The document provides an overview of reservoir engineering concepts related to waterflooding projects for oil recovery. It discusses primary, secondary, and tertiary recovery categories. For waterflooding projects specifically, it outlines key factors to consider like reservoir geometry, fluid properties, depth, lithology, fluid saturations, uniformity, and natural driving mechanisms. It provides details on evaluating these factors and their implications for project suitability and design.
prediction of original oil in place using material balance simulation. It's also useful for future reservoir performance and predict ultimate hydrocarbon recovery under various types of primary driving mechanisms.
There are three primary techniques of EOR: gas injection, thermal injection, and chemical injection. Gas injection, which uses gases such as natural gas, nitrogen, or carbon dioxide (CO2), accounts for nearly 60 percent of EOR production in the United States. Thermal injection, which involves the introduction of heat, accounts for 40 percent of EOR production in the United States, with most of it occurring in California. Chemical injection, which can involve the use of long-chained molecules called polymers to increase the effectiveness of waterfloods, accounts for about one percent of EOR production in the United States. In 2013, a technique called Plasma-Pulse technology was introduced into the United States from Russia. This technique can result in another 50 percent of improvement in existing well production.
The problem of water and gas coning has plagued the petroleum industry for decades. Water or gas encroachment in oil zone and thus simultaneous production of oil & water or oil & gas is a major technical, environmental and economic problems associated with oil and gas production. This can limit the productive life of the oil and gas wells and can cause severe problems including corrosion of tubulars, fine migration, hydrostatic loading etc. The environmental impact of handling, treating and disposing of the produced water can seriously affect the economics of the production. Commonly, the reservoirs have an aquifer beneath the zone of hydrocarbon. While producing from oil zone, there develops a low pressure zone as a result of which the water zone starts coning upwards and gas zone cones down towards the production perforation in oil zone and thus reducing the oil production. Pressure enhanced capillary transition zone enlargement around the wellbore is responsible for the concurrent production. This also results in the loss of water drive and gas drive to a certain extent.
Numerous technologies have been developed to control unwanted water and gas coning. In order to design an effective strategy to control the coning of oil or gas, it is important to understand the mechanism of coning of oil and gas in reservoirs by developing a model of it. Non-Darcy flow effect (NDFE), vertical permeability, aquifer size, density of well perforation, and flow behind casing increase water coning/inflow to wells in homogeneous gas reservoirs with bottom water are important factors to consider. There are several methods to slow down coning of water and/or gas such as producing at a certain critical rate, polymer injection, Downhole Water Sink (DWS) technology etc.
Shubham Saxena
B.Tech. petroleum Engineering
IIT (ISM) Dhanbad
prediction of original oil in place using material balance simulation. It's also useful for future reservoir performance and predict ultimate hydrocarbon recovery under various types of primary driving mechanisms.
There are three primary techniques of EOR: gas injection, thermal injection, and chemical injection. Gas injection, which uses gases such as natural gas, nitrogen, or carbon dioxide (CO2), accounts for nearly 60 percent of EOR production in the United States. Thermal injection, which involves the introduction of heat, accounts for 40 percent of EOR production in the United States, with most of it occurring in California. Chemical injection, which can involve the use of long-chained molecules called polymers to increase the effectiveness of waterfloods, accounts for about one percent of EOR production in the United States. In 2013, a technique called Plasma-Pulse technology was introduced into the United States from Russia. This technique can result in another 50 percent of improvement in existing well production.
The problem of water and gas coning has plagued the petroleum industry for decades. Water or gas encroachment in oil zone and thus simultaneous production of oil & water or oil & gas is a major technical, environmental and economic problems associated with oil and gas production. This can limit the productive life of the oil and gas wells and can cause severe problems including corrosion of tubulars, fine migration, hydrostatic loading etc. The environmental impact of handling, treating and disposing of the produced water can seriously affect the economics of the production. Commonly, the reservoirs have an aquifer beneath the zone of hydrocarbon. While producing from oil zone, there develops a low pressure zone as a result of which the water zone starts coning upwards and gas zone cones down towards the production perforation in oil zone and thus reducing the oil production. Pressure enhanced capillary transition zone enlargement around the wellbore is responsible for the concurrent production. This also results in the loss of water drive and gas drive to a certain extent.
