This document provides an overview of a reservoir fluid properties course covering reservoir hydrocarbons including natural gas and crude oil. The course discusses sampling and analysis of reservoir fluids, properties of natural gases such as density and compressibility, properties of crude oils like density and gas solubility, and how reservoir fluids change from reservoir conditions to downstream production and processing facilities as pressure and temperature decrease. Key concepts covered include gas formation volume factor, gas expansion factor, gas solubility and its relationship to pressure and temperature, and methods for determining fluid properties.
Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey throu...dylandmeas
Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey through Full Sail University. Below, you’ll find a collection of my work showcasing my skills and expertise in digital marketing, event planning, and media production.
Cracking the Workplace Discipline Code Main.pptxWorkforce Group
Cultivating and maintaining discipline within teams is a critical differentiator for successful organisations.
Forward-thinking leaders and business managers understand the impact that discipline has on organisational success. A disciplined workforce operates with clarity, focus, and a shared understanding of expectations, ultimately driving better results, optimising productivity, and facilitating seamless collaboration.
Although discipline is not a one-size-fits-all approach, it can help create a work environment that encourages personal growth and accountability rather than solely relying on punitive measures.
In this deck, you will learn the significance of workplace discipline for organisational success. You’ll also learn
• Four (4) workplace discipline methods you should consider
• The best and most practical approach to implementing workplace discipline.
• Three (3) key tips to maintain a disciplined workplace.
[Note: This is a partial preview. To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
Sustainability has become an increasingly critical topic as the world recognizes the need to protect our planet and its resources for future generations. Sustainability means meeting our current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. It involves long-term planning and consideration of the consequences of our actions. The goal is to create strategies that ensure the long-term viability of People, Planet, and Profit.
Leading companies such as Nike, Toyota, and Siemens are prioritizing sustainable innovation in their business models, setting an example for others to follow. In this Sustainability training presentation, you will learn key concepts, principles, and practices of sustainability applicable across industries. This training aims to create awareness and educate employees, senior executives, consultants, and other key stakeholders, including investors, policymakers, and supply chain partners, on the importance and implementation of sustainability.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Develop a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental principles and concepts that form the foundation of sustainability within corporate environments.
2. Explore the sustainability implementation model, focusing on effective measures and reporting strategies to track and communicate sustainability efforts.
3. Identify and define best practices and critical success factors essential for achieving sustainability goals within organizations.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction and Key Concepts of Sustainability
2. Principles and Practices of Sustainability
3. Measures and Reporting in Sustainability
4. Sustainability Implementation & Best Practices
To download the complete presentation, visit: https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations
Affordable Stationery Printing Services in Jaipur | Navpack n PrintNavpack & Print
Looking for professional printing services in Jaipur? Navpack n Print offers high-quality and affordable stationery printing for all your business needs. Stand out with custom stationery designs and fast turnaround times. Contact us today for a quote!
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
Buy Verified PayPal Account | Buy Google 5 Star Reviewsusawebmarket
Buy Verified PayPal Account
Looking to buy verified PayPal accounts? Discover 7 expert tips for safely purchasing a verified PayPal account in 2024. Ensure security and reliability for your transactions.
PayPal Services Features-
🟢 Email Access
🟢 Bank Added
🟢 Card Verified
🟢 Full SSN Provided
🟢 Phone Number Access
🟢 Driving License Copy
🟢 Fasted Delivery
Client Satisfaction is Our First priority. Our services is very appropriate to buy. We assume that the first-rate way to purchase our offerings is to order on the website. If you have any worry in our cooperation usually You can order us on Skype or Telegram.
24/7 Hours Reply/Please Contact
usawebmarketEmail: support@usawebmarket.com
Skype: usawebmarket
Telegram: @usawebmarket
WhatsApp: +1(218) 203-5951
USA WEB MARKET is the Best Verified PayPal, Payoneer, Cash App, Skrill, Neteller, Stripe Account and SEO, SMM Service provider.100%Satisfection granted.100% replacement Granted.
