The document discusses nuclear physics, focusing on the properties and interactions of atomic nuclei, including types of radiation (alpha, beta, gamma) and their applications. It explains radioactive decay, the instability of isotopes, and their implications for nuclear power and medicine. Additionally, it highlights the health risks associated with different types of radiation, particularly gamma rays, while noting the limited availability and challenges of using uranium as a power source.

1. UMANG JAGANI
NUCLEAR PHYSICS

2. NUCLEAR PHYSICS
The physics of atomic nuclei and
their interactions.
Three types of radiation emanating
from atoms, which they
named alpha, beta,
and gamma radiation

3. ELECTRON & PROTON
Electron by J. J. Thomson
Mass of electron is 9.11 × 10−31 Kg
Proton by Ernest Rutherford.
Mass of proton is 1.67 × 10−27 Kg

5. • Most of isotopes occurs naturally are
stable.
• A few natural occurring isotopes and
all man made isotopes are unstable.
• Unstable isotopes can become stable
by releasing different types of
particles.
• This process is called as radioactive
decay & the elements undergo this
process are called
radioisotopes/radionuclides
ISOTOPES

6. • Radioactivity means that atoms decay
Reason behind this they are instable.
• Every atom which has got higher
number of nucleons( protons &
neutrons together) than 210 is
instable.
RADIOACTIVITY

7. • Used in technologies and
medicines.
• Uranium is cheap.
• Low air pollution.
• Can be run anywhere
uranium can be supplied.
• Perhaps only 100 years of
uranium available.
• Expensive to run.
• Plants last only about 50 years
before having to be dismantled.
• The waste is highly radioactive.
NUCLEAR POWER PLANT

8. Radioactive decay results in the emission of
either:
• An alpha particle (𝛼).
• A beta particle (𝛽)
• Or a gamma ray (𝛾)
RADIOACTIVE DECAY

9. • An alpha particle is identical to that of
helium nucleus.
• It contains two protons & two
neutrons.
• The centre of atom contain a tight ball
of neutrons and protons, which is held
together by strong nuclear force,
unless it is too large.
• Unstable nuclei may undergo alpha
decay, in which they emit an energetic
helium nucleus.
ALPHA DECAY

10. • A beta particle is fast
moving electron which is
emitted from the nucleus of
an atom undergoing
radioactive decay
• Beta decay occurs when a
neutron changes into proton
and an electron and
antineutrino.
BETA DECAY

11. • Gamma rays have the smallest
wavelengths and the most energy of
any wave in the electromagnetic
spectrum.
• They are produced by the hottest
and most energetic objects in the
universe, such as neutron stars and
pulsars, supernova explosions, and
regions around black holes.
GAMMA RAYS

13. • Alpha radiation is not
as dangerous because it is unlikely
to reach living cells inside the
body.
• Beta and gamma radiation are
the most dangerous sources
because they can penetrate the skin
and damage the cells inside.
HOW GAMMA RAYS ARE DANGEROUS TO
HEALTH?

14. • Gamma-rays have the smallest
wavelengths and the most
energy of any other wave in the
electromagnetic spectrum.
• These waves are generated by
radioactive atoms and in nuclear
explosions.
• Gamma-rays can kill living
cells, a fact which medicine
uses to its advantage,
using gamma-rays to kill
cancerous cells.
HOW GAMMA RAYS ARE MADE?

18. THANK YOU