Numerous technologies have been developed to control unwanted water and gas coning. In order to design an effective strategy to control the coning of oil or gas, it is important to understand the mechanism of coning of oil and gas in reservoirs by developing a model of it. Non-Darcy flow effect (NDFE), vertical permeability, aquifer size, density of well perforation, and flow behind casing increase water coning/inflow to wells in homogeneous gas reservoirs with bottom water are important factors to consider. There are several methods to slow down coning of water and/or gas such as producing at a certain critical rate, polymer injection, Downhole Water Sink (DWS) technology etc.
Shubham Saxena
B.Tech. petroleum Engineering
IIT (ISM) Dhanbad
Enhanced Oil Recovery
It’s a process for recovering mostly every Barrels of Oil to get out all of remaining oil in it.
And this is done by EOR technologies
Enhanced Oil Recovery
Mainly the following process are done for Enhanced oil recovery
Water injection
Gas injection
Reducing residual oil saturation, SOR (alcohol, polymers, surfactants injection)
Thermal: steam injection (to heating of the reservoir to lower the viscosity)
The efficiency of enhanced oil recovery method is a measure of the ability to provide greater hydrocarbon recovery than by natural depletion, at an economically attractive production rate.
Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/petroleumengineeringz
Blogspot: http://petroleumengineeringsociety.blogspot.com/
Enhanced Oil Recovery
It’s a process for recovering mostly every Barrels of Oil to get out all of remaining oil in it.
And this is done by EOR technologies
Enhanced Oil Recovery
Mainly the following process are done for Enhanced oil recovery
Water injection
Gas injection
Reducing residual oil saturation, SOR (alcohol, polymers, surfactants injection)
Thermal: steam injection (to heating of the reservoir to lower the viscosity)
The efficiency of enhanced oil recovery method is a measure of the ability to provide greater hydrocarbon recovery than by natural depletion, at an economically attractive production rate.
Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/petroleumengineeringz
Blogspot: http://petroleumengineeringsociety.blogspot.com/
This Presentation was originally given on February 2009, by JP Kenny. This company, today, is known as Wood Group Kenny. said presentation was given at the Underwater Intervention conference, and it excels in explaining what exactly is in the works, in terms of subsea technology, and where said technology is headed.
Reservoir engineering is the field to evaluate field performance by performing reservoir modeling studies and explore opportunities to maximize the value of both exploration and production properties to enhance hydrocarbon production.
By increasing in the use of nonrenewable energy and decreasing in discovering hydrocarbon
reservoirs, in near future the world will encounter with a new challenge in the field of energy,
so increase in recovery factor of the existing oil reservoirs is necessary after the primary
production. In one hand the existence of untouched heavy oil reservoirs in Rio Del Rey and lack of
producing from them and maturity of light oil reservoirs to 2nd and 3rd stage of their
production age in other hand make the development and production of these heavy oil
reservoirs necessary
This paper was written in 2000 as part of the CEPMLP's LLM in Petroleum Law and Policy program. It examines the type of production restrictions that may be imposed in order to maximize oil recovery.
This paper received a distinction.
Field Experience from a Biotechnology Approach to Water Flood ImprovementBill-NewAERO
Abstract
This paper is based on a field implementation in the United States of a biological process for improving waterflood performance. The Activated Environment for Recovery Optimization (“AERO™”) System is being developed by Glori in collaboration with Statoil and derives its roots from a microbial enhanced oil recovery technology developed and successfully implemented by Statoil offshore Norway. Unique among IOR technologies, AERO implementation requires virtually no capital investment and achieves high performance efficiencies at low operational cost. The simplicity of setup allows pilot project implementation creating a very low risk entry point for the operator.
A pilot project was selected for a controlled investigation of the performance and impact. Robust testing was done in both water and oil phases prior to treatment, confirming the potential for improved sweep and conformance from the project. Subsequent implementation resulted in decreased water cut and increased oil recovery observable both at the wellhead and allocated pilot levels.
This paper summarizes a rigorous analysis of the pilot project‟s performance to date, concluding that the production improvement should be credited to the implementation of the AERO™ System.
New AERO Technology (www.new-aero.com) is a green biotech company focusing on the recovery of oil more efficiently and effectively as well as wastewater treatment, contaminated soil/mud remediation and related data science. The AERO™ (Activated Environment for Recovery of Oil) technology was a recipient of 10 prestigious innovation awards since 2013. Earlier this year, the technology was named the top technology breakthroughs by CNPC and passed technical and projects evaluating phases for a $149 million US DOE LPO for Advanced Fossil Fuels.