Putting the SPARK into Virtual Training.pptxCynthia Clay
This 60-minute webinar, sponsored by Adobe, was delivered for the Training Mag Network. It explored the five elements of SPARK: Storytelling, Purpose, Action, Relationships, and Kudos. Knowing how to tell a well-structured story is key to building long-term memory. Stating a clear purpose that doesn't take away from the discovery learning process is critical. Ensuring that people move from theory to practical application is imperative. Creating strong social learning is the key to commitment and engagement. Validating and affirming participants' comments is the way to create a positive learning environment.
3.0 Project 2_ Developing My Brand Identity Kit.pptxtanyjahb
A personal brand exploration presentation summarizes an individual's unique qualities and goals, covering strengths, values, passions, and target audience. It helps individuals understand what makes them stand out, their desired image, and how they aim to achieve it.
Personal Brand Statement:
As an Army veteran dedicated to lifelong learning, I bring a disciplined, strategic mindset to my pursuits. I am constantly expanding my knowledge to innovate and lead effectively. My journey is driven by a commitment to excellence, and to make a meaningful impact in the world.
The world of search engine optimization (SEO) is buzzing with discussions after Google confirmed that around 2,500 leaked internal documents related to its Search feature are indeed authentic. The revelation has sparked significant concerns within the SEO community. The leaked documents were initially reported by SEO experts Rand Fishkin and Mike King, igniting widespread analysis and discourse. For More Info:- https://news.arihantwebtech.com/search-disrupted-googles-leaked-documents-rock-the-seo-world/
Kseniya Leshchenko: Shared development support service model as the way to ma...Lviv Startup Club
Kseniya Leshchenko: Shared development support service model as the way to make small projects with small budgets profitable for the company (UA)
Kyiv PMDay 2024 Summer
Website – www.pmday.org
Youtube – https://www.youtube.com/startuplviv
FB – https://www.facebook.com/pmdayconference
Unveiling the Secrets How Does Generative AI Work.pdfSam H
At its core, generative artificial intelligence relies on the concept of generative models, which serve as engines that churn out entirely new data resembling their training data. It is like a sculptor who has studied so many forms found in nature and then uses this knowledge to create sculptures from his imagination that have never been seen before anywhere else. If taken to cyberspace, gans work almost the same way.
3. 1.
2.
3.
4.
Reservoir Fluid Course
HC Alteration
Properties of Natural Gases
Properties of Crude Oils
A. density
B. Gas Solubility
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Reservoir Hydrocarbons (Natural gas & Crude Oil)
3
4.
5. Reservoir
To optimize the production from an oil or a gas
field, it is essential to have extensive knowledge of
The volumetric and
Phase changes
The reservoir fluid is likely to undergo on its way
from petroleum reservoir to oil refinery.
Reservoir pressures typically range from 100 to
1500 bar (~1450-21000 psi!), and reservoir
temperatures from 50 to 200 ° C (~120-390 °F).
The well connecting the reservoir to the topside
facilities can have a length of more than 2 km.
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Reservoir Hydrocarbons (Natural gas & Crude Oil)
5
6. Well and Flowlines
The pressure and temperature will gradually
decrease in production well. It will further decrease
in flowlines connecting the well to the process plant
and in the process plant itself.
Figure illustrates schematically the production path
of a reservoir fluid.
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Reservoir Hydrocarbons (Natural gas & Crude Oil)
6
7. Course Followed By Reservoir Fluid
Course Followed By Reservoir Fluid
from Reservoir to Ambient
Conditions
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Reservoir Hydrocarbons (Natural gas & Crude Oil)
7
8.
9. Reservoir Fluid Alteration
The conditions in the reservoir itself will also
change as a result of production.
A reservoir fluid, which in the exploration phase
was either single-phase gas or single-phase oil, may
sometime after production split into two phases.
