This document provides an overview of three primary reservoir fluid property experiments: constant-mass expansion (CME), constant-volume depletion (CVD), and differential liberation (DL). It describes the objectives, procedures, and key results of each experiment. The CME experiment measures formation volume factor, compressibility, and relative fluid volumes at varying pressures. The CVD simulates reservoir depletion, measuring properties like liquid dropout and gas compositions. The DL characterizes differential gas liberation from oil during pressure decline.
Reservoir engineering is the field to evaluate field performance by performing reservoir modeling studies and explore opportunities to maximize the value of both exploration and production properties to enhance hydrocarbon production.
The problem of water and gas coning has plagued the petroleum industry for decades. Water or gas encroachment in oil zone and thus simultaneous production of oil & water or oil & gas is a major technical, environmental and economic problems associated with oil and gas production. This can limit the productive life of the oil and gas wells and can cause severe problems including corrosion of tubulars, fine migration, hydrostatic loading etc. The environmental impact of handling, treating and disposing of the produced water can seriously affect the economics of the production. Commonly, the reservoirs have an aquifer beneath the zone of hydrocarbon. While producing from oil zone, there develops a low pressure zone as a result of which the water zone starts coning upwards and gas zone cones down towards the production perforation in oil zone and thus reducing the oil production. Pressure enhanced capillary transition zone enlargement around the wellbore is responsible for the concurrent production. This also results in the loss of water drive and gas drive to a certain extent.
Numerous technologies have been developed to control unwanted water and gas coning. In order to design an effective strategy to control the coning of oil or gas, it is important to understand the mechanism of coning of oil and gas in reservoirs by developing a model of it. Non-Darcy flow effect (NDFE), vertical permeability, aquifer size, density of well perforation, and flow behind casing increase water coning/inflow to wells in homogeneous gas reservoirs with bottom water are important factors to consider. There are several methods to slow down coning of water and/or gas such as producing at a certain critical rate, polymer injection, Downhole Water Sink (DWS) technology etc.
Shubham Saxena
B.Tech. petroleum Engineering
IIT (ISM) Dhanbad
Reservoir engineering is the field to evaluate field performance by performing reservoir modeling studies and explore opportunities to maximize the value of both exploration and production properties to enhance hydrocarbon production.
The problem of water and gas coning has plagued the petroleum industry for decades. Water or gas encroachment in oil zone and thus simultaneous production of oil & water or oil & gas is a major technical, environmental and economic problems associated with oil and gas production. This can limit the productive life of the oil and gas wells and can cause severe problems including corrosion of tubulars, fine migration, hydrostatic loading etc. The environmental impact of handling, treating and disposing of the produced water can seriously affect the economics of the production. Commonly, the reservoirs have an aquifer beneath the zone of hydrocarbon. While producing from oil zone, there develops a low pressure zone as a result of which the water zone starts coning upwards and gas zone cones down towards the production perforation in oil zone and thus reducing the oil production. Pressure enhanced capillary transition zone enlargement around the wellbore is responsible for the concurrent production. This also results in the loss of water drive and gas drive to a certain extent.
Numerous technologies have been developed to control unwanted water and gas coning. In order to design an effective strategy to control the coning of oil or gas, it is important to understand the mechanism of coning of oil and gas in reservoirs by developing a model of it. Non-Darcy flow effect (NDFE), vertical permeability, aquifer size, density of well perforation, and flow behind casing increase water coning/inflow to wells in homogeneous gas reservoirs with bottom water are important factors to consider. There are several methods to slow down coning of water and/or gas such as producing at a certain critical rate, polymer injection, Downhole Water Sink (DWS) technology etc.
Shubham Saxena
B.Tech. petroleum Engineering
IIT (ISM) Dhanbad
What is the different between the net pay and resrvoir thicknessStudent
Prepared by Yasir Albeatiy
Contact me with information below:
E-Mail: yasiralbeatiy2015@gmail.com
Phone No. + Whatsapp : +9647828319225
Facebook Page: www.facebook.com/petroleumengineeringz
Enhanced Oil Recovery
It’s a process for recovering mostly every Barrels of Oil to get out all of remaining oil in it.