The AERO™ is a low-cost, low-risk, easy to deploy bio-technology that builds on successful projects by Statoil and Glori Energy since the 1990s and has proven to be effective in enhancing the recovery of residual oil from active reservoirs that are undergoing waterflood in North Sea, USA, Canada and Brazil oilfields.
Company details
Website
http://www.new-aero.com
Email:bill.chang@new-aero.com
4315 South Dr. Houston, TX, 77053
Specialties
EOR, biotech, Wax removal, Produced water management, clean tech, production enhancement, low-cost EOR, scale removal, Lithium, microbe, and MEOR
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
2. 1. Turbulent Flow in Gas Wells: LIT Approach
(Case C)
2. Comparison of Different IPR Calculation
Methods
3. Future IPR for Gas Wells
4. Horizontal Gas Well Performance
5. Primary Recovery Mechanisms
6. Basic Driving Mechanisms
5. Oil Recovery Categories
The terms primary oil
recovery, secondary oil
recovery, and tertiary
(enhanced) oil recovery
are traditionally used to
describe hydrocarbons
recovered according to
the method of
production or the time at
which they are obtained.
Figure illustrates the
concept of the three oil
recovery categories.
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6. Primary Oil Recovery
Primary oil recovery describes the production of
hydrocarbons under the natural driving
mechanisms present in the reservoir without
supplementary help from injected fluids such as gas
or water.
In most cases, the natural driving mechanism is a
relatively inefficient process and results in a low overall
oil recovery.
The lack of sufficient natural drive in most reservoirs has
led to the practice of supplementing the natural
reservoir energy by introducing some form of artificial
drive, the most basic method being the injection of gas
or water.
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7. Secondary Oil Recovery
Secondary oil recovery refers to the additional
recovery that results from the conventional
methods of water injection and immiscible gas
injection.
Usually, the selected secondary recovery process follows
the primary recovery but it can also be conducted
concurrently with the primary recovery.
Waterflooding is perhaps the most common method of
secondary recovery.
However, before undertaking a secondary recovery project, it
should be clearly proven that the natural recovery processes
are insufficient;
Otherwise, there is a risk that the substantial capital investment
required for a secondary recovery project may be wasted.
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8. Tertiary (Enhanced) Oil Recovery
Tertiary (enhanced) oil recovery is that additional
recovery over and above what could be recovered
by primary and secondary recovery methods.
Various methods of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) are
essentially designed to recover oil, commonly described
as residual oil, left in the reservoir after both primary
and secondary recovery methods have been exploited to
their respective economic limits.
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9.
10. Factors to Consider In Waterflooding
Thomas, Mahoney, and Winter (1989) pointed out
that in determining the suitability of a candidate
reservoir for waterflooding, the following reservoir
characteristics must be considered:
Reservoir geometry
Fluid properties
Reservoir depth
Lithology and rock properties
Fluid saturations
Reservoir uniformity and pay continuity
Primary reservoir driving mechanisms
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11. Waterflooding: Reservoir Geometry
The areal geometry of the reservoir will influence the
location of wells and, if offshore, will influence the
location and number of platforms required.
The reservoir’s geometry will essentially dictate the
methods by which a reservoir can be produced through
water-injection practices.
An analysis of reservoir geometry and past reservoir
performance is often important when defining the
presence and strength of a natural water drive and,
thus, when defining the need to supplement the natural
injection.
If a water-drive reservoir is classified as an active water drive,
injection may be unnecessary.
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12. Waterflooding: Fluid Properties
The physical properties of the reservoir fluids have
pronounced effects on the suitability of a given
reservoir for further development by waterflooding.
The viscosity of the crude oil is considered the most
important fluid property that affects the degree of
success of a waterflooding project.
The oil viscosity has the important effect of determining the
mobility ratio that, in turn, controls the sweep efficiency.
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13. Waterflooding: Reservoir Depth
Reservoir depth has an important influence on
both the technical and economic aspects of a
secondary or tertiary recovery project.
Maximum injection pressure will increase with depth.
The costs of lifting oil from very deep wells will limit the
maximum economic water–oil ratios that can be
tolerated, thereby reducing the ultimate recovery factor
and increasing the total project operating costs.
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14. Waterflooding: Reservoir Depth
(Cont.)
On the other hand, a shallow reservoir imposes a
restraint on the injection pressure that can be used,
because this must be less than fracture pressure.
