and protons undergo decay to emit electron and positron along with production of energy
- 7. Beta particles - 2 In beta-minus decay in which negative electron is emitted, a daughter nuclide is formed with: Proton no. increased by 1 Nucleon no. remaining unchanged In beta-plus decay in which positive electron (positron) is emitted, a daughter nuclide is formed with: Proton no. decreased by 1 Nucleon no. remaining unchanged • Emitted beta particles have continuous range of KE since the process is accompanied by emission of neutrinos
- 8. Gamma radiations - 1 Some radioactive emit gamma radiations which are Part of e-m spectrum Wavelength of the radiations is 10 raised power -11 to -13 metres Can penetrate Air to unlimited range Several metres of concrete Several cm of lead Gamma emission, there is no change in proton no. and nucleon no. since no particles are given out They have weak ionising power
- 9. Gamma radiations – 2: Process Energy emitted as gamma radiation to come to ground state Change in ratio of protons to neutrons Daughter nuclei still with excess energy Try to return to ground state Radioactive element (thorium) emitting alpha and beta particles Unstable nuclei Excess energy
- 10. Radioactive decay series The nuclide may be unstable, further decay happens to give different nuclide Sequence of decays till stable nuclide is reached is called decay series Do some reference work to find the decay series uranium-238