And this is done by EOR technologies
Enhanced Oil Recovery
Mainly the following process are done for Enhanced oil recovery
Water injection
Gas injection
Reducing residual oil saturation, SOR (alcohol, polymers, surfactants injection)
Thermal: steam injection (to heating of the reservoir to lower the viscosity)
DAMAGE ISSUES IMPACTING THE PRODUCTIVITY OF TIGHT GAS PRODUCING FORMATIONS; Formation Damage; Fracturing/Refracturing; Hydraulically Fractured; Tight Gas Reservoir; Economic Tight Gas Reservoir Production
What is the different between the net pay and resrvoir thicknessStudent
Prepared by Yasir Albeatiy
Contact me with information below:
E-Mail: yasiralbeatiy2015@gmail.com
Phone No. + Whatsapp : +9647828319225
Facebook Page: www.facebook.com/petroleumengineeringz
Enhanced Oil Recovery
It’s a process for recovering mostly every Barrels of Oil to get out all of remaining oil in it.
And this is done by EOR technologies
Enhanced Oil Recovery
Mainly the following process are done for Enhanced oil recovery
Water injection
Gas injection
Reducing residual oil saturation, SOR (alcohol, polymers, surfactants injection)
Thermal: steam injection (to heating of the reservoir to lower the viscosity)
DAMAGE ISSUES IMPACTING THE PRODUCTIVITY OF TIGHT GAS PRODUCING FORMATIONS; Formation Damage; Fracturing/Refracturing; Hydraulically Fractured; Tight Gas Reservoir; Economic Tight Gas Reservoir Production
Laboratory and Theoretical investigations of petroleum reservoir fluid propri...Mohamed Lamoj
In this study, complete PVT lab experiments were done and then evaluate the most frequently used empirical black oil PVT correlations for application in the Middle East. Empirical PVT Correlations for Middle East crude oil have been compared as a function of commonly available PVT data. Correlations have been compared for: Bubble point pressure; solution gas oil ratio, oil formation volume factor, oil density, and oil viscosity. After evaluates the Empirical correlations the crude sample was characterized using different EOS to arrive at one EOS model that accurately describes the PVT behavior of crude oil produced.
In the Adani-Hindenburg case, what is SEBI investigating.pptxAdani case
Adani SEBI investigation revealed that the latter had sought information from five foreign jurisdictions concerning the holdings of the firm’s foreign portfolio investors (FPIs) in relation to the alleged violations of the MPS Regulations. Nevertheless, the economic interest of the twelve FPIs based in tax haven jurisdictions still needs to be determined. The Adani Group firms classed these FPIs as public shareholders. According to Hindenburg, FPIs were used to get around regulatory standards.
Putting the SPARK into Virtual Training.pptxCynthia Clay
This 60-minute webinar, sponsored by Adobe, was delivered for the Training Mag Network. It explored the five elements of SPARK: Storytelling, Purpose, Action, Relationships, and Kudos. Knowing how to tell a well-structured story is key to building long-term memory. Stating a clear purpose that doesn't take away from the discovery learning process is critical. Ensuring that people move from theory to practical application is imperative. Creating strong social learning is the key to commitment and engagement. Validating and affirming participants' comments is the way to create a positive learning environment.
Cracking the Workplace Discipline Code Main.pptxWorkforce Group
Cultivating and maintaining discipline within teams is a critical differentiator for successful organisations.
Forward-thinking leaders and business managers understand the impact that discipline has on organisational success. A disciplined workforce operates with clarity, focus, and a shared understanding of expectations, ultimately driving better results, optimising productivity, and facilitating seamless collaboration.
Although discipline is not a one-size-fits-all approach, it can help create a work environment that encourages personal growth and accountability rather than solely relying on punitive measures.
In this deck, you will learn the significance of workplace discipline for organisational success. You’ll also learn
• Four (4) workplace discipline methods you should consider
• The best and most practical approach to implementing workplace discipline.
• Three (3) key tips to maintain a disciplined workplace.
LA HUG - Video Testimonials with Chynna Morgan - June 2024Lital Barkan
Have you ever heard that user-generated content or video testimonials can take your brand to the next level? We will explore how you can effectively use video testimonials to leverage and boost your sales, content strategy, and increase your CRM data.🤯
We will dig deeper into:
1. How to capture video testimonials that convert from your audience 🎥
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3. How you can capture more CRM data to understand your audience better through video testimonials. 📊
[Note: This is a partial preview. To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
Sustainability has become an increasingly critical topic as the world recognizes the need to protect our planet and its resources for future generations. Sustainability means meeting our current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. It involves long-term planning and consideration of the consequences of our actions. The goal is to create strategies that ensure the long-term viability of People, Planet, and Profit.