In waterflood operations, there is a critical pressure
(approximately 1 psi/ft of depth) that, if exceeded,
permits the injecting water to expand openings along
fractures or to create fractures.
This results in the channeling of the injected water or the
bypassing of large portions of the reservoir matrix.
Consequently, an operational pressure gradient of 0.75 psi/ft of
depth normally is allowed to provide a sufficient margin of
safety to prevent pressure parting.
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15. Waterflooding:
Lithology and Rock Properties
Reservoir lithology and rock properties that affect
flood ability and success are:
Porosity, Permeability, Clay content, Net thickness
In some complex reservoir systems, only a small
portion of the total porosity, such as fracture
porosity, will have sufficient permeability to be
effective in water-injection operations.
The clay minerals present in some sands may clog
the pores by swelling and deflocculating when
waterflooding is used.
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16. Waterflooding: Fluid Saturations
In determining the suitability of a reservoir for
waterflooding, a high oil saturation that provides a
sufficient supply of recoverable oil is the primary
criterion for successful flooding operations.
Note that higher oil saturation at the beginning of flood
operations increases the oil mobility that, in turn, gives
higher recovery efficiency.
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17. Waterflooding: Reservoir Uniformity
and Pay Continuity
Substantial reservoir uniformity is one of the major
physical criterions for successful waterflooding.
For example, if the formation contains a stratum of
limited thickness with a very high permeability (i.e., thief
zone), rapid channeling and bypassing will develop.
Unless this zone can be located and shut off, the producing
water–oil ratios will soon become too high for the flooding
operation to be considered profitable.
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18.
19.
20. Waterflooding:
Primary Reservoir Driving Mechanisms
Six driving mechanisms basically provide the
natural energy necessary for oil recovery:
Rock and liquid expansion
Solution gas drive
Gas cap drive
Water drive
Gravity drainage drive
Combination drive
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21. Primary Recovery
The recovery of oil by any of the above driving
mechanisms is called primary recovery.
The term refers to the production of hydrocarbons from
a reservoir without the use of any process (such as water
injection) to supplement the natural energy of the
reservoir.
The primary drive mechanism and anticipated ultimate
oil recovery should be considered when reviewing
possible waterflood prospects.
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22. Oil Recovery Range
for Driving Mechanisms
The approximate oil recovery range is tabulated
below for various driving mechanisms. Note that
these calculations are approximate and, therefore,
oil recovery may fall outside these ranges.
Driving Mechanism
Rock and liquid expansion
Solution gap
Gas cap
Water drive
Gravity drainage
Combination drive
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Oil Recovery Range, %
3–7
5–30
20–40
35–75
<80
30–60
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23. Water-Drive Reservoirs
Water-drive reservoirs that are classified as strong
water-drive reservoirs are not usually considered to
be good candidates for waterflooding because of
the natural ongoing water influx.
However, in some instances a natural water drive could
be supplemented by water injection in order to:
Support a higher withdrawal rate
Better distribute the water volume to different areas of the
field to achieve more uniform areal coverage
Better balance voidage and influx volumes.
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24. Gas-Cap Reservoirs
Gas-cap reservoirs are not normally good
waterflood prospects because the primary
mechanism may be quite efficient without water
injection.
In these cases, gas injection may be considered in order
to help maintain pressure.
Smaller gas-cap drives may be considered as
waterflood prospects, but the existence of the gas
cap will require greater care to prevent migration of
displaced oil into the gas cap.
This migration would result in a loss of recoverable oil
due to the establishment of residual oil saturation in
pore volume, which previously had none.
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25. Gas-Cap Reservoirs (Cont.)
The presence of a gas cap does not always mean
that an effective gas-cap drive is functioning.
If the vertical communication between the gas cap and
the oil zone is considered poor due to low vertical
permeability, a waterflood may be appropriate in this
case.
Analysis of past performance, together with reservoir geology
studies, can provide insight as to the degree of effective
communication.
Natural permeability barriers can often restrict the migration of
fluids to the gas cap.
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26. Solution Gas-Drive Mechanisms
Solution gas-drive mechanisms generally are
considered the best candidates for waterfloods.
Because the primary recovery will usually be low, the
potential exists for substantial additional recovery by
water injection.
In effect, we hope to create an artificial water-drive
mechanism.
The typical range of water-drive recovery is
approximately double that of solution gas drive.
As a general guideline, waterfloods in solution gas-drive
reservoirs frequently will recover an additional amount of oil
equal to primary recovery.
