1. Reservoir Fluid Properties Course (1st Ed.)

2. 1.
2.
3.
4.
About This Course
Resources
Training Outline (beta)
Petroleum Engineering & Its Importance
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction
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4. Course Description
This course is prepared for:
 2 semester (or credit) hours and meets for a total of 2
hours a week.
Sophomore or junior level students (BS degrees)
(Major) Petroleum engineering students
(Minors) Production, Drilling and reservoir engineering
students
Prerequisites :Thermodynamic 1 and lab.
Main objective:
to describe how oil and gas behave under various
conditions and how this behavior can be modeled
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction
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5. Lectures
Each session
Consists of different sections (about 4-5 sections)
Consists of about 50 slides
Is divided into 2 parts with short break time
Would be available online
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction
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6. Timing
Last Session (Review)
session Outlook
Presentation A
Break Time
Presentation B
Next Session Topics
Roll Call
Roll Call, 5
Last session
(Review), 5
Next Session
Topics, 5
Session
Outlook , 5
Presentation B,
45
Break
Time, 5
Presentation A,
45
TIME (MIINUTE)
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction
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7. Assessment Criteria
Class activities
Class
activities,
5
5%
Mid-term exam
Mid-term
exam, 25
25%
Final exam
70%
Final
exam, 70
PERCENT OF GRADE
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction
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9. Syllabus
1390 edition
1378 edition
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction
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10. 1390 Edition
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction
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11. 1390 Edition (Cont.)
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction
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12. 1390 Edition (Cont.)
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction
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13. 1378 Edition
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction
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14. 1378 Edition (Cont.)
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction
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15. Class Lectures
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction
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16. Major References
Pedersen, K.S., Christensen, P.L., and Azeem, S.J.
(2006). Phase behavior of petroleum reservoir
fluids (CRC Press).
Poling, B.E., Prausnitz, J.M., John Paul, O., and Reid,
R.C. (2001). The properties of gases and liquids
(McGraw-Hill New York).
Tarek, A. (1989). Hydrocarbon Phase Behavior (Gulf
Publishing Company, Houston).
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction
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17. Syllabus Proposed References:
McCain, W.D. (1989). The properties of petroleum
fluids.
Pedersen, K.S., Christensen, P.L., and Azeem, S.J.
(2006). Phase behavior of petroleum reservoir
fluids (CRC Press).
Poling, B.E., Prausnitz, J.M., John Paul, O., and Reid,
R.C. (2001). The properties of gases and liquids
(McGraw-Hill New York).
Tarek, A. (1989). Hydrocarbon Phase Behavior (Gulf
Publishing Company, Houston).
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction
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19. Class Schedule
Lec. No. Topic
Lec. 1 Introduction
Lec. 2 Petroleum Reservoir Fluids
Lec. 3 Compositional Analyses
Lec. 4 Reservoir Hydrocarbons
(Natural gas & Crude Oil)
Lec. 5 Reservoir Hydrocarbons (Bo
& Bt & Constants)
Lec. 6 PVT Experiments (CME &
CVD & DL)
Lec. 7 PVT Experiments (DL &
Other Experiments)
Lec. 8 Equations of State and
Compressibility Factor
2013 H. AlamiNia
Lec. No. Topic
Lec. 9
Lec. 10
Lec. 11
Lec. 12
Lec. 13
Lec. 14
Lec. 15
Lec. 16
Advanced EoS and C7+
Characterization
Equilibrium
Flash and Equilibrium Ratios
Separators and Phase
Envelope Calculations
Thermodynamic Properties
Physical Properties
Solid Components and
Formation Water
Relevant Software
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction
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20. Lec. 1: Introduction
About This Course
Resources
Training Outline (beta)
Petroleum Engineering & Its Importance
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction
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21. Lec. 2: Petroleum Reservoir Fluids
Reservoir Fluids
Phase Behavior of Hydrocarbons
Phase Envelopes
HC Classifications
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction
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22. Lec. 3: Compositional Analyses
Samples
Sample Analysis
Samples Quality Control
K-Factor as A QC
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction
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23. Lec. 4: Reservoir Hydrocarbons
(Natural gas & Crude Oil)
Reservoir Fluid Course
HC Alteration
Properties of Natural Gases
Properties of Crude Oils
density
Gas Solubility
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction
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24. Lec. 5: Reservoir Hydrocarbons
(Bo & Bt & Constants)
Formation Volume Factor
Oil
Total (two phase)
Property Constants
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction
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25. Lec. 6: PVT Experiments
(CME & CVD & DL)
Constant-mass expansion Experiment
Constant-Volume Depletion Experiment
Differential Liberation Experiment: Procedure
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction
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26. Lec. 7: PVT Experiments
(DL & Other Experiments)
Differential Liberation Experiment: Data set
Separator Experiment
Swelling Experiment
Other Experiments
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction
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27. Lec. 8: Equations of State and
Compressibility Factor
General Notes about EoS
Ideal Gas EoS
Compressibility Factor
Van Der Waals EoS
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction
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28. Lec. 9: Advanced EoS and
C7+ Characterization
Cubic EoS:
SRK EoS
PR EoS
Other Cubic EoS
Non Cubic EoS
EoS for Mixtures
Hydrocarbons
Components
Mixtures
Heavy Oil
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction
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29. Lec. 10: Equilibrium
Cubic EoS:
SRK EoS
PR EoS
Other Cubic EoS
Non Cubic EoS
EoS for Mixtures
Hydrocarbons
Components
Mixtures
Heavy Oil
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction
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30. Lec. 11: Flash and Equilibrium Ratios
PT-Flash Process
Equilibrium Ratios
PT-Flash Calculations
Mixture Saturation Points
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction
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31. Lec. 12: Separators and
Phase Envelope Calculations
Mixture Saturation Points Calculation
Surface Separation
Phase Envelope
Phase Identification
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction
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32. Lec. 13: Thermodynamic Properties
The Estimation of Physical Properties
EoS Applications
Thermodynamic Properties
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction
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33. Lec. 14: Physical Properties
Viscosity
Surface and Interfacial Tension
Applications of the Natural Gas PVT Properties
Applications of the Crude Oil PVT Properties
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction
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34. Lec. 15: Solid Components and
Formation Water
Asphaltene
Gas Hydrates
Hydrate Structures
Formation Water
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction
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35. Lec. 16: Relevant Software
PVT Simulation
CMG
IPM
PVTi
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction
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38. Petroleum Engineering
Definition
Petroleum Engineering, by definition, is finding crude oil
and natural gas in the ground and devising a way to bring
it out of the ground.
Petroleum Engineer Role
Petroleum Engineers supply society with crude oil and
natural gas for energy. This energy fuels our cars and
planes, heats our homes, powers our plants and
generates electricity.
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction
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39. What Is Petroleum?
Crude oil, or petroleum, is an organic substance
derived from the remains of prehistoric plant and
animal matter.
It is a mixture of hydrocarbons, i.e. molecules
containing hydrogen and carbon, which exist
sometimes in liquid form (crude oil) and sometimes
as a vapor (natural gas).
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction
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40. Fish and Plant Fossil
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction
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41. Petroleum Formation
Millions of years ago, rains washed prehistoric
plant and animal remains into the seas along with
sand and silt, and layer upon layer piled up on the
sea bottom.
These layers were compressed under the weight of
these sediments, and the increasing pressure and
temperature changed the mud, sand and silt into
rock and the organic matter into petroleum. This
rock is known as source rock.
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction
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42. Oil Sources
Because oil and gas are lighter than water, they
float on top of water.
Oil and gas that formed in the source rock deep
within the earth floated up through tiny pore
spaces in the rock.
Some seeped out at the surface of the earth.
Some was trapped by dense, non-porous rock, called
shale.
These underground traps of oil and gas are called reservoirs.
Reservoirs contain porous rocks which allow fluids to flow
through the pore spaces, i.e. which are permeable.
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction
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43. An Example of Porous Rocks
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction
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44. Petroleum Extraction
Courtesy OEOC, Ahvaz, 2011
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction
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45. Petroleum Extraction: Drilling
Once the geoscientists analyze a prospective oil
field and the land is leased, a wildcat well is drilled
to obtain more information about the reservoir.
In late 1800's, oil wells were drilled by hammering steel
pipes into the rock.
Today, rotary drilling rigs are used, where a drill bit is
turned around and around, deeper and deeper, cutting
into the rock.