Leading companies such as Nike, Toyota, and Siemens are prioritizing sustainable innovation in their business models, setting an example for others to follow. In this Sustainability training presentation, you will learn key concepts, principles, and practices of sustainability applicable across industries. This training aims to create awareness and educate employees, senior executives, consultants, and other key stakeholders, including investors, policymakers, and supply chain partners, on the importance and implementation of sustainability.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Develop a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental principles and concepts that form the foundation of sustainability within corporate environments.
2. Explore the sustainability implementation model, focusing on effective measures and reporting strategies to track and communicate sustainability efforts.
3. Identify and define best practices and critical success factors essential for achieving sustainability goals within organizations.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction and Key Concepts of Sustainability
2. Principles and Practices of Sustainability
3. Measures and Reporting in Sustainability
4. Sustainability Implementation & Best Practices
To download the complete presentation, visit: https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations
Implicitly or explicitly all competing businesses employ a strategy to select a mix
of marketing resources. Formulating such competitive strategies fundamentally
involves recognizing relationships between elements of the marketing mix (e.g.,
price and product quality), as well as assessing competitive and market conditions
(i.e., industry structure in the language of economics).
The world of search engine optimization (SEO) is buzzing with discussions after Google confirmed that around 2,500 leaked internal documents related to its Search feature are indeed authentic. The revelation has sparked significant concerns within the SEO community. The leaked documents were initially reported by SEO experts Rand Fishkin and Mike King, igniting widespread analysis and discourse. For More Info:- https://news.arihantwebtech.com/search-disrupted-googles-leaked-documents-rock-the-seo-world/
Building Your Employer Brand with Social MediaLuanWise
Presented at The Global HR Summit, 6th June 2024
In this keynote, Luan Wise will provide invaluable insights to elevate your employer brand on social media platforms including LinkedIn, Facebook, Instagram, X (formerly Twitter) and TikTok. You'll learn how compelling content can authentically showcase your company culture, values, and employee experiences to support your talent acquisition and retention objectives. Additionally, you'll understand the power of employee advocacy to amplify reach and engagement – helping to position your organization as an employer of choice in today's competitive talent landscape.
VAT Registration Outlined In UAE: Benefits and Requirementsuae taxgpt
Vat Registration is a legal obligation for businesses meeting the threshold requirement, helping companies avoid fines and ramifications. Contact now!
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Enterprise Excellence is Inclusive Excellence.pdfKaiNexus
Enterprise excellence and inclusive excellence are closely linked, and real-world challenges have shown that both are essential to the success of any organization. To achieve enterprise excellence, organizations must focus on improving their operations and processes while creating an inclusive environment that engages everyone. In this interactive session, the facilitator will highlight commonly established business practices and how they limit our ability to engage everyone every day. More importantly, though, participants will likely gain increased awareness of what we can do differently to maximize enterprise excellence through deliberate inclusion.
What is Enterprise Excellence?
Enterprise Excellence is a holistic approach that's aimed at achieving world-class performance across all aspects of the organization.
What might I learn?
A way to engage all in creating Inclusive Excellence. Lessons from the US military and their parallels to the story of Harry Potter. How belt systems and CI teams can destroy inclusive practices. How leadership language invites people to the party. There are three things leaders can do to engage everyone every day: maximizing psychological safety to create environments where folks learn, contribute, and challenge the status quo.
Who might benefit? Anyone and everyone leading folks from the shop floor to top floor.
Dr. William Harvey is a seasoned Operations Leader with extensive experience in chemical processing, manufacturing, and operations management. At Michelman, he currently oversees multiple sites, leading teams in strategic planning and coaching/practicing continuous improvement. William is set to start his eighth year of teaching at the University of Cincinnati where he teaches marketing, finance, and management. William holds various certifications in change management, quality, leadership, operational excellence, team building, and DiSC, among others.
6. CME Experiment (Cont.)
The constant-mass (or constant-composition)
expansion experiment is sketched for a gas
condensate mixture in next slide, but it may also be
performed on oil mixtures.
A fixed amount of a reservoir fluid is transferred to
a closed cell in which the temperature is kept
constant, often at the reservoir temperature.