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27. Volumetric
Undersaturated Oil Reservoirs
Volumetric undersaturated oil reservoirs producing
above the bubble point pressure must depend on
rock and liquid expansion as the main driving
mechanism.
In most cases, this mechanism will not recover more
than about 5% of the original oil in place.
These reservoirs will offer an opportunity for greatly
increasing recoverable reserves if other conditions are
favorable.
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28.
29. Optimum Time to Waterflood
The most common procedure for determining the
optimum time to start waterflooding is to calculate:
Anticipated oil recovery
Fluid production rates
Monetary investment
Availability and quality of the water supply
Costs of water treatment and pumping equipment
Costs of maintenance and operation of the water
installation facilities
Costs of drilling new injection wells or converting
existing production wells into injectors
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30. Initializing
a Secondary Recovery Project
Cole (1969) lists the following factors as being
important when determining the reservoir pressure
(or time) to initiate a secondary recovery project:
1- Reservoir oil viscosity
Water injection should be initiated when the reservoir
pressure reaches its bubble-point pressure since the oil
viscosity reaches its minimum value at this pressure.
The mobility of the oil will increase with decreasing oil viscosity,
which in turns improves the sweeping efficiency.
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31. Initializing
a Secondary Recovery Project (Cont.)
2- Free gas saturation
(1) In water injection projects. It is desirable to have
initial gas saturation, possibly as much as 10%. This will
occur at a pressure that is below the bubble point
pressure.
(2) In gas injection projects. Zero gas saturation in the oil
zone is desired. This occurs while reservoir pressure is at
or above bubble-point pressure.
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32. Initializing
a Secondary Recovery Project (Cont.)
3- Cost of injection equipment
This is related to reservoir pressure, and at higher
pressures, the cost of injection equipment increases.
Therefore, a low reservoir pressure at initiation of injection is
desirable.
4- Productivity of producing wells
A high reservoir pressure is desirable to increase the
productivity of producing wells, which prolongs the
flowing period of the wells, decreases lifting costs, and
may shorten the overall life of the project.
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33. Initializing
a Secondary Recovery Project (Cont.)
5- Effect of delaying investment on the time value
of money
A delayed investment in injection facilities is desirable
from this standpoint.
6- Overall life of the reservoir
Because operating expenses are an important part of
total costs, the fluid injection process should be started
as early as possible.
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34. Initializing
a Secondary Recovery Project (Cont.)
Some of these six factors act in opposition to
others.
Thus, the actual pressure at which a fluid injection
project should be initiated will require optimization of
the various factors in order to develop the most
favorable overall economics.
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35. Requirement
for Fluid Injection Projects
The principal requirement for a successful fluid
injection project is that sufficient oil must remain in
the reservoir after primary operations have ceased
to render economic the secondary recovery
operations.
This high residual oil saturation after primary recovery is
essential not only because there must be a sufficient
volume of oil left in the reservoir, but also because of
relative permeability considerations.
A high oil relative permeability, i.e., high oil saturation, means
more oil recovery with less production of the displacing fluid.
On the other hand, low oil saturation means a low oil relative
permeability with more production of the displacing fluid at a
given time.
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36.
37. Flooding Patterns
One of the first steps in designing a waterflooding
project is flood pattern selection.
The objective is to select the proper pattern that will
provide the injection fluid with the maximum possible
contact with the crude oil system.
This selection can be achieved by
(1) Converting existing production wells into injectors or
(2) Drilling infill injection wells.
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38. Selection of Flooding Patterns
When making the selection, the following factors
must be considered:
Reservoir heterogeneity and directional permeability
Direction of formation fractures
Availability of the injection fluid (gas or water)
Desired and anticipated flood life
Maximum oil recovery
Well spacing, productivity, and injectivity
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39. Well Arrangements
In general, the selection of a suitable flooding
pattern for the reservoir depends on the number
and location of existing wells.
In some cases, producing wells can be converted to
injection wells while in other cases it may be necessary
or desirable to drill new injection wells.
Essentially four types of well arrangements are
used in fluid injection projects:
Irregular injection patterns
Peripheral injection patterns
Regular injection patterns
Crestal and basal injection patterns
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40. Regular Injection Patterns
The patterns
termed
inverted have
only one
injection well
per pattern.
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41. 1. Ahmed, T. (2006). Reservoir engineering
handbook (Gulf Professional Publishing). Ch14