* The half-life of I-123 is 13 hours
* We want to know how much is left after 39 hours
* 39 hours is 3 half-lives (39/13 = 3)
* Each half-life, the amount is reduced by half
* Starting with 64 mg:
** After 1 half-life: 64/2 = 32 mg
** After 2 half-lives: 32/2 = 16 mg
** After 3 half-lives: 16/2 = 8 mg
* Therefore, the amount left after 39 hours is 8 mg.
ADVANTAGES Nuclear power generation does emit relatively low amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2). The emissions of green house gases and therefore the contribution of nuclear power plants to global warming is therefore relatively little. This technology is readily available, it does not have to be developed first. It is possible to generate a high amount of electrical energy in one single plant
ADVANTAGES Nuclear power generation does emit relatively low amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2). The emissions of green house gases and therefore the contribution of nuclear power plants to global warming is therefore relatively little. This technology is readily available, it does not have to be developed first. It is possible to generate a high amount of electrical energy in one single plant
Chemical and Physical Properties: Radioactivity & Radioisotopes ulcerd
Lecture materials for the Introductory Chemistry course for Forensic Scientists, University of Lincoln, UK. See http://forensicchemistry.lincoln.ac.uk/ for more details.
Detection of Radioactivity
Characteristics of the Three Types of Emission
Nuclear Reactions
Half-Life
Uses of Radioactive Isotopes Including Safety Precautions
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
2. Radioactivity
Radioactivity was 1st
discovered by Antoine
Becquerel, when
a photographic plate
never exposed to
sunlight in his lab had become exposed.
The only possible culprit was a nearby
uranium salt sitting on the bench top.
3. History of Radioactivity
The term radioactivity
was 1st used by Marie
Curie in 1898. Curie
and her husband, Pierre,
found that radioactive
particles were emitted as
either electrically
negative which were
called beta particles (β)
or positive particles
called alpha particles (α).
5. Radioactivity is the
phenomenon of
radiation (particles
and/or energy) being
ejected
spontaneously by
an unstable nucleus
until it reaches a
more stable
arrangement.
7. Composition & Structure of
Nucleus
A. Nucleons
1. Protons
2. Neutrons
B. Strong nuclear force
–The force that holds the
nucleons together
8. Characteristics of a nuclear
reaction
1. Isotopes of one elements are
changed into isotopes of another
element
2. Contents of the nucleus change
3. Large amounts of energy are
released
9. Radioactive decay is the process
by which the unstable nuclei lose
mass and/or energy by emitting
radiation.
Eventually unstable nuclei
achieve a more stable state
when they are transformed into
atoms of a different element.
11. •There are no
stable nuclei
with an
atomic
number
higher than
83 or
a neutron
number
higher than
126.
12. •The more
protons in the
nuclei, the more
neutrons are
needed for
stability. Notice
how the stability
band pulls away
from the P=N
line.
13. •Stability is
favored by even
numbers of
protons and even
numbers of
neutrons. 168 of
the stable nuclei
are even-even
while only 4 of the
stable nuclei are
odd-odd.
14. Types of Radioactive Decay
When unstable nuclei decay, the
reactions generally involve the
emission of a particle and or energy.
For each type of decay, the equation is
balanced with regard to atomic number
and atomic mass. In other words, the
total atomic number before and after the
reaction are equal. And the total atomic
mass before and after the reaction are
also equal.
15. Transmutation
When particles
break down in the
nucleus in an atom
of an element
(radioactive decay),
the element
changes into
another element.
This is called
transmutation.
16. TYPES OF RADIATION
Gamma emission is the high energy
electromagnetic radiation given off in
most nuclear reactions. GAMMA
RAYS ARE NOT MATTER, THEY
ARE ENERGY. Therefore, they are
not involved in balancing the nuclear
equation. They are very damaging
and difficult to shield against.
17. Types of nuclear reactions
1. Radioactive decay - emission of the
following particles:
– Gamma
– Alpha
– Beta
– positron
2. Nuclear disintegration - emission of a
proton (p+) or a neutron (n0)
3. Fission - splitting of the nucleus
4. Fusion - combining of nuclei
18. Gamma Emission (γ)
Generally accompanies other radioactive
radiation because it is the energy lost from
settling within the nucleus after a change.
19. Happens when
the atomic
number is
greater than 83
The 2 p+ 2n
( ) loss
brings the atom
down and to the
left toward the
belt of stable
nuclei.
Alpha Particle Emission (α)
He4
2
4
2
He
21. BETA EMISSION (β)
A beta particle (a high energy electron,
charge of -1) is emitted from the
nucleus as a neutron is converted into
a proton.
eNC 0
1
14
7
14
6
Carbon - 14
Nitrogen - 14
Beta
Particle
22. Beta Particle Emission (β)
Happens to nuclei
with high
neutron:proton
ratio
A neutron
becomes a proton
causing a shift
down and to the
right on the
stability graph
23. Positron Emission
A positron is an antimatter particle that has the
same mass as an electron but has a positive
charge. A positron is emitted from the nucleus
as a proton is converted to a neutron.
eOF o
1
18
8
18
9
Fluorine - 18 Oxygen - 18 Positron
24. Positron Emission
Happens to nuclei
with a low
neutron:proton
ratio
A proton becomes
a neutron causing
a shift up and to
the left
27. Nuclear Chemistry
Name Symbol
Particle
Emitted
Mass
Atomic
Number
What is
Happening?