The volume of the cell may be varied. This may be
accomplished, by moving a piston up and down.
The maximum volume is typically around 400 cm
3.
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: PVT Experiments (CME & CVD & DL)
6
7. A Schematic Diagram of
the Flash Liberation Test
In the flash liberation process, the
gas which is liberated from the oil
during a pressure decline remains in
contact with the oil from which it
was liberated.
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: PVT Experiments (CME & CVD & DL)
7
8. Flash Liberation for Oil Mixture
The process, involves the following steps:
Step 1. The reservoir fluid sample is charged to a PVT cell
which is maintained at reservoir temperature
throughout the experiments.
Step 2. The cell pressure is elevated at a pressure higher
than the saturation pressure.
Step 3. The cell pressure is lowered in small increments.
The total volume of the hydrocarbon system is recorded
at each pressure.
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: PVT Experiments (CME & CVD & DL)
8
9. Flash Liberation P-V Diagram
Step 4. A plot of the cell pressuretotal hydrocarbon volume is
constructed as shown in Figure.
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: PVT Experiments (CME & CVD & DL)
9
10. Flash Liberation for Oil Mixture (Cont.)
Step 5. When the cell pressure reaches the bubble-point
pressure of the hydrocarbon system, a sign of formation
of a gas phase is noted.
This stage is marked by a sharp change in the pressure-volume
slope.
Step 6. As the pressure level is reduced below the
bubble-point pressure, the liberated gas is allowed to
remain in contact and reach an equilibrium state with
the oil phase. This thermodynamic equilibrium is assured
by agitating the cell.
Step 7. The equilibrium pressure level and the
corresponding hydrocarbon total volume is recorded.
Step 8. Steps 6 and 7 are repeated until the capacity of
the cell is reached.
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: PVT Experiments (CME & CVD & DL)
10
11. Flash Liberation Experimental Data
The experimental data obtained from the flash
liberation test include:
The bubble-point pressure
The isothermal compressibility coefficient of the
liquid phase above the bubble-point pressure
c. Below the bubble point, the two-phase volume is
measured as a function of pressure
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: PVT Experiments (CME & CVD & DL)
11
12. Flash Liberation Simulation
The foregoing process simulates the gas liberation
sequence, which is taking place in the reservoir at
pressures immediately below the bubble-point
pressure. This can be justified by the fact that the
liberated gas remains immobile in the pores and in
contact with oil until the critical gas saturation is
reached at a certain pressure below Pb·
The flash liberation process best represents the
separator type liberation. When entering the separator,
the reservoir fluids are in equilibrium due to the
agitation occurring in the tubing. In the separator, the
two phases are brought to equilibrium and the oil and
gas are separated. This behavior follows the flash
liberation sequence.
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: PVT Experiments (CME & CVD & DL)
12
14. Initial Step of the Experiment
A constant-mass expansion experiment gives
information
About the saturation pressure at the reservoir temperature
and
About the relative volumetric amounts of gas and oil in the
reservoir at various stages of the lifetime of the reservoir.
The experiment is started at a pressure higher than the
saturation point.
For a gas condensate mixture this means the experiment is
started at a pressure above the dew point pressure, and
For an oil mixture it is started at a pressure above the bubble
point pressure.
The initial mixture volume is recorded.
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: PVT Experiments (CME & CVD & DL)
14
15. Other Steps of the Experiment
The mixture volume is increased stepwise. At each
step
The mixture volume and
The cell pressure
Are measured. Furthermore, the saturation point is
recorded.
It is the pressure at which an additional phase
starts to form.
For a gas condensate this additional phase appears as a
liquid droplet, and
For an oil it will be seen as a gas bubble.
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: PVT Experiments (CME & CVD & DL)
15
16.
17.
18. Calculations of the Experiment for
a Gas Condensate
The term V sat is used for the saturation point
volume.
At each stage of the experiment the relative
volume is recorded, defined as the ratio between
The actual volume and
The volume
At the saturation pressure:
𝑹𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆:
2013 H. AlamiNia
𝑽 𝒓𝒆𝒍
𝑽 𝒕𝒐𝒕
= 𝒔𝒂𝒕
𝑽
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: PVT Experiments (CME & CVD & DL)
18
19. Calculation of Z for the Experiment
For a gas condensate mixture, the gas-phase
compressibility factor Z (Z=PV/RT) is recorded above
the saturation pressure.