This phase split is the result of material being removed
from the reservoir.
With more space available for the remaining
reservoir fluid, the pressure will decrease and may
after some time reach the saturation pressure, at
which a second phase (gas or oil) starts to form.
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Reservoir Hydrocarbons (Natural gas & Crude Oil)
9
10. PVT Properties
PVT properties is the general term used to express
the volumetric behavior of a reservoir fluid as a
function of pressure and temperature.
An essential PVT property is
The saturation pressure
At reservoir temperature.
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Reservoir Hydrocarbons (Natural gas & Crude Oil)
10
11. Fluid Composition Alteration
From the time the reservoir pressure reaches the
saturation pressure and a second phase starts to
form, the composition of the produced well stream
will most likely change
Because the production primarily comes from either the
gas or the liquid zone.
It is customary to use the volumes of oil and gas at
atmospheric pressure and 15 ° C (60°F) as reference
values.
Atmospheric pressure (1 atm or 1.01325 bar) (14.5
psi) and 15 ° C are referred to as standard
conditions.
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Reservoir Hydrocarbons (Natural gas & Crude Oil)
11
12.
13. Natural Gas Expression
Conventionally, natural gas compositions are
expressed in terms of mole fraction, weight
fraction, and volume percent. These are derived as
follows:
Mole Fraction: the number of moles of the component
divided by the total number of moles of all the
components in the mixture. (yi=ni/n)
Weight Fraction: is defined as the weight of that
component divided by the total weight. (wi=mi/m)
Volume Fraction: is defined as the volume of that
compound divided by the total volume of the mixture.
(vi=Vi/V)
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Reservoir Hydrocarbons (Natural gas & Crude Oil)
13
14. Mixture Apparent Molecular Weight
If yi represents the mole fraction of the ith
component in a gas mixture,
the apparent molecular weight is defined
mathematically by the following equation:
𝑴𝑾 𝒂 =
𝒚 𝒊 ∙ 𝑴𝑾 𝒊
𝒊=1
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Reservoir Hydrocarbons (Natural gas & Crude Oil)
14
15. Ideal Gas Mixture Density and
Specific Gravity
The density of an ideal gas mixture is calculated by:
𝝆𝒈=
𝒑𝑴𝑾 𝒂
𝑹𝑻
The specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the gas
density to that of the air. Both densities must be
taken at the same temperature and pressure, or:
𝜸𝒈=
2013 H. AlamiNia
𝝆𝒈
𝝆 𝒂𝒊𝒓
=
𝑴𝑾 𝒂
𝑴𝑾 𝒂
=
𝑴𝑾 𝒂𝒊𝒓 28.96
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Reservoir Hydrocarbons (Natural gas & Crude Oil)
15
16. Compressibility of Natural Gases
A knowledge of the variability of fluid
compressibility with pressure and temperature is
essential in performing many reservoir engineering
calculations.
For a liquid phase, the compressibility is small and
usually assumed to be constant.
For a gas phase, the compressibility is neither small
nor constant.
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Reservoir Hydrocarbons (Natural gas & Crude Oil)
16
17. Gas Compressibility Definition
By definition, the isothermal gas compressibility is
the change in volume per unit volume for a unit
change in pressure, or, in equation form:
1
𝒑𝒔𝒊
𝑪𝒈=−
1
𝑽
𝜕𝑽
𝜕𝒑
=
𝑻
1 1
−
𝒑
𝒁
𝜕𝒁
𝜕𝒑
𝑻
For an ideal gas, Z = 1 and (∂Z/∂p) T = 0, therefore
Cg=1/p
For calculating isothermal pseudo-reduced
compressibility (Cr) in terms of the pseudo-reduced
pressure and temperature by simply replacing p.
with (Ppc Ppr) we have Cr=CgPpc
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Reservoir Hydrocarbons (Natural gas & Crude Oil)
17
18. Gas Formation Volume Factor
Definition
The gas formation volume factor is used to relate
the volume of gas, as measured at reservoir
conditions, to the volume of the gas as measured at
standard conditions, i.e., 60°F and 14. 7 psia.
