Ppt nuclear strability
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Nuclear stability refers to a nucleus being stable and not spontaneously emitting radioactivity. A nucleus is stable when the forces binding the protons and neutrons together are balanced. Nuclei with an even number of both protons and neutrons are generally the most stable, while those with odd numbers of both protons and neutrons are the least stable and most radioactive. The nuclear stability can be predicted using the even-odd rule, where nuclides with even-even or odd-even combinations are more stable than odd-odd nuclides.
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4) Key nuclear properties such as atomic number, mass number, and isotopes which have the same number of protons but different neutrons.
5) Other concepts like mass defect, binding energy, and mass-energy equation which are important for understanding nuclear processes.
Chapter 7 nuclear physics
The document summarizes key topics in the chapter on nuclear physics, including:
1) The structure and properties of the nucleus, including its composition of protons and neutrons.
2) The discovery of the neutron by James Chadwick in 1932, which helped explain nuclear structure.
3) The strong and weak nuclear forces that bind nucleons together in the nucleus.
Nuclear chemistry and radioactivity
This document provides an overview of nuclear chemistry and radioactivity. It defines nuclear chemistry as the study of reactions involving changes in atomic nuclei. It describes the basics of atomic structure and the components of the nucleus. It then covers various nuclear reactions like radioactive decay, and types of radiation emitted. Key concepts discussed include radioactive half-life, rate of decay, and factors affecting nuclear stability. Classification of nuclides and various nuclear reactions like alpha, beta, and gamma decays are also summarized.
UNIT7.pdf
This document provides an introduction to nuclear physics and radioactivity. It discusses:
1) The discovery of radioactivity and the nucleus. Rutherford's scattering experiment in 1911 revealed the existence of the nucleus as the source of radioactivity.
2) The structure of the nucleus, including its composition of protons and neutrons (nucleons), atomic number, mass number, isotopes, and typical size.
3) Nuclear stability and binding energy. The strong nuclear force holds nuclei together, and nuclei with intermediate mass numbers have the highest binding energy per nucleon. Only certain combinations of protons and neutrons produce stable nuclei.
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The document discusses the structure of atomic nuclei. It notes that atomic nuclei consist of protons and neutrons. The number of protons determines the element and its properties. Neutrons have no charge while protons have a positive charge. Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons. The mass number of an isotope is the total number of protons and neutrons.
Nuclearchemppt 120602103158-phpapp01
The document discusses nuclear chemistry concepts including mass defect, nuclear stability, and radioactivity. It explains that the mass of an atom is less than the sum of its parts due to the conversion of mass to nuclear binding energy during nucleus formation. This mass difference is called the mass defect. Examples of nuclear reactions like alpha, beta, and gamma emission are provided. Applications of nuclear chemistry such as nuclear power generation, radiocarbon dating, food irradiation, and nuclear medicine are also summarized.
Unit 7 Power Point
This document discusses atomic structure and particles. It describes protons, neutrons, and electrons, and how they make up the nucleus and electron cloud of an atom. Protons determine the element, while neutrons and atomic mass take both protons and neutrons into account. The nucleus is held together by the strong nuclear force between nucleons, while too many protons can make an atom unstable. Electrons reside outside the nucleus in energy levels or orbitals and determine if an atom is neutral or charged.
Unit 8 Periodic Table of Elements
This document summarizes atomic structure and particles. It discusses protons, neutrons, and electrons, and how they make up the nucleus and electron cloud of an atom. Protons determine the element, while neutrons and atomic mass take both protons and neutrons into account. The nucleus is held together by the strong nuclear force between nucleons, while electrons orbit outside the nucleus and usually equal the number of protons. Isotopes of an element have different numbers of neutrons.
Nuclei
1. Lord Rutherford discovered the nucleus through alpha particle scattering experiments, finding that atoms consist of a small, dense, positively charged nucleus surrounded by orbiting electrons.
2. The nucleus contains positively charged protons and neutral neutrons, collectively called nucleons. The number of protons is the atomic number and the total number of protons and neutrons is the mass number.
3. Isotopes are atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers, such as the three isotopes of hydrogen: deuterium, ordinary hydrogen, and tritium.
NP Nuclear physics and properties of nuclear
Nuclear physics covers many topics including the discovery of the nucleus, nuclear properties, nuclear binding energies, radioactivity, and nuclear models. Rutherford's gold foil experiment in 1911 provided evidence for the small, dense nucleus by detecting alpha particles scattered at large angles. The nucleus was found to be about 100,000 times smaller than the atom but containing almost all of its mass. Nuclear binding energy refers to the energy required to separate a nucleus into its constituent protons and neutrons and provides a measure of nuclear stability, with the most tightly bound nuclei having the greatest binding energy per nucleon.
10- Nuclear and particle.pptx
1. The document covers topics in nuclear physics including nuclear structure, radioactive decay, nuclear reactions like fission and fusion, and elementary particles.
2. Nuclear structure explains that the nucleus is made up of protons and neutrons and is surrounded by electrons. Nuclear stability depends on the balance of protons and neutrons.
3. Radioactive decay occurs when an unstable nucleus spontaneously emits radiation to become more stable. Different types of decay emit alpha, beta, or gamma radiation. Half-life is used to calculate decay rates over time.
B sc_I_General chemistry U-I Nuclear chemistry
1) Nuclear chemistry deals with changes that occur in the nucleus of elements, which are the source of radioactivity and nuclear power.
2) Some atoms are unstable and their nuclei spontaneously break down, releasing particles and energy. The elements whose nuclei emit radiation are radioactive.