Below the dew point, the liquid volume, V liq, of a
gas condensate is recorded as the percentage of the
mixture volume at the dew point:
𝑽 𝒍𝒊𝒒
%𝑳𝒊𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒅 𝒅𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒐𝒖𝒕 = 100 ∗ 𝒔𝒂𝒕
𝑽
This liquid volume is often referred to as the liquid
dropout.
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: PVT Experiments (CME & CVD & DL)
19
20. Primary Results From the Experiment
on a Gas Condensate Mixture
Primary Results from a Constant–Mass Expansion
Experiment Performed on a Gas Condensate
Mixture.
Relative volume
Liquid volume
Z-factor (Only reported above saturation point)
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: PVT Experiments (CME & CVD & DL)
20
21. Example of Results of the Experiment
Results of the Experiment at 155 °C
for a Gas Condensate Mixture
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: PVT Experiments (CME & CVD & DL)
21
22. Liquid Dropout and Relative Volume Curve
Liquid dropout curve (circles, fulldrawn line and left y-axis) and
relative volume (triangles, dashed
line and right y-axis) for constantmass expansion experiment at 155 °
C on the gas condensate mixture.
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: PVT Experiments (CME & CVD & DL)
22
23. Calculations of the Experiment for
Oil Mixtures
For oil mixtures, the isothermal compressibility is
recorded above the saturation point:
In this expression, V is the oil volume.
1
𝒄𝒐 = −
𝑽
𝜕𝑽
𝜕𝑷
𝑻
Below the saturation point, the Y-factor is recorded:
𝑷 𝒔𝒂𝒕 − 𝑷
𝒀 − 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓: 𝒕𝒐𝒕 𝑷 𝒔𝒂𝒕
𝑽 − 𝑽
𝑽 𝒔𝒂𝒕
V tot is the total volume of the cell content.
The Y-factor is a measure of the ratio between the
relative changes in pressure and total volume in the
two-phase region.
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: PVT Experiments (CME & CVD & DL)
23
24. Y-Factor for the Experiment
As gas takes up more volume than liquid the
volumetric changes with decreasing pressure will be
larger in the two-phase region than in the singlephase region.
An oil that releases much gas with decreasing pressure
will have a small Y-factor,
Whereas an oil that only releases small amounts of gas
with decreasing pressure will have a large Y-factor.
A constant-mass expansion experiment is usually
stopped at a pressure somewhere in interval from
50 to 100 bar.
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: PVT Experiments (CME & CVD & DL)
24
25. Results of the Experiment
at 97.5 ° C for the Oil Mixture
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: PVT Experiments (CME & CVD & DL)
25
26. Y-Factor and Relative Volume for Constant
the Experiment on the Oil Mixture
Y-factor (circles, full-drawn line and
left y-axis) and relative volume
(triangles, dashed line and right yaxis) for constant mass expansion
experiment at 97.5 ° C on the oil
mixture
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: PVT Experiments (CME & CVD & DL)
26
27. Primary Results From
the Experiment on an Oil Mixture
Below is the list of the primary results from a
constant-mass expansion experiment performed on
an oil mixture.
Relative volume
Compressibility (Only reported above saturation point)
Oil density (Only above saturation point. Not reported
standard)
Y-factor (Only reported below saturation point)
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: PVT Experiments (CME & CVD & DL)
27
28.
29. Constant-Volume Depletion
Experiment introduction
As with the constant-mass expansion experiment, a
fixed amount of reservoir fluid (gas condensate or
volatile oil) is transferred to a cell kept at a fixed
temperature, often the reservoir temperature.
The cell is constructed in the same manner as for a
constant-mass expansion experiment, but is
equipped with a valve on top allowing depletion of
gas during the experiment.
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: PVT Experiments (CME & CVD & DL)
29
30. Schematic Representation of the
Experiment
Schematic Representation of a
Constant-Volume Depletion
Experiment
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: PVT Experiments (CME & CVD & DL)
30
31. The Experiment Procedure
The experiment is started at the saturation point.
The saturation point pressure, P sat, and
The saturation point volume, V sat, are recorded.
The volume is increased, which will make the
pressure decrease, and two separate phases are
formed in the cell.