This gas property is then defined as the actual
volume occupied by a certain amount of gas at a
specified pressure and temperature, divided by the
volume occupied by the same amount of gas at
standard conditions.
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Reservoir Hydrocarbons (Natural gas & Crude Oil)
18
19. Bg Expression
In an equation form, the relationship is expressed
as
𝑩𝒈=
𝑽 𝒑,𝑻
𝑽 𝒔𝒄
Where Bg = gas formation volume factor, ft3/scf
Vp, T = volume of gas at pressure p and temperature T,
ft3.
And V sc = volume of gas at standard conditions, scf
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Reservoir Hydrocarbons (Natural gas & Crude Oil)
19
20. Bg Expression for Real Gases
Applying the real gas EoS to the above relationship
gives
𝒁𝒏𝑹𝑻
𝒑
𝑩𝒈=
𝒁 𝒔𝒄 = 1)𝒏𝑹𝑻 𝒔𝒄
𝒑 𝒔𝒄
𝒑 𝒔𝒄 = 14.7
=
𝑻 𝒔𝒄 = 60 + 460 = 520
𝒁𝑻 𝒇𝒕3
= 0.02827
,
𝒑 𝒔𝒄𝒇
𝒁𝑻 𝒃𝒃𝒍
= 0.005035
,
𝒑 𝒔𝒄𝒇
2013 H. AlamiNia
𝒁𝑻
𝒑
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Reservoir Hydrocarbons (Natural gas & Crude Oil)
20
21. Gas Expansion Factor
The reciprocal of the gas formation volume factor is
called the Gas Expansion Factor and designated by
the symbol Eg, or
𝑬𝒈
𝒑
= 35.37
,
𝒁𝑻
𝒑
= 198.6
,
𝒁𝑻
2013 H. AlamiNia
𝒔𝒄𝒇
𝒇𝒕3
𝒔𝒄𝒇
𝒃𝒃𝒍
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Reservoir Hydrocarbons (Natural gas & Crude Oil)
21
22.
23.
24. Physical and Chemical Properties of
Crude Oils
Petroleum (an equivalent term is “crude oil") is a
complex mixture consisting predominantly of
hydrocarbons, and containing sulfur, nitrogen,
oxygen, and helium as minor constituents.
The physical and chemical properties of crude oils
vary considerably and are dependent on the
concentration of the various types of hydrocarbons
and minor constituents present.
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Reservoir Hydrocarbons (Natural gas & Crude Oil)
24
25. Physical Properties of Petroleum
Physical properties of primary interest in petroleum
engineering studies include:
Fluid densities
Isothermal compressibility
Solution gas-oil ratios
Oil formation volume factor
Fluid viscosities
Bubble-point pressure
Surface tension
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Reservoir Hydrocarbons (Natural gas & Crude Oil)
25
26. Determination of Physical Properties
Data on most of these fluid properties is usually
determined by laboratory experiments performed
on samples of actual reservoir fluids.
In the absence of experimentally measured
properties of crude oils, it· is necessary for the
petroleum engineer to determine the properties
from empirically derived correlations.
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Reservoir Hydrocarbons (Natural gas & Crude Oil)
26
27. Crude Oil Density
Density:
The crude oil density is defined as the mass of a unit
volume of the crude at a specified pressure and
temperature. It is usually expressed in pounds per cubic
foot.
Specific gravity:
The specific gravity of a crude oil is defined as the
ratio of the density of the oil to that of water. Both
densities are measured at 60°F and atmospheric
pressure.
𝜸𝒐 =
2013 H. AlamiNia
𝝆𝒐
𝝆𝒘
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Reservoir Hydrocarbons (Natural gas & Crude Oil)
27
28. Crude Oil Density Determination
As the density of water at 60°F is close to 1 g/cm3,
the 60°F/60°F specific gravity of an oil sample will
take approximately the same value as the density of
the oil sample in g/cm3.