Blocked
By
Alpha
Helium
Nucleus
Decrease by
4
Decrease
by 2
Helium
nucleus is
given off
Paper
Beta
High Speed
Electron
No Change
Increase by
1
Neutron
changes to
Proton
Metal
Gamma
High Speed
Photon
No Change No Change
Accompanies
Alpha & Beta
Decay
Partially by
Lead &
Concrete
4He2
0β-1
0 γ0
28. Decay Series
• A series of radioactive nuclides produced
by successive radioactive decay until a
stable nuclide is reached.
30. Artificial Nuclear Reactions
New elements or new isotopes of known elements are
produced by bombarding an atom with a subatomic particle
such as a proton or neutron -- or even a much heavier
particle such as 4He and 11B.
Reactions using neutrons are called
g reactionsbecause a g ray is usually emitted.
Radioisotopes used in medicine are often made by g reactions.
31. Artificial Nuclear Reactions
Example of a g reaction is
production of radioactive 31P for use
in studies of P uptake in the body.
31
15P + 1
0n ---> 32
15P + g
32. Transuranium Elements
Elements beyond 92 (transuranium) made
starting with an g reaction
238
92U + 1
0n ---> 239
92U + g
239
92U ---> 239
93Np + 0
-1b
239
93Np ---> 239
94Pu + 0
-1b
35. Uses for Nuclear Radiation
Since the physical and chemical
properties of radioisotopes of an
element are the same as stable ones,
many uses for radioactive nuclides are
possible.
36. In medicine radioactive nuclides are used to
destroy cancer cells and as tracers to tract
substances through the body or identify
cancer and other diseases.
Cobalt - 60 Radioactive Tracer
39. In energy production, currently nuclear
fission is used to create energy.
Example: Comanche Peak nuclear
power plant in Glen Rose produces
energy that is used by TXU Energy.
40. Nuclear Waste
Nuclear fission produces radioactive
wastes that must be contained and
stored on-site (temporary) or disposed
of (permanent).
41. Containment
• Radioactive waste from medical research
has half-lives of only a few months.
• Waste in nuclear reactors will take
hundreds to thousands of years to decay.
42. Storage
• Spent fuel rods from nuclear power plants
are stored in either water pools or dry
casks.
• This is temporary and at some point the
rods must be moved to underground
storage facilities
43. Disposal
• There are 77 disposal sites in the U.S.
• Disposal sites are created with the
intention of never going back for the spent
fuel rods.
• The current storage permanent disposal
site is WIPP near Carlsbad, NM.
45. Nuclear Fission
Fission is the splitting of atoms
These are usually very large, so that they are not as stable
A chain reaction begins wherein the material that starts
the reaction is also one of the products of the reaction,
and can start another reaction.
47. Nuclear Fission & POWER
• Currently about 103
nuclear power plants
in the U.S. and about
435 worldwide.
• 17% of the world’s
energy comes from
nuclear.
50. Nuclear Power Plants
• Shielding (containment shell): radiation-
absorbing materials that prevent exposure
to gamma rays
• Control rods: neutron-absorbing rods that
control the reaction by limiting the number
of free neutrons
• Moderator: slows down the fast neutrons
by fission
52. Nuclear Power Accidents
Three Mile Island, Pennsylvania
March 28, 1979
•a. No one is killed
•b. Very little radiation
released
53. Nuclear Power Accidents
Chernobyl, Ukraine
April 1986
•a. 30 people killed
initially
•b. Large area
uninhabitable
Chernobyl, Ukraine
Unit 4 Reactor
Destroyed
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-NlP2-Sbl9w
55. Nuclear Power Accidents
Fukushima Daiichi
March 11, 2011
•a. No immediate deaths
•b. failure occurred because the plant was hit by
a tsunami caused by an earthquake
57. Nuclear Fusion
Fusion
• Excessive heat can not be contained
• Uncontrolled fusion reactions of
hydrogen are the source of hydrogen
bombs.
• Attempts at “cold” fusion have FAILED.
• “Hot” fusion is difficult to contain
60. Kinetics of Radioactive Decay
For each duration (half-life), one half of the substance
decomposes.
For example: Ra-234 has a half-life of 3.6 days
If you start with 50 grams of Ra-234
After 3.6 days > 25 grams
After 7.2 days > 12.5 grams
After 10.8 days > 6.25 grams
61. Learning Check!
The half life of I-123 is 13 hr. How much of
a 64 mg sample of I-123 is left after 39
hours?