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: PVT Experiments (CME & CVD & DL)
31
32. The Experiment Procedure (Cont.)
The mixture volume is subsequently decreased to V sat
by letting out the excess gas through the valve on top,
maintaining a constant pressure.
The molar amount of gas depleted as a percentage of the gas
initially in the cell and
The liquid volume in the cell as a percentage of the saturation
point volume are recorded.
The compressibility factor (Z=PV/RT) at cell conditions and
The molar composition of the depleted gas are measured.
The volume is increased again, the excess volume is
depleted and so on until the pressure is somewhere
between 100 and 40 bar (~1450-580 psi).
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: PVT Experiments (CME & CVD & DL)
32
33. Design Objectives of the Experiment
The constant-volume depletion experiment has
been designed to gain knowledge about the
changes with time in PVT properties of the
produced well streams from gas condensate and
volatile oil reservoirs.
The reservoir is seen as a tank of fixed volume and
at a fixed temperature.
During production the pressure decreases because
material is removed from the field, while the
volume and temperature remain (almost) constant.
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: PVT Experiments (CME & CVD & DL)
33
34. Design Objectives of the Experiment
(Cont.)
When the pressure reaches the saturation point, the
mixture splits into a gas and a liquid phase. If all the
production comes from the gas zone, the mixture
produced will have the same composition as the gas
removed from the cell in a constant volume depletion
experiment.
This gas will gradually become less enriched in heavy
hydrocarbons, and less liquid will be produced from the
topside separation plant.
The amount of reservoir fluid removed from the
reservoir from the time the pressure is P 1 until it has
decreased to P 2 corresponds to the amount of gas
removed through the valve on top of the PVT cell in the
depletion stage at pressure P 2.
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: PVT Experiments (CME & CVD & DL)
34
35. Primary Results from the Experiment
The primary results from a constant-volume
depletion experiment performed on a gas
condensate or volatile mixture are summarized
below:
Liquid volume
Percentage produced
Z-factor gas
Two-phase Z-factor
Viscosity of gas (Viscosity of the gas in cell (usually not
measured but calculated))
Gas compositions
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: PVT Experiments (CME & CVD & DL)
35
36.
37. Differential Liberation Characterization
In the differential liberation process, the solution
gas that is liberated from an oil sample during a
decline in pressure is continuously removed from
contact with the oil, and before establishing
equilibrium with the liquid phase.
This type of liberation is characterized by a varying
composition of the total hydrocarbon system.
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: PVT Experiments (CME & CVD & DL)
37
38. Notes about Differential Liberation
Experiment
The differential liberation (or differential depletion)
experiment is only carried out for oil mixtures.
The experiment is started by transferring reservoir
fluid to a cell kept at a fixed temperature, often the
reservoir temperature.
As with the constant-volume depletion cell, the
differential liberation cell is equipped with a valve
on top allowing gas to be depleted during the
experiment.
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: PVT Experiments (CME & CVD & DL)
38
39. Schematic Representation of
a Differential Depletion Experiment
Psat=Pb
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: PVT Experiments (CME & CVD & DL)
39
40. The Experiment Procedure
Step 1. The reservoir fluid sample is placed in a PVT
cell at reservoir temperature.
Step 2. The cell is pressurized to saturation.
Step 3. The volume of the all-liquid sample is
recorded.
Step 4. The cell pressure is lowered.
Step 5. The liberated gas is removed from the cell
through the cell flow valve. During this process, the
cell pressure is kept constant by reinjecting mercury
(H2O) in the cell at the same rate as the gas
discharge rate.
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: PVT Experiments (CME & CVD & DL)
40
41. The Experiment Procedure (Cont.)
Step 6. The volume of the discharged gas is
measured at standard conditions and the volume of
the remaining oil is recorded.
Step 7. Steps 5 and 6 are repeated until the cell
pressure is lowered to atmospheric pressure.
Step 8. The remaining oil at atmospheric pressure is
measured and converted to a volume at 60°F. This
final volume is referred to as the residual oil.
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: PVT Experiments (CME & CVD & DL)
41
42. Purpose of the Experiment
The primary purpose of PVT experiments is to gain
experimental knowledge about the behavior of a
reservoir fluid at reservoir conditions.
The differential depletion experiment has a
secondary purpose of
Generating information on the volumetric changes
taking place with the well stream when produced at
standard conditions.
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: PVT Experiments (CME & CVD & DL)
42