During the last forty years, numerous methods of
calculating the density of crude oils have been
proposed. There are two approaches available in
the literature to calculate liquid density:
The equation-of-state approach
The liquid density-correlation approach.
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Reservoir Hydrocarbons (Natural gas & Crude Oil)
28
29. Standing's Method
Standing (1981) proposed an empirical correlation
for estimating the oil formation volume factor as a
function of the gas solubility Rs, the specific gravity
of stock tank oil γo, the specific gravity of solution
gas γg and the system temperature T.
𝝆𝒐 =
62.4𝜸 𝒐 + 0.0136𝑹 𝒔 𝜸 𝒈
0.972 + 0.000147
𝑹𝒔
𝜸𝒈
𝜸𝒐
1.175
0.5
+ 1.25 𝑻 − 460
Where T =system temperature, °R & γo = specific gravity
of stock-tank oil
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Reservoir Hydrocarbons (Natural gas & Crude Oil)
29
30. API
Although the density and specific gravity are used
extensively in the petroleum industry, the API gravity is
the preferred gravity scale.
This gravity scale is precisely related to the specific
gravity by the following expression:
𝑨𝑷𝑰 =
141.5
− 131.5
𝑺𝑮 = 𝜸 𝒐
The density of an oil from a flash to standard conditions
has traditionally been expressed as API gravity.
The API gravities of crude oils usually range from 47°
API for the lighter crude oils to 10° API for the heavier
asphaltic crude oils.
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Reservoir Hydrocarbons (Natural gas & Crude Oil)
30
31.
32. Gas Solubility
The gas solubility Rs is defined as the number of
standard cubic feet of gas which will dissolve in one
stock-tank barrel of crude oil at certain pressure
and temperature.
The solubility of a natural gas in a crude oil is a
strong function of the pressure, the temperature,
the API gravity, and the gas gravity.
To determine Rs, beside experimental analysis
there are many correlations (including: Beal's
Correlation, Standing's Correlation, Lasater's
Correlation, Vasquez-Beggs' Correlation, Glaso's
Correlation, Marhoun's Correlation)
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Reservoir Hydrocarbons (Natural gas & Crude Oil)
32
33. Rs vs. P and Rs vs. T Relationships
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Reservoir Hydrocarbons (Natural gas & Crude Oil)
33
34. Rs Relationships
API Gravity-Rs Relationship
2013 H. AlamiNia
Gas Gravity vs. Gas Solubility Relationship
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Reservoir Hydrocarbons (Natural gas & Crude Oil)
34
35. Rs vs. P
For a particular gas and crude oil to exist at a
constant temperature, the solubility increases with
pressure until the saturation pressure is reached.
At the saturation pressure (bubble-point pressure)
all the available gases are dissolved in the oil and
the gas solubility reaches its maximum value.
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Reservoir Hydrocarbons (Natural gas & Crude Oil)
35
36. An Idealized Rs-P Diagram for
an Undersaturated Oil
A typical gas solubility curve, as a
function of pressure for an
undersaturated crude oil
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Reservoir Hydrocarbons (Natural gas & Crude Oil)
36
37. Rs vs. P in Reality
Rather than measuring the amount of gas that will
dissolve in a given stock-tank crude oil as the pressure
is increased, it is customary to determine the amount of
gas that will come out of a sample of reservoir crude oil
as pressure decreases.
As the pressure is reduced from the initial reservoir
pressure pi, to the bubble-point pressure Pb, no gas
evolves from the oil and consequently the gas solubility
remains constant at its maximum value of Rsb·
Below the bubble-point pressure, the solution gas is
liberated and the value of Rs decreases with pressure.
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Reservoir Hydrocarbons (Natural gas & Crude Oil)
37