3) There are three main types of radioactive emissions: alpha, beta, and gamma. Alpha involves emitting an alpha particle, beta involves emitting an electron, and gamma involves emitting gamma rays.
The atom and rutherford experiment
Rutherford's experiment involved shooting alpha particles at a thin gold foil. He expected the particles to be slightly deflected, but instead observed that most passed through undeflected, some were slightly deflected, and a few were scattered backwards. This showed that the atom is mostly empty space, with a small, dense positively charged nucleus at the center surrounded by orbiting electrons. Further experiments revealed protons and neutrons in the nucleus. Isotopes of an element have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons, resulting in different atomic masses but the same chemical properties.
B sc i chemistry i u i nuclear chemistry a
Nuclear chemistry deals with changes that occur in the nucleus of atoms. These changes are the source of radioactivity and nuclear power. The nucleus contains protons and neutrons, called nucleons. Some atoms are unstable and their nuclei spontaneously break down, releasing particles and energy. Elements whose nuclei emit radiation are radioactive. The spontaneous breakdown of unstable atoms is called radioactive decay or disintegration. There are three main types of radioactive decay: alpha emission, beta emission, and gamma emission. Radioactive decay occurs at a constant rate described by the decay constant. Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons, while isobars have the same mass number but different atomic numbers. The half-life of a radioactive
Radioactivity + isotopes lect.1,2,
Dr. Kamal K. Ali's lecture discusses the structure of atoms and radioactivity. It covers topics like the atom structure, isotopes, radioactive decay mechanisms, and types of radiation. It also explains techniques used to measure isotopes like mass spectrometry. Mass spectrometry works by ionizing atoms, accelerating the ions, and separating them in a magnetic field based on their mass-to-charge ratio. This allows determining the relative abundances of isotopes in a sample.
10 UNIT-10(Atomic spectra and Nuclear Physics) (1).pptx
- Atomic spectra are classified as continuous, line, or band spectra depending on the frequencies absorbed or emitted. Bohr's model explains the line spectrum of hydrogen. [END SUMMARY]
Lecture 1 basic nuclear physics 1 - basic atomic structure
The document provides an overview of basic nuclear physics concepts including atomic structure, isotopes, and nuclear stability. It defines the key subatomic particles that make up atoms - protons, neutrons, and electrons. The nucleus is made up of protons and neutrons, while electrons orbit the nucleus. The number of protons determines the element, while isotopes of an element have different numbers of neutrons. For nuclei to be stable there needs to be a roughly 1:1.5 ratio of protons to neutrons, following the "line of stability". Unstable nuclei are radioactive and decay over time to reach stability.
Unit IV - Radio activity-1.pptx
This document discusses radioactivity and properties of the nucleus. It begins by defining radioactivity as the spontaneous emission of alpha, beta, and gamma rays by heavy elements. It then covers structure and properties of the nucleus, nuclear forces, radioactive decay, and laws of radioactive decay. Key points include: the nucleus contains protons and neutrons; nuclear forces bind protons and neutrons together; radioactive decay occurs via alpha, beta, or gamma emission; and the rate of radioactive decay follows an exponential decay model defined by the half-life. Binding energy is released during nuclear decay and is related to nuclear stability.
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Ppt nuclear strability
- 2. What is the nuclear stability?
- 3. Nuclear stability means that nucleus is stable meaning that it does not spontaneously emit any kind of radioactivity (radiation).
- 4. Nuclear Stability Graph The nucleus holds the neutrons and protons by the forces which counter balances each other. In the diagram shown below, the red line depicts the stable nuclei and green line depicts the nuclei with the equal number of neutron and protons.
- 5. if the nucleus is unstable (not stable), it has the tendency of emitting some kind of radiation, i.e., it is radioactive. Radioactive
- 6. Stable nucleus – non-radioactive Unstable nucleus – radioactive Keep in mind that less stable means more radioactive and more stable means less radioactive.
- 7. We want to know why there is a radioactivity. What makes the nucleus a stable one?
- 8. There are no concrete theories to explain this, but there are only general observations based on the available stable isotopes.
- 9. How do we predict the nuclear stability?
- 10. One of the simplest ways of predicting the nuclear stability is based on nucleus contains odd/even number of protons and neutrons:
- 11. Protons Neutrons Stability Odd Odd least stable Nuclides containing odd numbers of both protons and neutrons are the least stable means more radioactive.
- 12. Protons Neutrons Odd Even Nuclides contain odd numbers of protons and even numbers of neutrons are less stable than nuclides containing even numbers of protons and odd numbers of neutrons.
- 13. Protons Neutrons Stability Even Even most stable Nuclides containing even numbers of both protons and neutrons are most stable means less radioactive.
- 14. In general, nuclear stability is greater for nuclides containing even numbers of protons and neutrons or both.
- 16. Based on the even-odd rule , predict which one would you expect to be radioactive in each pair?
- 17. Solve it; (a) 168O and 178O
- 18. Solve it; (b) 3517Cl and 3617Cl
- 19. Answer for (b) ; (b) The 3517Cl has 17 protons and 18 neutrons (odd-even) and the 3617Cl has 17 protons and 19 neutrons (odd-odd). Hence, 3617Cl is radioactive.
- 20. Solve it; (c) 2010Ne and 1710Ne
- 21. Answer for (c) ; (c) The 2010Ne contains 10 protons and 10 neutrons (even-even) and the 1710Ne contains 10 protons and 7 neutrons (even-odd). Therefore, 1710Ne is radioactive.
- 22. Solve it; (d) 4020Ca and 4520Ca
- 23. Answer for (d) ; (d) The 4020Ca has even-even situation and 4520Ca has even-odd situation. Thus, 4520Ca is radioactive.