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction
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46. Drilling: Top Drive
Courtesy GPTK, Tabnak, 2008
2013 H. AlamiNia
Courtesy GPTK, Tabnak, 2008
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction
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47. Rotary Drilling
Drilling fluid, or drilling mud, is used to lubricate
the bit so it doesn't get stuck, and to flush the rock
pieces to the surface. These cuttings are examined
by a mud logger, who looks for signs of oil and gas.
Not all wells are straight and vertical. Horizontal
drilling has become a very profitable way to
increase production by having the wellbore
contacting more of the formation.
When the drilling is completed, the rigs can be
disassembled for assembly at another drill site.
Some rigs are on ships and barges for drilling
offshore.
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction
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48. Drilling Mud System
Courtesy OEOC, Ahvaz, 2011
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction
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49. Well Completion
After drilling, steel pipe called casing is set in the
hole and is cemented into place.
A heavy-duty system of valves called a Christmas
Tree is set into place at the wellhead to control the
flow of the oil, gas and water and prevent a
blowout.
Then the well casing is perforated at the right
depths to make holes for the oil and gas to flow into
the wellbore and up to the surface.
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction
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50. Christmas Tree
Courtesy ICOFC, Khangiran, 2011
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction
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51. Casing & Cementing
Courtesy OEOC, Ahvaz, 2011
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction
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52. Petroleum Extraction: Production
Because oil, gas and water underground are under
a lot of pressure at first, these fluids flow up a
wellbore all by themselves, much like a soft drink
that has been shaken up. When oil and gas are
produced this way, it is called primary recovery.
When the initial pressure is spent, sucker rod
pumps are used to pull the oil out of the reservoir
rock and up the well.
Sometimes gas is injected at the bottom of the
well, and as it expands, it lifts the oil up to the
surface. This is called gas lift.
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction
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53. Producing the Well
Opening up new channels in the rock for the oil
and gas to flow through is called stimulation.
Three stimulation treatments are commonly used:
Explosives to break up the rock,
Injection of acid to partially dissolve the rock, and
Hydraulic fracturing to split the rock and prop it open
with proppants.
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction
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54. Secondary Recovery
After primary recovery, only a portion of the oil and
gas has been produced, so secondary recovery, or
waterflooding is done.
Water and oil do not mix; oil is generally lighter than
water and floats on top of it in the reservoir.
During a waterflood, water is injected into the water
zone of some of the wells to push the oil and gas up the
other wells.
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction
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55. Consumption of Oil: Fuels
Fuel from produced oil and gas is used variously as
gasoline for cars, jet fuel, kerosene, propane gas for
cooking, heating oils for home furnaces, diesel fuels for
trucks and buses and trains, industrial fuels for boilers in
factories and ships, and solid coke for burning.
Many electricity generating plants are also run on oil or
natural gas.
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction
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56. Consumption of Oil: Plastics, Rubber,
Other Products and Fibers
Plastics, Rubber, Other Products
Many plastics and polymers are made from petroleum
feedstocks.
These are used to manufacture things like food wrap, toys,
containers, and automobile tires.
Other products include lubricating oils for machinery,
grease, wax for candles, asphalt for roads and roofs,
agricultural pesticides and fertilizers, and white oils and
petrolatum for medicinal purposes.
Fibers
Polyester and nylon are petrochemicals that are made
into thousands of consumer products like panty hose,
nylon thread, and polyester.
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction
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57. Careers in Oil Industry:
Engineers and Scientists
There are many careers in the oil industry. Nearly
every type of engineer can be found upstream or
downstream, including
Chemical, industrial, mechanical, civil, electrical,
bioengineers, and of course, petroleum engineers.
Natural and earth sciences are also prevalent in the
oil business.
Chemists, biologists, physicists, geologists, geophysicists,
and computer scientists work together on multidisciplinary teams with engineers to research and
optimize oil field and refinery operations.
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction
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58. Careers in Oil Industry:
Other Professional
There are also other professional and support
careers, as in any business.
These include business administration, accounting, law
and tax, advertising, sales and marketing, secretarial and
library functions, trucking, public and employee
relations, and a host of other positions to keep operation
smooth.
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction
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59. 1. ONGC Videsh (2003). Petroleum Engineering &
Its Importance.
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction
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60. 1.
2.
3.
4.
Reservoir Fluids
Phase Behavior of Hydrocarbons
Phase Envelopes
HC Classifications
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction
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